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45-580: The park today occupies an area of 9.28 hectares, which is about one tenth of its original size. It began to be sold off for housing development in 1892. The northern boundary previously extended as far as the High Street, with the Orangery building situated in The Square once being within the parkland. There were deer in this park up until 1898. Plans in the early 18th century to build a new mansion, or palace, in

90-566: A summerhouse , folly , or "Grecian temple". Owners would conduct their guests there on tours of the garden to admire not only the fruits within but also the architecture outside. Often the orangery would contain fountains, grottos, and an area in which to entertain in inclement weather. As early as 1545, an orangery was built in Padua, Italy . The first orangeries were practical and not as ornamental as they later became. Most had no heating other than open fires. In England, John Parkinson introduced

135-641: A classic architectural structure that enhanced the beauty of an estate garden, rather than a room used for wintering plants. The orangery originated from the Renaissance gardens of Italy, when glass-making technology enabled sufficient expanses of clear glass to be produced. In the north, the Dutch led the way in developing expanses of window glass in orangeries, although the engravings illustrating Dutch manuals showed solid roofs, whether beamed or vaulted, and in providing stove heat rather than open fires. This soon created

180-402: A conservatory is in the construction of its roof – a conservatory will have more than 75 per cent of its roof glazed, while an orangery will have less than 75 per cent glazed. Domestic orangeries also typically feature a roof lantern . Improved design and insulation has also led to an increasing number of orangeries that are not built facing south, instead using light maximising techniques to make

225-613: A marble pavement and roof covered with shells. A branch of the River Wandle used to rise in a subterranean chalk chamber beneath the Grotto, and the river flowed through the centre of the park past the mansion house. In early 2014, following months of heavy rain, the river again flowed from the grotto for a time. In January 2012, a forgotten World War II air raid shelter was discovered that protected hundreds of people from German bombs. The shelter, which apparently had space for up to 1,000 people,

270-464: A number of V1 rocket strikes. Carshalton Park has three tennis courts, a netball court, a basketball court and a children's playground. An annual charity fireworks event is held in the park for Bonfire Night . Organised by Wallington and Carshalton Round Table, the event is on the first Saturday in November. Carshalton Fireworks was first organised in 1957 and has run every year until the present day. It

315-460: A number of technologies to ensure glass is as energy efficient as possible, ensuring it lets in the maximum light possible while maintaining a steady temperature throughout summer and winter. Technologies include argon-impregnated glass, easy clean coatings, heat reflective film, thermal ribbons or thermal breaks – hollow sections of glass that intercept heat. The latest glass technologies involve self-tinting glass that darkens as heat builds up during

360-478: A series of flues under the floor. The original greenhouse burned in 1835, but was rebuilt on the same site in 1951 using original plans. The Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington, D.C., includes an orangery built in 1810 that is now used to house gardenias, oleander, and citrus plants during the winter. Another orangery stands at Hampton National Historic Site near Towson, Maryland . Originally built in 1820, it

405-407: A situation where orangeries became symbols of status among the wealthy. The glazed roof, which afforded sunlight to plants that were not dormant, was a development of the early 19th century. The orangery at Dyrham Park , Gloucestershire, which had been provided with a slate roof as originally built about 1702, was given a glazed one about a hundred years later, after Humphrey Repton remarked that it

450-458: A way of further insulating the main section where the plants were kept. According to the current resident, Ms. Tilghman (a descendant of the Lloyd family), it served as a billiards room for the family. This plantation is also notable as having been the home of Frederick Douglass as a young slave boy. George Washington designed and constructed an orangery for his home at Mount Vernon, Virginia . It

495-575: Is a building or room having glass or other transparent roofing and walls, used as a greenhouse or a sunroom . Usually it refers to a space attached to a conventional building such as a house, especially in the United Kingdom. Elsewhere, especially in America, it can often refer to a large freestanding glass-walled building in a botanic garden or park, sometimes also called a palm house if tall enough for trees. Municipal conservatories became popular in

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540-441: Is a room or dedicated building, historically where orange and other fruit trees are protected during the winter, as a large form of greenhouse or conservatory . In the modern day an orangery could refer to either a conservatory or greenhouse built to house fruit trees, or a conservatory or greenhouse meant for another purpose. The orangery provided a luxurious extension of the normal range and season of woody plants, extending

585-556: Is currently one of the largest charity fireworks display in the South-East of England attracting crowds of up to 15,000 spectators from the local community. Carshalton Carnival, which is jointly organised by the Wallington and Carshalton Round Table and Rotary Club, it is held in the park, on the second Saturday in June. "The Environmental Fair" run by EcoLocal, a local charity, takes place on

630-399: Is directly in front of today's main north entrance to the park. The origin of this substantial earthwork is unknown but reference to Hoggpytte can be found in medieval records for the year 1444. It is recorded that in the late 18th century Hog Pit was used as a water reservoir for mill power. Despite still often being called a pond, it is now dry and forms a simple amphitheatre . The Grotto

675-416: Is situated in the south-east corner of the park. It was built in about 1724 as one of the first features of the ambitious designs for building and landscaping in the park. A canal, now dry, extends north from the grotto and continues into Carshalton Place. The structure is now in a state of disrepair and access into its interior is normally prevented by locked gates. It originally had an ornamental iron gate and

720-520: The August Bank Holiday Monday. Three railway stations are within walking distance of Carshalton Park. They are, in order of proximity, Carshalton Beeches railway station , Wallington railway station and Carshalton railway station . Refer to the map below for directions. 51°21.6954′N 0°9.6636′W  /  51.3615900°N 0.1610600°W  / 51.3615900; -0.1610600 Orangery An orangery or orangerie

765-726: The United States, the earliest partially intact surviving orangery is at the Tayloe Family Seat, Mount Airy , but today is an overgrown ruin, consisting only of one major wall and portions of the others' foundations. A ruined orangery can also be seen in the gardens of Eyre Hall in Northampton County, Virginia . The oldest-known extant orangery in America can be seen at the Wye House , near Tunis Mills (Easton), Maryland. The builder, Edward Lloyd IV had married Elizabeth Tayloe,

810-531: The biggest concerns for the building of these orangeries, straw became the main material used, and many had wooden shutters fitted to keep in the warmth. An early example of the type of construction can be seen at Kensington Palace , which also featured underfloor heating. Contemporary domestic orangeries are also typically built using stone, brick, and hardwood, but developments in glass, other materials, and insulation technologies have produced viable alternatives to traditional construction. The main difference with

855-524: The cold season. Known in Italy as limonaia, these early structures employed wood panels or open galleries to protect from the cold. Further north in Europe, the preservation of orange trees became the trend with special-purpose buildings built to protect the tasty, but delicate fruit. Orangeries , as they came to be called, were typically enclosed structures built with wood, brick or stone with tall vertical windows on

900-399: The connection between the house and architectural orangery design. This became further influenced by the increased demand for beautiful exotic plants in the garden, which could be grown and looked after in the orangeries. This created the increased demand in garden design for the wealthy to have their own exotic private gardens, further fuelling the status of the orangery becoming even more

945-423: The daughter of John Tayloe II builder of the aforementioned Mount Airy . This orangery sits behind the main house and consists of a large open room with two smaller wings added at some point after the initial construction. The south-facing wall consists of large triple-hung windows. A second story was traditionally part of the style of orangeries at the time of its construction in the middle to late 18th century as

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990-600: The development of simple sunroom structures, it was not until the 1970s that creative architects and builders began to recreate the Victorian styling of 19th-century English conservatories in smaller domestic versions using insulated glass. In contemporary construction, a conservatory differs from an orangery in having more than 75% of its roof surface made from glass. Frame and roof materials include aluminium, PVCu and timber. A conservatory by definition must have more than 50% of its wall surface glazed. Contemporary conservatories use

1035-410: The development of the modern greenhouse in the 1840s, and were quickly overshadowed by the glass architecture of Joseph Paxton , the designer of the 1851 Crystal Palace . His "great conservatory" at Chatsworth House was an orangery and glass house of monumental proportions. The orangery, however, was not just a greenhouse but a symbol of prestige and wealth and a garden feature , in the same way as

1080-536: The early 19th century. Many cities, especially those in cold climates and with large European populations, have built municipal conservatories to display tropical plants and hold flower displays. This type of conservatory was popular in the early nineteenth century, and by the end of the century people were also giving them a social use (e.g., tea parties). Conservatory architecture varies from typical Victorian glasshouses to modern styles, such as geodesic domes. Many were large and impressive structures and are included in

1125-510: The image of an ornate structure, echoing the traditions of that Victorian era of conservatory building. Modern conservatories tend also to be graced with a traditional cresting and finial, along with single, double patio or even bi-folding doors. These structures have been designed and built around the world, in private gardens, parks, and botanical institutions. Smaller garden conservatories have become popular, which may be dual-function, equally devoted to horticulture and recreation , or favor

1170-592: The late 19th century, Florence Vanderbilt and husband Hamilton Twombly built an orangerie on their estate, Florham , designed by architects McKim, Mead & White . It is now on the Florham Campus of Fairleigh Dickinson University . An 18th-century style orangery was built in the 1980s at the Tower Hill Botanic Garden in Boylston, Massachusetts. Conservatory (greenhouse) A conservatory

1215-498: The latter, as a solarium or sunroom . Conservatories originated in the 16th century when wealthy landowners sought to cultivate citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges that began to appear on their dinner tables brought by traders from warmer regions of the Mediterranean . Preservation of citrus and other tender plants started out as crudely as building a pergola over potted plants or beds, or simply moving potted plants indoors for

1260-455: The list below. In the UK , the legal definition of a conservatory is a building that has at least 50% of its side wall area glazed and at least 75% of its roof glazed with translucent materials, either polycarbonate sheeting or glass. Today, the terms sunroom, solarium and conservatory are used interchangeably by the public, but in general the term conservatory and particularly English conservatory evoke

1305-405: The maximum possible light, and were constructed using brick or stone bases, brick or stone pillars, and a corbel gutter. They also featured large, tall windows to maximise available sunlight in the afternoons, with the north facing walls built without windows in a very heavy solid brick, or occasionally with much smaller windows to be able to keep the rooms warm. Insulation at these times was one of

1350-485: The most of available natural sunlight. The first examples were basic constructions and could be removed during summer. Notably not only noblemen but also wealthy merchants, e.g., those of Nuremberg , used to cultivate citrus plants in orangeries. Some orangeries were built using the garden wall as the main wall of the new orangery, but as orangeries became more and more popular they started to become more and more influenced by garden designers and architects, which led to

1395-448: The orangery to the readers of his Paradisus in Sole (1628), under the heading "Oranges". The trees might be planted against a brick wall and enclosed in winter with a plank shed covered with "cerecloth", a waxed precursor of tarpaulin , which must have been thought handsomer than the alternative: For that purpose, some keep them in great square boxes, and lift them to and fro by iron hooks on

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1440-686: The park involved the Venetian architect Giacomo Leoni who was chosen to design the building and carry out landscaping. Only the Orangery was built, although architectural drawings for the mansion were published. The gates made for the park in 1711 are now installed on the Gold Coast of Long Island at the site of a former estate which was turned into a public park, the Planting Fields Arboretum State Historic Park , New York. Hog Pit

1485-517: The plants and animals living together. Other examples include the Great Palm House at Kew Gardens that was built in 1844, built by Decimus Burton and the Crystal Palace , built for London's Great Exhibition of 1851 by Sir Joseph Paxton. The widespread construction of UK conservatories came to a halt with the onset of World War II. While the advent of insulated glass in the 1950s and 1960s saw

1530-493: The protection which had long been afforded by the warmth offered from a masonry fruit wall . During the 17th century, fruits like orange , pomegranate, and bananas arrived in huge quantities to European ports. Since these plants were not adapted to the harsh European winters, orangeries were invented to protect and sustain them. The high cost of glass made orangeries a status symbol showing wealth and luxury. Gradually, due to technological advancements, orangeries became more of

1575-661: The sides, or cause them to be rowled by trundels, or small wheeles under them, to place them in a house or close gallery. The building of orangeries became most widely fashionable after the end of the Eighty Years' War in 1648. The countries that started this trend were France, Germany, and the Netherlands, these countries being the ones that saw merchants begin importing large numbers of orange trees, banana plants, and pomegranates to cultivate for their beauty and scent. Orangeries were generally built facing south to take advantage of

1620-501: The south walls. The citrus trees were typically in huge pots or tubs, and wheeled outside for the summer months, as at the Gardens of Versailles . Use of these rooms expanded socially and practically, being used to entertain and to host a wider variety of plants. The term greenhouse came to describe the rooms and conservatories for tender plants. In the 18th century, sloped glass began to be used in conservatory design to allow more light into

1665-406: The structure, enhancing conditions for plant growth. This innovation may have been influenced by the work of Dutch scientist Jan Ingenhousz, who studied the role of light in photosynthesis. However, while his research likely contributed to advancements in horticultural practices, it is not definitively known if he directly influenced the adoption of sloping glass for conservatories The 19th century

1710-761: The surviving orangery, at 327 feet (100 m), is the longest one in Wales. An orangery dating from about 1700 is at Kenwood House in London , and a slightly earlier one at Montacute . Other orangeries in the hands of the National Trust include: In 1970, Victor Montagu constructed an orangery in his formal Italianate gardens at Mapperton, Dorset. A mid-19th-century orangery at Norton Hall in Sheffield , England, has been converted to apartments. In Ireland, orangeries were built at Killruddery House and Loughcrew House. In

1755-476: The symbol of the elite. This in turn created the need for orangeries to be constructed using even better techniques such as underfloor heating and the ability to have opening windows in the roofs for ventilation. Creating microclimates for the propagation of more and more exotic plants for the private gardens that were becoming creations of beauty all around Europe. The orangery built adjacent to Kensington Palace , believed to be designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor ,

1800-516: Was constructed between 1704 and 1705. The orangery at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , was designed in 1761 by Sir William Chambers and at one time was the largest glasshouse in England. The orangery at Margam Park , Wales, was built between 1787 and 1793 to house a large collection of orange, lemon, and citron trees inherited by Thomas Mansel Talbot . The original house has been razed, but

1845-619: Was dark; although it was built to shelter oranges, it has always simply been called the "greenhouse" in modern times. The 1617 Orangerie (now Musée de l'Orangerie ) at the Palace of the Louvre inspired imitations that culminated in Europe's largest orangery, the Versailles Orangerie . Designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart for Louis XIV's 3,000 orange trees at Versailles , its dimensions of 508 by 42 feet (155 by 13 m) were not eclipsed until

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1890-531: Was designed in the Georgian Style of architecture and stands just north of the mansion facing the upper garden. Completed in 1787, it is one of the largest buildings on the Mount Vernon estate . Washington grew lemon and orange trees and sago palms there. Considered an ambitious structure by his contemporaries, the main room featured a vaulted ceiling for air circulation, and incorporated radiant heating from

1935-464: Was discovered after a hole appeared in the ground in the Park. It was found by a council worker in just his second week in the council parks department. Satellite images and old council minutes were used to verify the find and surmise that the shelter was built to help keep people in the nearby cottage hospital safe. Carshalton was hit a number of times by German Luftwaffe bombers during the war and also suffered

1980-531: Was part of one of the most extensive collections of citrus trees in the U.S. by the mid-19th century. The current structure is a reconstruction built in the 1970s to replace the original, which burned in 1926. The orangery at the Battersea Historic Site in Petersburg, Virginia , is currently under restoration. Originally built between 1823 and 1841, it was converted into a garage in a later period. In

2025-498: Was the golden age of conservatory building, primarily in England. English conservatories were the product of English love of gardening and new technology in glass and heating technology. Many of the magnificent public conservatories, built of iron and glass, are the result of this era. Kew Gardens in London is an example of a large greenhouse used for growing tender and rare plants, or, less often, for birds and rare animals – sometimes with

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