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52-417: Felipe Carrillo Puerto (1874–1924) was a Mexican journalist, politician and revolutionary who served as governor of Yucatán from 1922 until his assassination in 1924. Places and things named for him include: Other people with the name: Felipe Carrillo Puerto Carrillo Puerto was born in the town of Motul, Yucatán , 45 km northeast of Mérida , and was of partly indigenous Maya background; he

104-669: A Saudi executioner, has said that he has conducted some executions by shooting. Mishaal bint Fahd bin Mohammed Al Saud , a Saudi princess, was also executed in the same way. Two soldiers of the Bushveldt Carbineers , Breaker Morant and Peter Handcock , were executed by a British firing squad in the South African Republic on 27 February 1902 for war crimes they committed during the Second Boer War . Since

156-425: A U.S. military commission and sentenced to death. On 11 November 1944 they were shot in the garden of a farmhouse at Toul . The footage of Wende's execution as well as Kortas's is shown in these links. On 31 January 1945, U.S. Army Pvt. Edward "Eddie" Slovik was executed by firing squad for desertion near the village of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines . He was the first American soldier executed for such offense since

208-744: A fraudulent tally. In 1910 he attended the Third Congress of the Associated Press of the States (Congreso de la Prensa Asociada de los Estados) in Mexico City and spearheaded a resolution to free the political prisoners being held at San Juan de Ulúa ; a resolution that President Díaz acceded to. In 1912, he went to work as a reporter and columnist for the periodical Revista de Mérida run by his friend and colleague Carlos R. Menéndez. He married María Isabel Palma in 1901. They had six children. In 1923, he had

260-404: A means of insulting the condemned, however, past executions have had them shot in the back, denied blindfolds, or even tied to chairs. When Galeazzo Ciano , son-in-law of Benito Mussolini , and several other former fascists who voted to remove Mussolini from power were executed, they were tied to chairs facing away from their executioners. By some reports, Ciano managed to twist his chair around at

312-477: A measure of plausible deniability that they, personally, did not fire a bullet at all. In practice however, firing a live round produces significant recoil, while firing a blank round does not. In more current times such as during the 2010 execution of Ronnie Lee Gardner in Utah , US, one rifleman may be given a "dummy" cartridge containing a wax bullet , which provides a more realistic recoil. Manuel Dorrego ,

364-446: A prominent Argentine statesman and soldier who governed Buenos Aires in the 1820s, was executed by firing squad on 12 December 1828 after being defeated in battle by Juan Lavalle and later convicted of treason. On 12 October 1915 British nurse Edith Cavell was executed by a German firing squad at the Tir national shooting range at Schaerbeek , after being convicted of "conveying troops to

416-561: A romance with a United States journalist, Alma Reed of San Francisco, California , which was commemorated in the song commissioned by him: "Peregrina", written by the poet Luis Rosado de la Vega and the composer Ricardo Palmerín. Carrillo Puerto's candidacy for governor was supported by the Partido Socialista del Sureste  [ es ] ( Spanish : Socialist Party of the Southeast ). On 1 February 1922, Carrillo Puerto took

468-402: A tradition in some jurisdictions that such executions are carried out at first light or at sunrise, giving rise to the phrase "shot at dawn". Execution by firing squad is a specific practice that is distinct from other forms of execution by firearms , such as an execution by shot(s) to the back of the head or neck. However, the single shot by the squad's officer with a pistol ( coup de grâce )

520-535: Is now Rizal Park , where his remains have since been placed. While in [Cavite] there were 13 people who executed by firing squad. They are known today as 13 martyrs of Cavite. During the Marcos administration, drug trafficking was punishable by firing-squad execution, as was done to Lim Seng. Execution by firing squad was later replaced by the electric chair , then lethal injection . On 24 June 2006, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo abolished capital punishment through

572-410: Is often the capital punishment or disciplinary means employed by military courts for crimes such as cowardice , desertion , espionage , murder , mutiny , or treason . If the condemned prisoner is an ex-officer who is acknowledged to have shown bravery throughout their career, they may be afforded the privilege of giving the order to fire. An example of this is Marshal of France Michel Ney . As

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624-513: Is sometimes incorporated in a firing squad execution, particularly if the initial volley turns out not to be immediately fatal. Before the introduction of firearms, bows or crossbows were often used— Saint Sebastian is usually depicted as executed by a squad of Roman auxiliary archers in around AD 288; King Edmund the Martyr of East Anglia , by some accounts, was tied to a tree and executed by Viking archers on 20 November 869 or 870. The method

676-653: The 2002 Bali bombing — Amrozi , Imam Samudra and Ali Ghufron —were executed on the same spot in Nusakambangan. In January 2013 56-year-old British woman Lindsay Sandiford was sentenced to execution by firing squad for importing a large amount of cocaine; she lost her appeal against her sentence in April 2013. On 18 January 2015, under the new leadership of Joko Widodo , six people sentenced to death for producing and smuggling drugs into Indonesia were executed at Nusa Kambangan Penitentiary shortly after midnight. Following

728-774: The American Civil War . On 15 October 1945 Pierre Laval , the puppet leader of Nazi-occupied Vichy France , was executed for treason at Fresnes Prison in Paris. On 11 March 1963 Jean Bastien-Thiry was the last person to be executed by firing squad for a failed attempt to assassinate French president Charles de Gaulle . Execution by firing squad is the capital punishment method used in Indonesia. The following persons were executed (reported by BBC World Service) by firing squad on 29 April 2015 following convictions for drug offences: two Australians, Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan ,

780-463: The Spanish transition to democracy in 1977 the new Spanish constitution prohibits the death penalty. Previously, execution by firing squad was reserved for cases under military jurisdiction. As in the rest of Europe, the death penalty ordered by a civil court was carried out by other methods clearly different from execution. In modern times, mainly by hanging or garrote . During the decolonization of

832-569: The capitulation of Nazi Germany , two German Navy deserters were shot by a firing squad composed of other German prisoners kept in the Canadian -run prisoner-of-war camp . The men were lined up against the wall of an air raid shelter near an abandoned Ford Motor Company assembly plant in the presence of Canadian military. Nigeria executes criminals who committed armed robberies—such as Ishola Oyenusi , Lawrence Anini and Osisikankwu —as well as military officers convicted of plotting coups against

884-652: The "Red Dragon with the Eyes of Jade" ("El Dragón Rojo de los Ojos de Jade") by his enemies and the "Apostle of the Bronze Race" ("Apóstol de la raza de bronce") by those who loved him. The movie Peregrina regarding his life was made in 1974 starring Antonio Aguilar . The towns of Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Nayarit, Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Quintana Roo (formerly Santa Cruz de Bravo), Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Michoacan , Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Oaxaca and Motul de Carrillo Puerto were named in his honor. Tulum International Airport

936-660: The 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland, 15 of the 16 leaders who were executed were shot by the Dublin Castle administration under martial law . The executions have often been cited as a reason for how the Rising managed to galvanise public support in Ireland after the failed rebellion. Following the Anglo-Irish Treaty , a split in the government and the Dail led to a Civil War during which

988-514: The Americas , several heroes of the independence of the former viceroyalties were executed by firing squad, including Camilo Torres Tenorio , Antonio Baraya , Antonio Villavicencio , José María Carbonell , Francisco José de Caldas , Jorge Tadeo Lozano , Policarpa Salavarrieta , María Antonia Santos Plata , José María Morelos , Mariano Matamoros , etc. At the time of the Spanish Civil War

1040-829: The Cerro de las Campanas after the Juaristas took control of Mexico in 1867. Manet immortalized the execution in a now-famous painting, The Execution of Emperor Maximilian ; he painted at least three versions. Firing-squad execution was the most common way to carry out a death sentence in Mexico, especially during the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War . An example of that is in the attempted execution of Wenseslao Moguel , who survived being shot ten times—once at point-blank range—because he fought under Pancho Villa . After these events,

1092-504: The Free State Government sanctioned the executions by firing squad of 81 persons. Included in those numbers were some prominent prisoners who were executed without trial as reprisals. Italy had used the firing squad as its only form of death penalty, both for civilians and military, since the unification of the country in 1861. The death penalty was abolished completely by both Italian Houses of Parliament in 1889 but revived under

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1144-699: The French period, with perhaps the most notable examples being Dun Mikiel Xerri and other patriots in 1799. The British also used the practice briefly, and for the last time in 1813, when two men were shot separately outside the courthouse after being convicted of failing to report their infection of plague to the authorities. During the Mexican Independence War , several Independentist generals (such as Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos ) were executed by Spanish firing squads. Also, Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico and two of his generals were executed in

1196-774: The Ghanaian Martin Anderson, the Indonesian Zainal Abidin bin Mgs Mahmud Badarudin, three Nigerians: Raheem Agbaje Salami, Sylvester Obiekwe Nwolise and Okwudili Oyatanze, as well as Brazilian Rodrigo Gularte . In 2006 Fabianus Tibo , Dominggus da Silva and Marinus Riwu were executed. Nigerian drug smugglers Samuel Iwachekwu Okoye and Hansen Anthoni Nwaolisa were executed in June 2008 in Nusakambangan Island. Five months later three men convicted for

1248-726: The Italian dictatorship of Benito Mussolini in 1926. Mussolini was himself shot in the last days of World War II. On 1 December 1945 Anton Dostler , the first German general to be tried for war crimes , was executed by a U.S. firing squad in Aversa after being found guilty by a U.S. military tribunal of ordering the killing of 15 U.S. prisoners of war in Italy during World War II. The last execution took place on 4 March 1947, as Francesco La Barbera, Giovanni Puleo and Giovanni D'Ignoti, sentenced to death on multiple accounts of robbery and murder, faced

1300-731: The Second World War. The military personnel sentenced to death during World War II had their sentences reduced by the President of the Republic. Following the military overthrow of the democratically elected government of Salvador Allende in 1973, Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet initiated a series of war tribunal trials against leftist people around the country. During the first months after his coup, hundreds of people were killed by firing squads and summary executions. Cuba, as part of its penal system, still utilizes death by firing squad, although

1352-587: The army for executions during combat on the orders of military tribunals. In the Soviet Union, from the very earliest days, the bullet to the back of the head, in front of a ready-dug burial trench was by far the most common practice. It became especially widely used during the Great Purge . Executions in Saudi Arabia are usually carried out by beheading ; however, at times other methods have been used. Al-Beshi,

1404-507: The crimes that are subject to the death penalty. The death penalty is never the only possible sentence for a crime, and the punishment must be imposed by the military courts system. Per the norms of the Brazilian Code of Military Penal Procedure, the death penalty is carried out by firing squad. Although Brazil still permits the use of capital punishment during wartime, no convicts were actually executed during Brazil's last military conflict,

1456-704: The death sentence was imposed for fewer types of crimes in Article 22 of the Mexican Constitution ; however, in 2005 capital punishment was constitutionally prohibited, and there has not been a judicial execution since 1961. During the Nazi occupation in World War II some 3,000 persons were executed by German firing squads. The victims were sometimes sentenced by a military court; in other cases they were hostages or arbitrary pedestrians who were executed publicly to intimidate

1508-562: The enactment of Republic Act No. 9346. Existing death row inmates, who numbered in the thousands, were eventually given life sentences or reclusion perpetua instead. Nicolae Ceaușescu was executed by firing squad alongside his wife while singing the Communist Internationale following a show trial, bringing an end to the Romanian Revolution , on Christmas Day, 1989. In Imperial Russia, firing squads were used in

1560-1021: The enemy" during the First World War. On 1 April 1916 a Belgian woman, Gabrielle Petit , was executed by a German firing squad at Schaerbeek after being convicted of spying for the British Secret Service during World War I. During the Battle of the Bulge in World War II, three captured German spies were tried and executed by a U.S. firing squad at Henri-Chapelle on 23 December 1944. Thirteen other Germans were also tried and shot at either Henri-Chapelle or Huy . These executed spies took part in Waffen-SS commando Otto Skorzeny 's Operation Greif , in which English-speaking German commandos operated behind U.S. lines, masquerading in U.S. uniforms and equipment. The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 expressly prohibits

1612-470: The executions were carried out by the regimental military police platoon, or by the local military police in the case of spies. One Finn, Toivo Koljonen , was executed for a civilian crime (six murders). Most executions occurred in 1941 and during the Soviet Summer Offensive in 1944. The last death sentences were given in 1945 for murder, but later commuted to life imprisonment. The death penalty

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1664-646: The firing squad at the range of Basse di Stura, near Turin . Soon after the Constitution of the newly proclaimed Republic prohibited the death penalty except for some crimes, like high treason, during wartime; no one was sentenced to death after 1947. In 2007 the Constitution was amended to ban the death penalty altogether. Firing squads were used during the periods of French and British control in Malta . Ringleaders of rebellions were often shot dead by firing squad during

1716-694: The future". During the months following the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, soldiers of the Batista government and political opponents to the revolution were executed by firing squad. The death penalty was widely used during and after the Finnish Civil War (January–May 1918); some 9,700 Finns and an unknown number of Russian volunteers on the Red side were executed during the war or in its aftermath. Most executions were carried out by firing squads after

1768-544: The government, such as Buka Suka Dimka and Maj. Gideon Orkar , by firing squad. Vidkun Quisling , the leader of the collaborationist Nasjonal Samling Party and president of Norway during the German occupation in World War II, was sentenced to death for treason and executed by firing squad on 24 October 1945 at the Akershus Fortress . Jose Rizal was executed by firing squad on the morning of 30 December 1896, in what

1820-553: The indigenous Maya people . As a teenager during the Caste War, he was briefly imprisoned for urging the Maya people to tear down a fence that had been built by the large landowners around lands in the community of Dzununcán to keep the Maya out. He obtained work on the local railways (known as tramways), joined the railway workers union, and married Isabel Palma. Carrillo Puerto then began publishing and editing El Heraldo de Motul , which

1872-514: The last recorded execution was in 2003. In January 1992 a Cuban exile convicted of "terrorism, sabotage and enemy propaganda" was executed by firing squad. The Council of the State noted that the punishment served as a deterrent and stated that the death penalty "fulfills a goal of overall prevention, especially when the idea is to stop such loathsome actions from being repeated, to deter others and so to prevent innocent human lives from being endangered in

1924-415: The last second to face them, but this is unconfirmed. Sometimes, one or more soldiers of the firing squad may be issued a rifle containing a blank cartridge . In such cases, soldiers of the firing squad are not told beforehand whether they are using live or blank ammunition. This is believed to reinforce the sense of diffusion of responsibility among the firing squad members. It provides each member with

1976-587: The native Maya. He promoted new farming techniques, granted women political rights, began family planning programs, fought against alcoholism, and fought for the conservation and restoration of the pre-Columbian Maya archaeological sites. In the first year of his administration 417 public schools were opened. On 25 February 1922 he founded the Universidad Nacional del Sureste, now called the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY). Carrillo Puerto

2028-535: The oath of office and made his first speech as governor, and did so in the Maya language. He promised to respect and enforce the Federal Constitution, as well as the resolutions adopted by the Workers' Congress of Motul and Izamal. He proclaimed the "first socialist government in the Americas". During his 20 months as governor, Carrillo Puerto initiated land reform, confiscating large estates and returning land to

2080-519: The past sometimes called fusillading (from the French fusil , rifle ), is a method of capital punishment , particularly common in the military and in times of war . Some reasons for its use are that firearms are usually readily available and a gunshot to a vital organ , such as the brain or heart, most often will kill relatively quickly. A firing squad is normally composed of at least several soldiers, all of whom are usually instructed to fire simultaneously, thus preventing both disruption of

2132-588: The phrase " ¡Al paredón! " ("To the wall!") to express the death threat to whom certain blame is attributed to be summarily executed. " Dar un paseo " (Going for a walk) is the euphemism of a series of violent episodes and political repression that occurred during the Spanish Civil War, which took place on both the Republican and the Nationalist factions , looking for victims with the excuse of taking them for

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2184-580: The population. After the attack on high-ranking German officer Hanns Albin Rauter , about 300 people were executed publicly as reprisal against resistance movements. Rauter himself was executed near Scheveningen on 12 January 1949, following his conviction for war crimes. Anton Mussert , a Dutch Nazi leader, was sentenced to death by firing squad and executed in the dunes near The Hague on 7 May 1946. While under Allied guard in Amsterdam, and five days after

2236-400: The process by one member and identification of who fired the lethal shot. To avoid disfigurement due to multiple shots to the head, the shooters are typically instructed to aim at the heart , sometimes aided by a paper or cloth target. The prisoner is typically blindfolded or hooded as well as restrained. Executions can be carried out with the condemned either standing or sitting. There is

2288-497: The sentences were given by illegal or semi-legal courts martial . Only some 250 persons were sentenced to death in courts acting on legal authority. During World War II some 500 persons were executed, half of them condemned spies. The usual causes for death penalty for Finnish citizens were treason and high treason (and to a lesser extent cowardice and disobedience , applicable for military personnel). Almost all cases of capital punishment were tried by court-martial. Usually

2340-579: The town of Vincennes after being convicted of spying for Germany during World War I. During World War II, on 24 September 1944, Josef Wende and Stephan Kortas, two Poles drafted into the German army, crossed the Moselle Rivers behind U.S. lines in civilian clothes to observe Allied strength and were to rejoin their own army on the same day. However, they were discovered by the Americans and arrested. On 18 October 1944 they were found guilty of espionage by

2392-468: The usage of capital punishment in peacetime, but authorizes the use of the death penalty for military crimes committed during wartime. War must be declared formally, in accordance with international law and article 84, item 19 of the Federal Constitution, with due authorization from the Brazilian Congress. The Brazilian Code of Military Penal Law, in its chapter dealing with wartime offences, specifies

2444-644: Was abolished by Finnish law in 1949 for crimes committed during peacetime, and in 1972 for all crimes. Finland is party to the Optional protocol of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , forbidding the use of the death penalty in all circumstances. Pte. Thomas Highgate was the first British soldier to be convicted of desertion and executed by firing squad in September 1914 at Tournan-en-Brie during World War I. In October 1916 Pte. Harry Farr

2496-553: Was briefly closed down in 1907 by the authorities for "insulting public officials". In the Yucatán gubernatorial election of 1909, Carrillo Puerto supported the candidacy of the poet Delio Moreno Cantón in the three-way race against the Antirreeleccionista Party's (Maderista's) José María Pino Suárez , and the pro- Díaz Enrique Muñoz Arístegui . Arístegui was announced as the winner in what is generally considered to have been

2548-415: Was named after him and started operations on December 1, 2023. During the inauguration, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador declared that 2024 would be the "year of Felipe Carrillo Puerto" ( Spanish : año de Felipe Carrillo Puerto ). López Obrador later formally submitted this proposal to congress , and it entered into force on 1 January 2024. Firing squad Execution by firing squad , in

2600-447: Was not a supporter of the Adolfo de la Huerta rebellion against President Álvaro Obregón , and General Plutarco Elías Calles . As a result, he was captured by rebel army officers, tried by a military tribunal, and executed by a firing squad on 3 January 1924, along with three of his brothers, Wilfrido, Benjamin, and Edesio, and eight of their friends. Felipe Carrillo Puerto was called

2652-506: Was rumored to be a descendant of the Nachi Cocom dynasty of Mayapan . His parents were the merchant Justiniano Carrillo Pasos and his wife Adelaide Puerto Solis. He was one of fourteen children, thirteen of whom lived into adulthood. Although his family were Spanish speakers, he also grew up speaking Maya (Mayathan), the language of the neighborhood children. He was a socialist who favored land reform , women's suffrage , and rights for

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2704-448: Was shot for cowardice at Carnoy , which was later suspected to be acoustic shock . Highgate and Farr, along with 304 other British and Imperial troops who were executed for similar offenses, were listed at the Shot at Dawn Memorial which was erected to honor them. On 15 October 1917 Dutch exotic dancer Mata Hari was executed by a French firing squad at Château de Vincennes castle in

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