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115-583: Carpatho-Ruthenians or Carpathian Ruthenians may refer to: inhabitants of the historical region of Carpathian Ruthenia in general Carpatho-Ruthenian Slavs, including Carpatho-Ruthenian Rusyns and Ukrainians from Carpathian Ruthenia Carpatho-Ruthenian Jews , Jews from Carpathian Ruthenia Carpatho-Ruthenian Hungarians , Hungarians from Carpathian Ruthenia See also [ edit ] Carpatho-Ruthenian (disambiguation) Ruthenian (disambiguation) Ruthenia (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

230-489: A "National Assembly" without any semblance of a democratic process, and effectively ordered to endorse incorporation into Czechoslovakia. He further asserts that Clemenceau had personally instructed the French general on the spot to get the area incorporated into Czechoslovakia "at all costs", so as to create a buffer separating Soviet Ukraine from Hungary, as part of the French anti-Communist " Cordon sanitaire " policy, and that it

345-591: A European population, while Lemkos are closest to the Czech and Romanian (0.17) population, and Hutsuls closest to the Croatian (0.11) and Ukrainian (0.16) population. The 2014 Y-DNA studies of 200 Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina , Serbia, found they mostly belong to haplogroup R1a (43%), I2 (20%), E-V13 (12.5%), and R1b (8.5%), while I1 , G2a , J2b , N1 between 2.5 and 4.5%, and J1 , T , and H only in traces of less than 1%. They cluster closest to

460-746: A Soviet Red Army offensive, the Nazis who were passing through blew up all the bridges in Uzhhorod, including one built in the 14th century. On 26 November 1944 in Mukachevo representatives from all cities and villages of the land adopted the manifesto uniting Zakarpattia Ukraine with Soviet Ukraine. The Soviets occupied the Carpathians, and in 1945 the Rusyn ethnic homeland was split among three countries, as western portions were incorporated into Czechoslovakia and Poland, while

575-541: A branch of the Ukrainian people . Rusyns are descended from an East Slavic population which inhabited the northeastern regions of the Eastern Carpathians. In those regions, there are several Rusyn groups, including Dolinyans, Boykos , Hutsuls and Lemkos . Of the estimated 1.7 million people of Rusyn origin, only around 110,000 have been officially identified as such in recent ( c. 2012) national censuses. This

690-504: A common ancestry with other modern Europeans. A 2009 mitochondrial DNA study of 111 samples found that in comparison to eight other Central and Eastern European populations (Belarusian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian), the three Rusyn groups have a greater distance between themselves than these populations, with Boykos showing the greatest distance from all and did not cluster with anyone because have atypically low frequencies of haplogroup H (20%) and J (5%) for

805-464: A decision that happened parallel to other events that affected these proceedings. At the Paris Peace Conference , several other countries (including Hungary, Ukraine and Russia) laid claim to Carpathian Rus'. The Allies, however, had few alternatives to choosing Czechoslovakia. Hungary had lost the war and therefore gave up its claims; Ukraine was seen as politically unviable; and Russia was in

920-645: A distinct national minority , and their legal status was regulated in Yugoslav federal units of Serbia and Croatia . In the Constitution of Serbia, that was adopted in 1963, Rusyns were designated as one of seven (explicitly named) national minorities (Article 82), and the same provision was implemented in the Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina that was adopted in the same year (Article 32). Further on,

1035-799: A distinctive culture from the main Ruthenian -speaking areas. Over time, because of geographical and political isolation from the main Ruthenian-speaking territory, the inhabitants developed distinctive features. In 1526 the region was divided between the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary and the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom . Beginning in 1570 the latter transformed to the Principality of Transylvania , which soon fell under Ottoman suzerainty. The part of Transcarpathia under Habsburg administration

1150-647: A healthy pro-Rusyn movement exists in the Carpathians. Some Ukrainian nationalists have argued that the modern 'Rusyn movement' is in service of the expansionist aims of modern Russia . According to Mrs Jozsefne Csepanyi-Bardos, the president of the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council in Budapest Capital. The flag of the Ruthenians of the World and the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council is a tricolour in

1265-604: A moat, workers and artisans, and the founding of an Orthodox monastery on the Latorytsia River. The Austro-Hungarian monarchy controlled the Carpathians from 1772 to 1918. With the increased Magyarization in the nineteenth century, for some educated and intellectual Rusyns it was natural to move to Budapest , while for other Slavic minded intellectuals the Russian Empire became a favored destination. The Rusyns have always been subject to larger neighboring powers, but in

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1380-627: A referendum conducted in Subcarpathian Rus' in 1937. In November 1938, under the First Vienna Award —a result of the Munich Agreement — Czechoslovakia ceded southern Carpathian Rus to Hungary . The remainder of Subcarpathian Rus' received autonomy , with Andrej Bródy as prime minister of the autonomous government. After the resignation of the government following a local political crisis, Avhustyn Voloshyn became prime minister of

1495-465: A result of varied historical usage. In older literature and speech, both Catholic and Orthodox Rusyns occasionally referred to themselves as Carpatho-Russians or Carpathian Russians. These terms, however, are generally considered antiquated and now typically refer to ethnic Russians of the Carpathian region. The use of several, imprecise Russian ethnonyms (in a Rusyn context) are also present in

1610-465: A separate and unique Slavic group of Rusyns and some consider themselves to be both Rusyns and Ukrainians. To describe their home region, most of them use the term Zakarpattia (Trans-Carpathia; literally "beyond the Carpathian mountains"). This is contrasted implicitly with Prykarpattia (Ciscarpathia; "Near-Carpathia"), an unofficial region in Ukraine, to the immediate north-east of the central area of

1725-483: A sub-group of the Ukrainian people. In spite of this, Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast has recognized Rusyns as a "distinct nationality" within the oblast since a 2007 proclamation by its regional assembly. By the end of the 20th century there appeared many societies and organizations considering Rusyns as people separate from Ukrainians. By the early 21st century they had representatives in parliaments of Serbia, Hungary, and Romania, published their own press, and in 2007

1840-650: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Carpathian Ruthenia From the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (at the end of the 9th century) to the end of World War I ( Treaty of Trianon in 1920), most of this region was part of the Kingdom of Hungary . In the interwar period , it was part of the First and Second Czechoslovak Republics . Before World War II,

1955-638: Is largely because some census-taking authorities classify them as a subgroup of the Ukrainian people, while others classify them as a distinct ethnic group. The term Rusyn ( Rusyn : Русин , plural Русины , Rusynŷ ) originates from the archaic ethnonym " Rus ' ". The respective endonymic adjective has traditionally been rusʹkŷi ( руськый m. , руська f. , руське/руськое n. ), though rusynʹskŷi ( русиньскый, русинськый, русинский, русиньскій, русински ) has also been used; even more so after 1989. In interwar Czechoslovakia, Ruthenia

2070-550: Is most similar to other Ukrainians, while the Bukovina population slightly "differs from the typical Ukrainian population" because it has the highest percentage of I2a (>30%) and the lowest percentage of R1a (30%) in Ukraine. Bukovina's percentage of I2 is similar to near Moldovan and Romanian population, while the highest percentage is among South Slavs in Western Balkans . It was concluded that although bordered by diverse nations,

2185-596: The American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese , with over 14,000 members and 78 parishes as of 2006 (and founded by former Byzantine Catholic members), uses the term Carpatho-Russian on a regular basis even today. Finally, as of the early 21st Century, one can still hear Rusyn Americans within the OCA and ROCOR Orthodox churches self-identify as Carpatho-Russian. There are different theories to explain Rusyn origins. According to Paul Robert Magocsi ,

2300-512: The Austrian Empire after 1843). In the Kingdom of Hungary , Ruthene was used as the official term for the Rusyn people ( Hungarian : rutén or ruszin ) of Transcarpathia until 1945. During the early twentieth century the term "became even more restricted: it was generally used to refer to the inhabitants of Transcarpathia and to Transcarpathian emigrants in the United States ", for whom

2415-667: The Balkans in the 7th century. Those who remained were conquered by Kievan Rus' in the late 10th century. In 896 the Hungarians crossed the Carpathian Range and migrated into the Pannonian Basin . Nestor's Chronicle wrote that Hungarian tribes had to fight against the Volochi and settled among Slavs when on their way to Pannonia. Prince Laborec fell from power under the efforts of

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2530-536: The Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1918), various parts of Rusyn people were faced with different political challenges. Those who lived in northeastern counties of the Hungarian part of the former Monarchy were faced with pretensions of Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. On the other hand, those who lived in the former Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria were faced with pretensions of Poland and Ukraine. In

2645-839: The Eastern Carpathians in Central Europe . They speak Rusyn , an East Slavic language variety , treated variously as either a distinct language or a dialect of the Ukrainian language . As traditional adherents of Eastern Christianity , the majority of Rusyns are Eastern Catholics , though a minority of Rusyns practice Eastern Orthodoxy . Rusyns primarily self-identify as a distinct Slavic people and they are recognized as such in Croatia , Hungary , Poland , Romania , Serbia , and Slovakia , where they have official minority status. Alternatively, some identify more closely with their country of residence (i.e. Polish, Slovak), while others are

2760-591: The Kievan Rus' Principality of Halych to the north. Slavs from the north ( Galicia ) and east—who actually arrived from Podolia via the mountain passes of Transylvania —continued to settle in small numbers in various parts of the Carpathian borderland, which the Hungarians and other medieval writers referred to as the Marchia Ruthenorum—the Rus' March. These new immigrants, from the north and east, like

2875-850: The Lemko-Rusyn Republic and Komancza Republic . Prior to this time, some of the founders of the Lemko-Rusyn Republic were sentenced to death or imprisoned in Talerhof by the prosecuting attorney Kost Levytsky ( Rusyn : Кость Леви́цький ), future president of the West Ukrainian People's Republic . In the interwar period , the Rusyn diaspora in Czechoslovakia enjoyed liberal conditions to develop their culture (in comparison with Ukrainians in Poland or Romania). Hutsul Stepan Klochurak

2990-758: The Ulichs who were not native in the region. As the region of the Ukrainian Carpathians , including Zakarpattia and Prykarpattia , has since the Early Middle Ages been inhabited by the tribes of Croats, in Ukrainian encyclopedias and dictionaries, and the Great Russian Encyclopedia , the Rusyns are generally considered to be the descendants of the White Croats. According to anthropological studies,

3105-609: The Uriadova rada ("Governing Council) of Rus'ka Krajina. Prior to this, in July 1918, Rusyn immigrants in the United States had convened and called for complete independence . Failing that, they would try to unite with Galicia and Bukovina ; and failing that, they would demand autonomy, though they did not specify under which state. They approached the American government and were told that

3220-457: The 17th century. The people in the west called themselves Belarusians and the people in the south were known as Malorussians ( Little Russians ). Later, in what began as a political movement in the mid 19th century, many Little Russians began using the term " Ukrainian " to distinguish themselves from the Great Russians in northern Rus'. So by the mid-20th century the original name Rus or Rusyn

3335-472: The 1920s and 1930s a dispute existed between Russophile and Ukrainophile Rusyns. In October 1938, a series of political reforms were initiated, leading to the creation of the Second Czechoslovak Republic , consisting of three autonomous political entities, one of them being the Subcarpathian Rus' ( Rusyn : Підкарпатьска Русь ). On 11 October 1938, first autonomous Government of Subcarpathian Rus

3450-620: The 19th century a Rusyn national movement was formed which emphasized distinct ethnic identity and literary language. During the Spring of Nations on 2 May 1848 in Lemberg (today Lviv ) was established the first political representation of the Galician Rusyns, the Main Ruthenian Council ( Rusyn : Головна Руська Рада , Holovna Ruska Rada ). The most active and leading stratum among Rusyns

3565-930: The Battle of Uzhgorod to break through to the Hungarian plains and encircle German troops in Transylvania . On 28 October 1944, upon conclusion of the offensive campaign, most of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was secured by the Workers-Peasants Red Army (RKKA). Rusyns Flag of Rusyns , approved by the World Congress of Rusyns in 2007 Rusyns ( Rusyn : Русины , romanized:  Rusynŷ ), also known as Carpatho-Rusyns ( Rusyn : Карпаторусины or Карпатьскы Русины , romanized:  Karpatorusynŷ or Karpaťskŷ Rusynŷ ), Ruthenians , or Rusnaks ( Rusyn : Руснакы or Руснаци , romanized:  Rusnakŷ or Rusnacy ), are an East Slavic ethnic group from

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3680-460: The Carpathian Range, and potentially including its foothills, the Subcarpathian basin and part of the surrounding plains. From a Hungarian (and to an extent Slovak and Czech) perspective, the region is usually described as Subcarpathia (literally "below the Carpathians"), although technically this name refers only to a long, narrow basin that flanks the northern side of the mountains. During

3795-585: The Carpathians seemingly were a barrier decreasing gene flow southward of N1c (М178), R1a (М198) from the region, and northward of E1b (М78), R1b (М269), J (М304) and G (М201) to the region. The general usage of 'Rusyn' by all East Slavs dates back to over 11 centuries, its origin signifying the ethnic tie to the political entity of Kievan Rus' , which existed from the late ninth to the early 13th century. The Carpathian Rusyns, Ukrainians (once called Ruthenians or Little Russians), Belarusians (once called White Russians) and Russians (Great Russians) are descendants of

3910-658: The Constitutional Law of 1969 regulated the position of Rusyn language as one of five official languages in Vojvodina (Article 67). After the fall of communism , new opportunities arose for Rusyns in Poland and in the newly formed countries of Slovakia and Ukraine. The Rusyns of the Transcarpathia region of Ukraine were able to vote in December 1991 for self-rule. With an 89% voter turnout, 78% voted Yes to autonomy. But with

4025-457: The Duke of Novgorod, brought with him from the north soldiers and their families to settle unpopulated Carpathian lands. While the actual number of immigrants is uncertain, the arrival of Koriatovich and his retinue was a milestone for the Rusyns, substantially improving the region's administrative, ecclesiastical and cultural aspects. This included building and fortifying Mukachevo Castle with cannons,

4140-588: The Eastern Carpathian population makes one of the sub-regional clines of the Ukrainian population, which can be regionally divided into Eastern and Western Carpathian variants. In the study by M. S. Velikanova (1975) the skulls from a medieval necropolis near village of Vasyliv in Zastavna Raion were very similar to contemporary Carpathian population, and according to S. P. Segeda , V. Dyachenko and T. I. Alekseyeva this anthropological complex developed in

4255-461: The Hungarian government on December 21, 1918, thereby establishing the autonymous Rusyn province of Rus'ka Krajina from the Rusyn-inhabited parts of four eastern counties ( Máramaros County , Ugocha County, Bereg County , Ung County . On February 5, 1919, a provisional government for Rus'ka Krajina was established. The "Rus'ka rada " (or Rusyn Council), was made up of 42 representatives from

4370-460: The Hungarians and the Kievan forces. According to Gesta Hungarorum , the Hungarians defeated a united Bulgarian and Byzantine army led by Salan in the early 10th century on the plains of Alpár, who ruled over territory that was finally conquered by Hungarians. During the tenth and for most of the eleventh century the territory remained a borderland between the Kingdom of Hungary to the south and

4485-450: The Jews of Transcarpathia were killed, though a number survived, either because they were hidden by their neighbours, or were forced into labour battalions , which often guaranteed food and shelter. The end of the war had a significant impact on the ethnic Hungarian population of the area: 10,000 fled before the arrival of Soviet forces. Many of the remaining adult men (25,000) were deported to

4600-1030: The Lemko Region (in southeastern Poland), and Maramureş (in north-central Romania). In the Lemko region, the endonym Lemko (pl. Lemkŷ ) became more common in the twentieth century, along with Lemko-Rusyn since the 1990s. The variant Rusnak ( Руснак ; plural: Rusnakŷ or Pannonian-Rusyn, Rusnatsi ) was also (and still is) used as an endonym ; particularly by Rusyns outside the Carpathians in Vojvodina , Serbia and Slavonia , Croatia. However, they may also referred to as Vojvodinian Rusyns ( voivodianski Rusnatsi ), Bachka-Srem Rusyns ( bachvansʹko-srimski rusnatsi ), or formerly as Yugoslav Rusyns ( iuzhnoslaviansʹki Rusnatsi ). Other terms such as Ruthene, Rusniak, Lemak, Lyshak, and Lemko are considered by some scholars to be historic, local, or synonymic names for these inhabitants of Transcarpathia. Others hold that

4715-754: The Middle Ages or earlier, as descendants of the medieval Slavs of Galicia and carriers of Chernyakhov culture along Prut - Dniester rivers, possibly with some Thracian component. According to the data, the population has the lowest admixture in Ukraine of Turkic speaking populations, like Volga Tatars and Bashkirs , while in comparison to other populations they have similarities with neighbouring Eastern Slovaks , Gorals of Poland, Romanians , some groups of Czechs and Hungarians , Northwestern Bulgarians , Central and Northern Serbians, and most of Croatians. The 2006 mitochondrial DNA study of Carpathian Highlanders – Boykos , Hutsuls and Lemkos people – showed

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4830-718: The Museum of Ruthenian Culture was opened in Prešov , Slovakia. In 2010 in Mukachevo were festivities commemorating the union of Zakarpattia with Ukraine, four out of 663 of congress delegates who adopted the Manifest about the Union and who were still alive attended the event: F. Sabov, O. Lohoida, M. Moldavchuk and J. Matlakh. They shared their experience about first years of the People's Council in revival of

4945-421: The Russian majority in the Odesa region casting a similar vote, the Ukrainian government, fearing secession, has refused to honor this referendum. In terms of minority rights, the question of Rusyn self-identification and recognition in Ukraine has been a subject of interest for European institutions, as well as the United Nations . Nationally, Rusyns are considered (by both state and cultural authorities) only

5060-437: The Russichi, the people of Rus', that is East Slavs who mixed with other peoples over centuries, including in the south with Iranian and later with Germanic peoples, in the west with Baltic peoples, in the east with Finnish and Turkic peoples. Over the centuries these loosely affiliated peoples developed different political and economic centers as well as new names. The inhabitants of northern Rus' were known as Great Russians by

5175-408: The Rusyns of Galicia and Podolia , and Vlach shepherds of Transylvania. It is thought that the Croats were part of the Antes tribal polity who migrated to Galicia in the 3rd-4th century, under pressure by invading Huns and Goths . George Shevelov also considered a connection with East Slavic tribes , more specifically, the Hutsuls , and possibly Boykos , argued to be the descendants of

5290-404: The Second Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed the Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus' ( Czech : Ústavní zákon o autonomii Podkarpatské Rusi ), officially reaffirming the right of self-determination of Rusyn people ( preamble ), and confirming full political and administrative autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus', with its own assembly and government. In the constitutional system of

5405-458: The Second Czechoslovak Republic, the region continued to be known as the Subcarpathian Rus', while local institutions promoted the use of the term Carpathian Ukraine . The Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine , which existed for one day on March 15, 1939, before it was occupied and annexed by Hungary, is sometimes considered to have been a self-determining Rusyn state that had intentions to unite with Kiev . The Republic's president, Avgustyn Voloshyn ,

5520-450: The Slavs already living in Carpathian Ruthenia, had by the eleventh century come to be known as the people of Rus', or Rusyns . Local Slavic nobility often intermarried with the Hungarian nobles to the south. Prince Rostislav , a Ruthenian noble unable to continue his family's rule of Kiev, governed a great deal of Transcarpathia from 1243 to 1261 for his father-in-law , Béla IV of Hungary . The territory's ethnic diversity increased with

5635-406: The Soviet Union; about 30% of them died in Soviet labor camps . As a result of this development since 1938, the Hungarian and Hungarian-speaking population of Transcarpathia was recorded differently in various censuses and estimations from that time: 1930 census recorded 116,548 ethnic Hungarians, while the contested Hungarian census from 1941 shows as many as 233,840 speakers of Hungarian language in

5750-447: The Soviets as kulaks, or rich peasants. Property and farm animals were confiscated and newly established kolkhozes (collectivized farms) were built, with people being forced to work on their own former land, 'employed' by the Communist government. Some of the less lucky were sent to Siberia. In 1947, under the Operation Vistula happened forced resettlement of c. 150,000 Lemkos, Boykos and other Ukrainians between Poland and Ukraine. In

5865-465: The Tisza river. The two major cities are Uzhhorod and Mukachevo , both with populations around 100,000. The population of the other five cities (including Khust and Berehove ) varies between 10,000 and 30,000. Other urban and rural populated places have a population of less than 10,000. During the Late Bronze Age in the 2nd millennium BC, the region was characterized by Stanove culture; however, it only gained more advanced metalworking skills with

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5980-414: The Ukrainian and Slovakian population, "providing evidence for their genetic isolation from the Serbian majority population". The 2015 Y-DNA study of 150 men from Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi Oblast (Bukovina), found they mostly belong to R1a1a1*(М198), I2a (Р37.2), R1a1a1 (М458) ranging around and less than 30%, with E1b1b1a1 (M78), R1b1b2 (M269), and I1 (М253) ranging between 4-14%. The sampled population

6095-400: The United States under Zatkovich and voted unanimously to accept the admission of Carpathian Ruthenia to Czechoslovakia. Back in Ruthenia, on May 8, 1919, a general meeting of representatives from all the previous councils was held, and declared that "The Central Russian National Council... completely endorse the decision of the American Uhro-Rusin Council to unite with the Czech-Slovak nation on

6210-433: The administration of Transylvania. From 1699 the entire region eventually became part of the Habsburg monarchy , divided between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania. Later, the entire region was included into the Kingdom of Hungary. Between 1850 and 1860 the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary was divided into five military districts, and the region was part of the Military District of Kaschau . After 1867,

6325-410: The area was used as a conduit for arms and ammunition for the anti-Soviet Poles fighting in the Polish-Soviet War directly to the north, while local Communists sabotaged the trains and tried to help the Soviet side. During and after the war many Ukrainian nationalists in East Galicia who opposed both Polish and Soviet rule fled to Carpathian Ruthenia. Gregory Žatkovich was appointed governor of

6440-421: The arrival of Thracians from the South with Kushtanovytsia culture in the 6th-3rd century BC. In the 5th-3rd century BC, Celts arrived from the West, bringing iron-melting skills and La Tène culture . A Thracian-Celtic symbiosis existed for a time in the region, after which appeared the Bastarnae . At that time, the Iranian-speaking Scythians and later a Sarmatian tribe called the Iazyges were present in

6555-422: The basis of full national autonomy." Note that the Central Russian National Council was an offshoot of the Central Ruthenian National Council and represented a Carpathian branch of the Russophiles movement that existed in the Austrian Galicia. The Hungarian left-wing writer Béla Illés claimed that the meeting was little more than a farce, with various "notables" fetched from their homes by police, formed into

6670-401: The borders of modern Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin specifically referred to the people in the Carpathian Mountains of modern-day Ukraine as Rusyns , rather than Ukrainians. In writing about the Soviet Union's post World War II takeover of the Transcarpathian region, Putin stated that, "quote, 'Rusyns (Русины) made up a considerable share of the local population', unquote". Then, using

6785-411: The county administrative system was expanded to the whole of Transcarpathia, and the area was divided between the counties of Ung, Bereg , Ugocsa , and Máramaros . At the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century, during the collapse of the central power in the Kingdom of Hungary, the region was part of the domains of semi-independent oligarchs Amadeus Aba and Nicholas Pok . From 1280 to 1320,

6900-487: The desire of its members to separate from the newly formed Hungarian state but did not specify a particular alternative—only that it must involve the right to self-determination . Other councils, such as the Carpatho-Ruthenian National Council meetings in Huszt ( Khust ) (November 1918), called for unification with the West Ukrainian People's Republic . Only in early January 1919 were the first calls heard in Ruthenia for union with Czechoslovakia . Throughout November and

7015-988: The eastern and south-eastern portions of the region. During the period of Czechoslovak administration in the first half of the 20th century, the region was referred to for a while as Rusinsko (Ruthenia) or Karpatske Rusinsko , and later as Subcarpathian Rus ( Czech and Slovak : Podkarpatská Rus ) or Subcarpathian Ukraine (Czech and Slovak: Podkarpatská Ukrajina ), and from 1928 as Subcarpathian Ruthenian Land. (Czech: Země podkarpatoruská , Slovak: Krajina podkarpatoruská ). Alternative, unofficial names used in Czechoslovakia before World War II included Subcarpathia (Czech and Slovak: Podkarpatsko ), Transcarpathia (Czech and Slovak: Zakarpatsko ), Transcarpathian Ukraine (Czech and Slovak: Zakarpatská Ukrajina ), Carpathian Rus/Ruthenia (Czech and Slovak: Karpatská Rus ) and, occasionally, Hungarian Rus/Ruthenia ( Czech : Uherská Rus ; Slovak : Uhorská Rus ). The region declared its independence as Carpatho-Ukraine on March 15, 1939, but

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7130-522: The eastern portion became part of the Soviet Union and was officially named Transcarpathia . After World War II, Transcarpathia was declared as a part of Ukrainia. In Poland, the new Communist government deported many Rusyns from their ancestral region, sending many east to Ukraine, and others to the far west of the country. In Czechoslovakia a policy of Ukrainization was implemented. In Ukraine, many Rusyns who owned land or livestock, often funded via their own family members in America, were now branded by

7245-414: The ethnic makeup of the region, with ideas such as the Lemko-Boiko-Hutsul schema looking to prove the Slavic nature of the Rus, and therefore justifying union with Russia (or later a Ukrainian state) under the claim that the Rus were part of that Slavic cultural sphere. These Rus or Ruthenians would argue this point until the early 1900's when action would be taken. In 1910, the population of Transcarpathia

7360-434: The exploiters of the same nationalities". Communist sympathizers accused the Czechoslovaks and Romanians of atrocities, such as public hangings and the clubbing to death of wounded prisoners. This fighting prevented the arrival of Soviet aid, for which the Hungarian Communists hoped in vain; the Bolsheviks were also too preoccupied with their own civil war to assist. In May 1919, a Central National Council convened in

7475-430: The following few months, councils met every few weeks, calling for various solutions. Some wanted to remain part of the Hungarian Democratic Republic, but with greater autonomy; the most notable of these, the Uzhhorod Council (November 9, 1918), declared itself the representative of the Rusyn people and began negotiations with Hungarian authorities. These negotiations ultimately resulted in the passage of Law no. 10 by

7590-489: The former counties of Ung , Bereg and partially Máramaros . On March 23, 1939, Hungary annexed further territories disputed with Slovakia bordering with the west of the former Carpatho-Rus. The Hungarian invasion was followed by a few weeks of terror in which more than 27,000 people were shot dead without trial and investigation. Over 75,000 Ukrainians decided to seek asylum in the Soviet Union ; of those almost 60,000 of them died in Gulag prison-camps. Others joined

7705-405: The four constituent counties and headed by a chairman, Orest Sabov, and vice-chairman, Avhustyn Shtefan. The following month, on March 4, elections were held for a formal diet of 36 deputies. Upon election, the new diet requested the Hungarian government define the borders of the autonomous region, which had not yet been elaborated; without an established territory, the deputies argued that the diet

7820-444: The ground was established, when Czechoslovak Army troops acting in coordination with Royal Romanian Army forces arriving from the east—both acting under French auspices—entered the area. In a series of battles they defeated and crushed the local militias of the newly formed Hungarian Soviet Republic , which had created the Slovak Soviet Republic and whose proclaimed aim was to "unite the Hungarian, Rusyn and Jewish toilers against

7935-407: The independent West Ukraine Republic. However, for most of this period the region was controlled by the newly formed independent Hungarian Democratic Republic , with a short period of West Ukrainian control. On November 8, 1918, the first National Council (the Lubovňa Council, which later reconvened as the Prešov Council) was held in western Ruthenia. The first of many councils, it simply stated

8050-448: The influx of some 40,000 Cuman settlers, who came to the Pannonian Basin after their defeat by Vladimir II (Monomakh) in the 12th century and their ultimate defeat at the hands of the Mongols in 1238. During the early period of Hungarian administration, part of the area was included into the Gyepű border region, while the other part was under county authority and was included into the counties of Ung , Borsova and Szatmár . Later,

8165-434: The jurisdiction of Rome , thus establishing the so-called "Unia" of Eastern Catholic churches , the Ruthenian Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church . In the 17th century (until 1648) the entire region was part of the Principality of Transylvania and between 1682 and 1685 its north-western part was administered by the Ottoman vassal state of Upper Hungary , while the south-eastern parts remained under

8280-460: The late 19th century, massive emigration of Rusyns to America took place, beginning in the early 1870s. Between 1899 and 1931, Ellis Island listed 268,669 Rusyn immigrants. Most settled in the northeastern states, but Rusyn settlements also appeared in more far flung states such as Minnesota, Colorado, Alabama, Washington and Montana. Smaller numbers also emigrated to Canada, Brazil and Argentina. Rusyns formed two ephemeral states after World War I :

8395-528: The life of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Parallel, medieval Latin terms such as Rusi , Russi or Rusci are found in sources of the period and were commonly used as an exonym for the East Slavs. Since the end of the 11th century, the exonymic term Rutheni ( Ruthenes ) was also used by some Latin sources of western provenance as an alternative term for all East Slavs. During

8510-491: The midst of a civil war. Thus the only importance of Rusyns' decision to become part of Czechoslovakia was in creating, at least initially, good relations between the leaders of Carpathian Rus' and Czechoslovakia. The Ukrainian language was not actively persecuted in Czechoslovakia during the interwar period , unlike in Poland and Romania . 73 percent of local parents voted against Ukrainian language education for their children in

8625-400: The national sphere was less than that hoped for. Carpathian Ruthenia included former Hungarian territories of Ung County , Bereg County , Ugocsa County and Máramaros County . After the Paris Peace Conference , Transcarpathia became part of Czechoslovakia . Whether this was widely popular among the mainly peasant population, is debatable; clearly, however, what mattered most to Ruthenians

8740-571: The new government. In December 1938, Subcarpathian Rus' was renamed to Carpathian Ukraine. Following the Slovak proclamation of independence on March 14, 1939 and the Nazis' seizure of the Czech lands on March 15, Carpathian Ukraine declared its independence as the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine , with Avhustyn Voloshyn as head of state, and was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary , restoring provisionally

8855-489: The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Rusyn-Jewish relations were generally peaceful. In 1939, census records showed that 80,000 Jews lived in the autonomous province of Ruthenia. Jews made up approximately 14% of the prewar population; however, this population was concentrated in the larger towns, especially Mukachevo , where they constituted 43% of the prewar population. After the German occupation of Hungary (19 March 1944)

8970-576: The north-western part of Carpathian Ruthenia was part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . Between the 12th and 15th centuries, the area was probably colonized by Eastern Orthodox groups of Vlach ( Romanian ) highlanders with accompanying Ruthenian populations. Initially, the Romanians were organized into the Voivodeship of Maramureș , formally integrated into Hungary in 1402. All the groups, including local Slavic population, blended together, creating

9085-624: The only viable option was unification with Czechoslovakia . Their leader, Gregory Zatkovich , then signed the "Philadelphia Agreement" with Czechoslovak President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , guaranteeing Rusyn autonomy upon unification with Czechoslovakia on 25 October 1918. A referendum was held among American Rusyn parishes in November 1918, with a resulting 67% in favor. Another 28% voted for union with Ukraine , and less than one percent each for Galicia, Hungary and Russia. Less than 2% desired complete independence. In April 1919, Czechoslovak control on

9200-584: The origin of the present-day Carpatho-Rusyns is complex and not exclusively related to the Kievan Rus' . The ancestors were the early Slavs whose movement to the Danubian Basin was influenced by the Huns and Pannonian Avars between the 5th and 6th centuries, the White Croats who lived on both slopes of the Carpathians and built many hill-forts in the region including Uzhhorod ruled by the mythical ruler Laborec ,

9315-522: The period in which the region was administered by the Hungarian states , it was officially referred to in Hungarian as Kárpátalja (literally: "the base of the Carpathians") or the north-eastern regions of medieval Upper Hungary , which in the 16th century was contested between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. The Romanian name of the region is Maramureș , which is geographically located in

9430-406: The population illiterate, no industry, and a herdsman way of life, up to the level of the rest of Czechoslovakia. Thousands of Czech teachers, policemen, clerks and businessmen went to the region. The Czechoslovak government built thousands of kilometers of railways, roads, airports, and hundreds of schools and residential buildings. The Rusyn people decided to join the new state of Czechoslovakia,

9545-778: The pre-World War II term to describe the region, he asserted that the population of "Subcarpathian Rus", also known as Podkarpatska Rus (Подкарпатскa Рус) voted to join the Soviet Union either as "either part of the Russian Soviet republic or as a separate Carpathian republic". Putin noted however that the Soviet authorities "ignored the choice of the people" and incorporated it instead into the Ukrainian Soviet republic. Today there are estimated to be approximately 1.5 million Rusyns in Europe and

9660-574: The pro- Nazi policies of the Hungarian government resulted in emigration and deportation of Hungarian-speaking Jews , and other groups living in the territory were decimated by war. During the Holocaust , 17 main ghettos were set up in cities in Carpathian Ruthenia, from which all Jews were taken to Auschwitz for extermination. Ruthenian ghettos were set up in May 1944 and liquidated by June 1944. Most of

9775-514: The province by Masaryk on April 20, 1920 and resigned almost a year later, on April 17, 1921, to return to his law practice in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US. The reason for his resignation was dissatisfaction with the borders with Slovakia. His tenure is a historical anomaly as the only American citizen ever acting as governor of a province that later became a part of the USSR. In 1928, Czechoslovakia

9890-1056: The region possessed some form of quasi-autonomy with its own legislature, while remaining under the governance of the Communist Party of Transcarpathian Ukraine. After the signing of a treaty between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union as well as the decision of the regional council, Transcarpathia joined the Ukrainian SSR as the Zakarpattia Oblast . The region has subsequently been referred to as Zakarpattia ( Ukrainian : Закарпаття ) or Transcarpathia , and on occasions as Carpathian Rus’ ( Ukrainian : Карпатська Русь , romanized :  Karpatska Rus ), Transcarpathian Rus’ ( Ukrainian : Закарпатська Русь , romanized :  Zakarpatska Rus ), or Subcarpathian Rus’ ( Ukrainian : Підкарпатська Русь , romanized :  Pidkarpatska Rus ). Carpathian Ruthenia rests on

10005-449: The region was administratively included into Transleithania or the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary . In the 19th and 20th centuries, many nationalist groups vied for unification or alignment with many different possible nationalities, all arguing that the Rus people would be better off uniting with that nation for security or staying within the nation of Hungary. Many of these groups utilized

10120-668: The region was annexed by the Kingdom of Hungary once again when Germany dismembered the Second Czechoslovak Republic. After the war, it was annexed by the Soviet Union and became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . It is an ethnically diverse region, inhabited mostly by people who regard themselves as ethnic Ukrainians , Rusyns , Hungarians , Romanians , Slovaks , and Poles . It also has small communities of Jewish and Romani minorities. Prior to World War II, many more Jews lived in

10235-418: The region, constituting over 13% of its total population in 1930. The most commonly spoken languages are Rusyn , Ukrainian , Hungarian , Romanian , Slovak , and Polish . The name Carpathian Ruthenia is sometimes used for the contiguous cross-border area of Ukraine, Slovakia and Poland inhabited by Ruthenians . The local Ruthenian population self-identifies in different ways: some consider themselves to be

10350-434: The region. There is also ongoing linguistic and political controversy as to whether Rusyn is a distinct Slavic language or one of several dialects of the Ukrainian language . In several countries, it is recognized as a distinct minority language. Though Ukraine also adopted a law that recognized Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages in 2012, that law was revoked in 2014. In 2021 while discussing

10465-792: The region. Proto-Slavic settlement began between the 2nd-century BCE and 2nd century CE, and during the Migration Period , the region was traversed by Huns and Gepids (4th century) and Pannonian Avars (6th century). By the 8th and 9th century, the valleys of the Northern and Southern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains were "densely" settled by Slavic tribe of White Croats , who were closely related to East Slavic tribes who inhabited Prykarpattia , Volhynia , Transnistria and Dnieper Ukraine . Whereas some White Croats remained behind in Carpathian Ruthenia, others moved southward into

10580-646: The region. Subsequent estimations are showing 66,000 ethnic Hungarians in 1946 and 139,700 in 1950, while the Soviet census from 1959 recorded 146,247 Hungarians. The Soviet takeover of the region started with the East Carpathian Strategic Offensive in the fall of 1944. This offensive consisted of two parts: the Battle of the Dukla Pass in effort to support the Slovak National Uprising ; and

10695-720: The remaining Czech troops from the Czechoslovak army-in-exile . Upon liquidation of Carpatho-Ukraine , in the territory annexed the Governorate of Subcarpathia was installed and divided into three, the administrative branch offices of Ung ( Hungarian : Ungi közigazgatási kirendeltség ), Bereg ( Hungarian : Beregi közigazgatási kirendeltség ) and Máramaros ( Hungarian : Máramarosi közigazgatási kirendeltség ) governed from Ungvár , Munkács and Huszt respectively, having Hungarian and Rusyn language as official languages. Memoirs and historical studies provide much evidence that in

10810-480: The rising national consciousness of that time. Aleksander Dukhnovich (1803–1865), who wrote the unofficial Rusyn National Anthem ("I was, am, and will be a Rusyn"), and who by some is considered to be a sort of 'George Washington' of the Rusyns, reminisced that when he saw the Russian Cossacks on the streets, he "danced and cried with joy". A few decades later, when economic conditions and repression worsened in

10925-628: The rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , the scope of Rutheni gradually narrowed to only refer to inhabitants of the East Slavic regions that now mostly belong to the states of Belarus and Ukraine . After the Partitions of Poland , Rutheni "came to be associated primarily with those [East Slavs] who lived under the Habsburg monarchy " (and was used as an official designation in

11040-435: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Carpatho-Ruthenians . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpatho-Ruthenians&oldid=1030602578 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

11155-654: The same time some 8,500 Rusyns voluntarily emigrated from Czechoslovakia to Ukraine, but more than half of them returned during the 1960s. These acts were protested for years, but to no avail. In the US, the Greek Catholic Union's 1964 convention even adopted a resolution calling on the United Nations to act "so that Carpatho-Russia be recognized and accepted into the free nations of the world as an autonomous state". In former Yugoslavia , Rusyns were officially recognized as

11270-638: The southern slopes of the eastern Carpathian Mountains , bordered to the east and south by the Tisza River, and to the west by the Hornád and Poprad Rivers . The region borders Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania, and makes up part of the Pannonian Plain . The region is predominantly rural and infrastructurally underdeveloped. The landscape is mostly mountainous; it is geographically separated from Ukraine, Slovakia, and Romania by mountains, and from Hungary by

11385-453: The terms Lemko and Rusnak are simply regional variations for Rusyns or Ruthenes. Rusyns have at times also been referred to as Uhro-Rusyn ( Uhro-Rus ) in the regions of Prešov , Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia . Several endonyms such as Rus' and Rusyn were used widely by the East Slavs of Kievan Rus' during the medieval period. Common endonymic use of those terms continued through

11500-486: The terms Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn are more commonly used since the 1970s. In some non- Slavic languages, Rusyns may be referred to by exonymic or somewhat archaic terms such as Carpatho-Ruthenes or Carpatho-Ruthenians , but such terminology is not present in the Rusyn language . Exonymic Ruthenian designations are seen as less precise because they encompass various East Slavic groups and bear broader ethnic connotations as

11615-495: The works of some older authors, including foreign authors, as well as those native to the region. This terminology has also been reflected within some groups of the Rusyn diaspora. For example, the popular newspaper of the Byzantine (Greek) Catholic Church in the U.S. for decades known as the ‘ Greek Catholic Union Messenger ’, used the term Carpatho-Russian up until the 1950s (by the 1960s the term Ruthenian came into vogue). As well,

11730-486: Was 605,942, of which 330,010 (54.5%) were speakers of Ruthenian , 185,433 (30.6%) were speakers of Hungarian , 64,257 (10.6%) were speakers of German , 11,668 (1.9%) were speakers of Romanian , 6,346 (1%) were speakers of Slovak or Czech , and 8,228 (1.4%) were speakers of other languages. After World War I , the Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed and the region was briefly (in 1918 and 1919) claimed as part of

11845-487: Was Greek-Catholic clergy (see Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo , Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church , a successor of Ecclesia Ruthena unita). The nineteenth century also saw the spread of pan Slavism in Europe, and a pro-Moscow view became popular. The Russian military campaign of Tsar Nicholas I through the Carpathians in 1849 had significance for the local Rusyn population, who came into close contact with an almost 200,000 man Russian army. This interaction had an impact on

11960-610: Was a prime minister of Hutsul Republic centered in Yasinia that was seeking union with the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but was overran by the Hungarian troops, later Klochurak became a Defense Minister of Carpatho-Ukraine . After World War I, the majority of Rusyns found themselves in the new country of Czechoslovakia. The interwar period became a mini renaissance for Rusyn culture, as they were permitted their own schools, theater, anthem, and even their own governor. During

12075-520: Was an advocate of writing in Rusyn . The Hungarian annexation caused support for Russophile direction, while in Germany occupied Poland support for Ukrainian identity. Although the Carpathians were not a major WWII battlefield, the Rusyns saw their share of horror and destruction, beginning with the Hungarian government's 1941 deportation of the Carpathian Jews . In September 1944, while retreating from

12190-466: Was appointed, headed by prime-minister Andrej Bródy. Soon after, a crisis occurred between pro-Rusyn and pro-Ukrainian fractions, leading to the fall of Bródy government on 26 October. New regional government, headed by Avgustyn Voloshyn , adopted a pro-Ukrainian course and opted for the change of name, from Subcarpathian Rus' to Carpathian Ukraine . That move led to the creation of a particular terminological duality. On 22 November 1938, authorities of

12305-517: Was called Rusinsko in Czech; sometimes rendered Rusinia or Rusynia in American-Rusyn publications. Carpatho-Rusyn or Carpatho-Ruthenian ( Karpato-Rusyny ) is the main regional designation for Rusyns. The term refers to Carpathian Ruthenia ( Karpatsʹka Rusʹ ), which is a historical cross-border region encompassing Subcarpathian Rus' (in northeastern Slovakia and Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast ), Prešov Region (in eastern Slovakia),

12420-458: Was divided into four provinces: Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia, and the Subcarpathian Rus'. The main town of the region, and its capital until 1938, was Užhorod . It had an area of 12,097 square kilometres (4,671 sq mi), and its 1921 population was estimated as being 592,044. In the period 1918–1938 the Czechoslovak government attempted to bring the Subcarpathian Rus', with 70% of

12535-647: Was included into the Captaincy of Upper Hungary , which was one of the administrative units of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. During this period, an important factor in the Ruthenian cultural identity, namely religion, came to the forefront. The Union of Brest (1595) and Union of Uzhhorod (1646) were instituted, causing the Byzantine Orthodox Churches of Carpathian and Transcarpathian Rus' to come under

12650-571: Was not which country they would join, but that they be granted autonomy within it. After their experience of Magyarization , few Carpathian Rusyns were eager to remain under Hungarian rule, and they desired to ensure self-determination. According to the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 , the former region of the Kingdom of Hungary, Ruthenian Land ( Ruszka Krajna ), was officially renamed to Subcarpathian Ruthenia ( Podkarpatská Rus ). In 1920,

12765-475: Was occupied and annexed by Hungary on the same day, and remained under Hungarian control until the end of World War II. During this period the region continued to possess a special administration and the term Kárpátalja was locally used. In 1944–1946, the region was occupied by the Soviet Army and was a separate political formation known as Transcarpathian Ukraine or Subcarpathian Ruthenia. During this period

12880-604: Was retained only in the Carpathian Mountains. Rusyns settled in the Carpathian Mountain region in various waves of immigration from the north between the eighth and 17th centuries. Weapons and skeletons found in tombs in Bereg County from the 10th century era suggest that Norman Vikings (who played a role in the founding of Kiev Rus') were there as well. Even so, as late as the 11th century, this mountainous area

12995-461: Was still a sparsely inhabited 'No-Man's Land' border between the kingdoms of Kievan Rus' and Hungary. In 1241, the Carpathians fell to Mongol invasions led by Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu Khan , with populations exterminated and villages torched. The Mongols entered the region via the Veretski Pass , just to the north of Mukachevo . In 1395, Orthodox Rus' Prince Feodor Koriatovich , son of

13110-545: Was the French rather than the Czechoslovaks who made the effective decisions. The Article 53, Treaty of St. Germain (September 10, 1919) granted the Carpathian Ruthenians autonomy, which was later upheld to some extent by the Czechoslovak constitution . Some rights were, however, withheld by Prague, which justified its actions by claiming that the process was to be a gradual one; and Ruthenians representation in

13225-578: Was useless. On March 21, 1919 the Democratic Republic of Hungary was replaced by the Hungarian Soviet Republic , which then announced the existence of a "Soviet Rus'ka Krajina". Elections organized by the new Hungarian government of a people's soviet (council) on April 6 and 7, 1919 led to Rus'ka Krajina then had two councils: the original diet, and the newly elected soviet. Representatives from both councils then decided to join, forming

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