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34-642: Langhans was born in Landeshut , Silesia (now Kamienna Góra in Poland). He was not educated as an architect. He studied law from 1753 to 1757 in Halle , and then mathematics and languages, and engaged himself autodidactically with architecture, at which he concentrated primarily on the antique texts of the Roman architecture theorist Vitruvius (and the new version by the classics enthusiast Johann Joachim Winckelmann whose works prompted

68-400: A starosta , while the city council has the powers and duties of a powiat (county) council; both nevertheless being elected under the municipal election rules rather than those applicable to county elections. A recall referendum may be triggered either in respect to the wójt/town mayor/city mayor or to the municipal council through a petition supported by at least 1/10 of eligible voters, but

102-721: A draft for the Brandenburg Gate, which was built accordingly between 1788 and 1791, replacing the earlier simple guardhouses which flanked the original gate in the Customs Wall. Its design is based on the Propylaea , the gateway to the Acropolis in Athens , Greece . The Greek Revival architecture had been prompted by the research and publications of classics enthusiast Johann Joachim Winckelmann . Another influential late classicist architect

136-463: A seat of a regular powiat, albeit without belonging to it administratively (such powiat thus being often "doughnut-shaped"). In such cities, the roles of the powiat organs are fulfilled by the ones of the urban gmina. For a complete listing of all the gminy in Poland, see List of Polish gminas . Polish gminy operate under a mayor-council government . The legislative and oversight body of each gmina

170-421: A status of a city with powiat rights, with some others allowed to retain the earlier awarded title due to historical reasons. 66 among the 107 cities (including all voivodeship seats and all cities over 100,000 inhabitants) have the special status of city with powiat rights (miasto na prawach powiatu). Such a city exercises also powers and duties of a powiat while not belonging to any; nevertheless, it may still be

204-764: A subordinate administrative role. In rural areas these are called sołectwa , in towns they may be dzielnice or osiedla and in an urban-rural gmina, the town itself may be designated as an auxiliary unit. The only gmina which is statutorily obliged to have auxiliary units is Warsaw , which is divided since 2002 into 18 boroughs exercising some devolved powers, though not considered separate entities. Each gmina carries out two classes of tasks: The tasks can be also divided into another two categories: Own tasks include matters such as spatial harmony, real estate management, environmental protection and nature conservation, water management, country roads, public streets, bridges, squares and traffic systems, water supply systems and source,

238-573: A synagogue and four Jewish stores. During World War II, the Germans established and operated a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp . Around 1,600 men, mostly Poles , and also smaller groups of other ethnicities, were imprisoned and used as forced labour in the subcamp, and many of them died. There was also a forced labour camp for Jews . It was captured by the Soviets on 9 May 1945, and after

272-421: Is held in the municipality by a directly elected official, called wójt in rural gminy, a town mayor ( burmistrz ) in urban-rural and most urban gminy which contain towns, or a city mayor ( prezydent miasta ) in the 107 urban gminy containing cities, the status awarded automatically to all urban gminy over 100,000 inhabitants or those with a status of a city with powiat rights, with some others allowed to retain

306-601: Is the elected municipal council ( rada gminy ), in an urban-rural gmina called the town and gmina council ( rada miasta i gminy ), while in an urban gmina it is called the town/city council ( rada miasta ). Any local laws considered non-compliant with the national ones may be invalidated by the respective voivode , whose rulings may be appealed to an administrative court. Decisions in individual cases may in turn be appealed to quasi-judicial bodies named local government boards of appeal  [ pl ] , their ruling subject to appeal to an administrative court. Executive power

340-630: Is the seat of Kamienna Góra County , and also of the rural district called Gmina Kamienna Góra , although it is not part of the territory of the latter (the town forms a separate urban gmina ). Kamienna Góra on the Bóbr river is situated in Lower Silesian Voivodeship between the Stone Mountains and the Rudawy Janowickie at the old trade route from Silesia to Prague , today part of

374-678: The Greek Revival ). His draft for "Zum Schifflein Christi" (1764), the Protestant Church in Groß-Glogau , earned him his first recognition as an architect. In the same year, he received an appointment as building inspector for the Count of Hatzfeld, whose war-ravaged palace Langhans rebuilt to his own design between 1766 and 1774. Through the intervention of the Count of Hatzfeld, he also became known in

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408-760: The Jelenia Góra Voivodeship . The main historic district of Kamienna Góra is the Old Town ( Stare Miasto ) with the Freedom ( Plac Wolności ), Grunwald Squares ( Plac Grunwaldzki ) and Brewery ( Plac Browarowy ) Squares, filled with numerous historic buildings. Among the historic sights of Kamienna Góra are: There are also several monuments dedicated to the victims of the local branch of the Nazi German Gross-Rosen concentration camp . The officially protected traditional food of Kamienna Góra, as designated by

442-665: The Krzeszów Abbey at nearby Krzeszów . When the abbey passed to the Cistercians in 1289, Kamienna Góra was acquired by Duke Bolko I the Strict of Świdnica, who extended it as a stronghold against the nearby Kingdom of Bohemia and granted town rights in 1292. In 1295, Poles repelled a Bohemian invasion, and Bolko I declared he would not allow any Bohemian or German ruler in Silesia. Kamienna Góra received new privileges from Duke Bolko II

476-464: The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland , is the kamiennogórski ser pleśniowy (Kamienna Góra blue cheese ). Kamienna Góra is twinned with: Gmina The gmina ( Polish: [ˈɡmina] , plural gminy [ˈɡminɨ] ) is the basic unit of the administrative division of Poland , similar to a municipality . As of 1 January 2019 , there were 2,477 gminy throughout

510-604: The NSDAP was established in 1929, and soon five Nazis became town councilors. In 1934, a local branch of the Hitler Youth was established. The town's mayor, Günther Ries, supported the Nazis and provided funding for the Hitler Youth. The Nazis held three party ceremonies in the town, on 22 June 1935, 9 November 1937 and 2 March 1939. During Kristallnacht in 1938, the Germans destroyed

544-618: The National Road No. 5 . It lies approximately 95 kilometres (59 miles) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław . The area was part of the Great Moravian Empire in the Early Middle Ages , and became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century under its first ruler Mieszko I of Poland . During the times of the fragmentation of Poland it was part of the duchies of Silesia , Legnica , Jawor and Świdnica . In

578-552: The 1426 Hussite campaign to Silesia and in the 1460s it passed to the Kingdom of Hungary , before in 1490 it fell back to Bohemia, then under the rule of Vladislaus II , who erected new town walls. During the Thirty Years' War the town was plundered by Austrian and Swedish troops. As a result of the war, only two residents remained in the town in 1639. After Frederick II of Prussia had conquered Silesia with Landeshut in 1742, it

612-490: The Count of Hatzfeld. When he was later assigned to be the head of the Breslau war and dominion chamber, he visited England, Holland, Belgium, and France on behalf of and at the expense of the king. Kamienna G%C3%B3ra Kamienna Góra [kaˈmʲɛnːa ˈɡura] ( German : Landeshut , Czech : Lanžhot or Kamenná Hora ; Silesian : Kamiynnŏ Gōra ) is a town in south-western Poland with 18,235 inhabitants (2023). It

646-674: The Small in 1334. In 1345 the heavily fortified town was captured by the Bohemians, probably by digging an underground tunnel. In 1348 it was recaptured by the Poles, probably by using a ruse modeled on the Trojan Horse . Carts with hidden soldiers, supposedly filled with hay or other goods, were reportedly used. Nevertheless, the duchy fell to the Bohemian crown with Bolko's death in 1368. It burnt down during

680-408: The corner of Behrenstraße. Toward the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, it was a great dream for every artist to undertake a trip to Italy in order to be able to study the antique buildings with one's own eyes. The fulfillment of this dream was not granted only to Goethe and Schinkel , but Langhans, too, was able to afford a trip in 1768 and 1769 thanks to the support of

714-415: The country, encompassing over 43,000 villages. Nine hundred and forty gminy include cities and towns, with 322 among them constituting an independent urban gmina ( Polish : gmina miejska ) consisting solely of a standalone town or one of the 107 cities, the latter governed by a city mayor ( prezydent miasta ). The gmina has been the basic unit of territorial division in Poland since 1974, when it replaced

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748-459: The daughter of a jurist in Breslau. They had five children: daughters Louise Amalie and Juliane Wilhelmine, a son, theater architect Carl Ferdinand , as well as two other children, who died soon after birth. From 1782 he lived with his family in his in-laws' house at Albrechtstraße 18 in Breslau. In 1788, they moved to Berlin , where he built his own house and lived at Charlottenstraße 31 (now 48), at

782-410: The earlier awarded title due to historical reasons. A town or city mayor may be scrutinized or denied funding for his/her projects by the council, but is not politically responsible to it and does not require its confidence to remain in office; therefore, cohabitation is not uncommon. In a city with powiat rights , the city mayor additionally has the powers and duties of a powiat executive board and

816-724: The early 13th century, Polish Duke Henry the Bearded erected a defensive castle at the site, due to its proximity to the Polish – Czech border. The settlement was mentioned in documents from 1232 (as Landeshut ) and 1249 (as Landishute and Landishute forensis auch Camena Gora ). In 1254 the Piast Duke Bolesław II the Bald of Legnica gave the area to the Benedictine monastery of Opatovice (in eastern Bohemia ), who already had established

850-459: The gmina's territory. For example, the rural Gmina Augustów is administered from the town of Augustów , but does not include the town, as Augustów is an urban type gmina in its own right. One hundred and seven urban gminy constitute cities, distinguished from towns through being governed by a city mayor ( prezydent miasta ) instead of a town mayor (burmistrz), the status awarded automatically to all urban gminy over 100,000 inhabitants or those with

884-630: The royal court in Berlin. As his first work in the service of the royal family, he built in 1766 the stairwell and the Muschelsaal in Rheinsberg Palace . From 1775 until 1788, Langhans headed the building authority for the Prussian province of Silesia. In 1788, King Frederick William II of Prussia appointed him as first director of the royal building commission in Berlin. He immediately commissioned him with

918-480: The self-government initiatives and cooperation within the commune including with non-governmental organizations, interaction with regional communities from other countries, etc. Commissioned tasks cover the remaining public tasks resulting from legitimate needs of the state, commissioned by central government for the units of local government to implement. The tasks are handed over on the basis of statutory by-laws, charters and regulations, or by way of agreements between

952-408: The sewage system, removal of urban waste, water treatment, maintenance of cleanliness and order, sanitary facilities, dumps and council waste, supply of electric and thermal energy and gas, public transport, health care, welfare, care homes, subsidised housing, public education, cultural facilities including public libraries and other cultural institutions, historic monuments conservation and protection,

986-405: The smaller gromada (cluster). Three or more gminy make up a higher level unit called a powiat , except for those holding the status of a city with powiat rights . Each and every powiat has the seat in a city or town, in the latter case either an urban gmina or a part of an urban-rural one. There are three types of gmina: Some rural gminy have their seat in a town which itself is outside of

1020-453: The sports facilities and tourism including recreational grounds and devices, marketplaces and covered markets, green spaces and public parks, communal graveyards, public order and safety, fire and flood protection with equipment maintenance and storage, maintaining objects and devices of the public utility and administrative buildings, pro-family policy including social support for pregnant women, medical and legal care, supporting and popularising

1054-475: The turnout in the recall referendum must be at least 3/5 of the number of people voting in the original election in order for the referendum to be valid and binding. In addition, elected bodies of any municipality may be suspended by the prime minister of Poland in case of persisting law transgressions or negligence , resulting in such case in the municipality being placed under receivership . A gmina may create auxiliary units ( jednostki pomocnicze ), which play

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1088-510: The war it became part of Poland. A time of insecurity began for the German townspeople, who were outlawed, repeately drived out of their homes, and had to wear white armbands. Between May 8 and May 24, almost all population of the town and the county was deported for the remainder of Germany, in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in

1122-582: Was David Gilly , an architectural advisor in the Royal Building Department, who was younger than Langhans and overtook him in terms of modernity, but did not outlive him, leaving a considerably smaller life's work. Gilly was a teacher of the young Karl Friedrich Schinkel who would dominate the next generation of Prussian architects. Langhans died on his estate at Grüneiche (Dąbie after 1945 and part of Śródmieście borough of Wrocław) near Breslau . In 1771, Langhans married Anna Elisabeth Jaeckel,

1156-468: Was the site of 12 battles during the Silesian Wars . The two largest were fought on 22 May 1745 and 23 June 1760 . In the former Prussians defeated Austrian, Hungarian and Croatian forces, and in the latter Austrians defeated a Prussian corps. From 1871 the town formed part of Germany. The town was not destroyed during World War I and II . With the rise of Nazism among the Germans, a local branch of

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