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61-447: Carite State Forest is one of 20 forestry units in the territory of Puerto Rico. This forest area was established by a proclamation in 1935 and was formerly listed as a state forest on July 1, 1975, through the Law of Puerto Rican Forests (Law Num. 133). The area was preserved with the intention of developing it for its timber industry . The state forest was established with the goal of protecting

122-454: A low-carbon economy , forestry operations will be focused on low-impact practices and regrowth. Forest managers will make sure that they do not disturb soil-based carbon reserves too much. Specialized tree farms will be the main source of material for many products. Quick maturing tree varieties will be grown on short rotations to maximize output. Brazil has a long tradition in the harvesting of several types of trees with specific uses. Since

183-485: A 7% prevalence of hearing loss. Worker noise exposures in the forestry and logging industry have been found to be up to 102 dBA. NIOSH recommends that a worker have an 8-hour time-weighted average of noise exposure of 85 dBA. Excessive noise puts workers at an increased risk of developing hearing loss. If a worker were to develop a hearing loss as a result of occupational noise exposures, it would be classified as occupational hearing loss . Noise exposures within

244-539: A high quality standard of product. Their goal is to do this efficiently and safely, at low cost, with rapid production time and high output. Once the timber has been manipulated in the required fashion, it can be shipped out for usage. There are many different purposes for wood including plywood , veneer, pulp, paper , particleboard, pallets, craft items, toys, instrument-making, furniture production, packing cases, wine barrels, cardboard, firewood, garden mulch, fibre adhesives, packaging and pet litter. Western Australia has

305-436: A mix of molecular hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), molecular nitrogen (N 2 ) and water vapor (H 2 O). This gas mixture, known as " wood gas ", "poor gas" or " syngas " is obtained after the combustion of dry wood in a reductive environment (low in oxygen ) with a limited amount of atmospheric air, at temperatures of 900 °C, and can fuel an internal combustion engine . Wood

366-469: A result of volcanic activity that took place during the Early Cretaceous period between 79 and 144 million years ago. About 13 types of soil can be found within the forest region. The climate of the forest is humid and cool; the most humid time of the year is between the months of May and October, analogous to the wet season of the island and the region's hurricane season. The average annual temperature

427-406: A slow process involving significant manual labor. Since sawmills were traditionally located within forests, milled timber had to be transported over long distances via rough terrain or waterways to reach its destination. Logs were later transported via train and tram lines, first by steam-powered log haulers then by steam-powered locomotives , and finally diesel and petrol-powered locomotives. Even in

488-461: A unique substance called ‘ biochar ’, which is made from jarrah and pine and sometimes from crop and forestry residues, along with the former materials. Biochar can be used to manufacture silicone and as a soil additive. Softwoods , such as the Australian eucalyptus , are highly valued, a are used mainly for construction , paper making , and cladding . The term 'round wood' describes all

549-443: A younger age produce smaller logs, and these can be turned into lower-value products. Factors such as location, climate conditions, species, growth rate, and silviculture can affect the size of a mature tree. The native hardwood saw-milling industry originally consisted of small family-owned mills, but has recently changed to include a small number of larger mills. Mills produce large volumes of material and aim to ensure delivery of

610-570: Is a clear, blue-colored natural pool formed by the Charco Azul river falls, which flow into the Patillas River . The area, located along PR-184 , offers sites for picnics, camping and showers and restrooms for people who wish to swim in it. Wood industry The wood industry or timber industry (sometimes lumber industry -- when referring mainly to sawed boards) is the industry concerned with forestry , logging , timber trade , and

671-404: Is a large tree growing to 15 metres (49 ft) or more tall and greater than 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in diameter, but only a shrub to 4 metres (13 ft) tall in temperate regions at the northern edge of its range. It is most recognizable from its white flowers which are noticeable on the plant during the summer months. It is primarily evergreen , but during the autumn months some of

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732-491: Is burned in the recovery boiler . Thus, these countries have high proportions of renewable energy use (25% in Finland, for instance). Considerable effort is directed towards increasing the value and usage of forest products by companies and by government projects. A forest product is any material derived from forestry for direct consumption or commercial use, such as lumber , paper , or fodder for livestock . Wood , by far

793-697: Is home to more than 204 species of trees out of which 176 species are native. There are 43 endemic species of plants such as the Puerto Rican magnolia ( Magnolia portoricensis ) and the Puerto Rican raintree ( Brunfelsia portoricensis ). The forest is also home to the Luquillo Mountain stopper or uvillo ( Eugenia haematocarpa ), an endangered myrtle which can only be found in El Yunque National Forest and Carite State Forest. The forest's vegetation can be classified into three ecological zones:

854-460: Is managed primarily for the production of wood and non-wood forest products. In addition, 749,000,000 ha (1.85 × 10 acres) is designated for multiple use, which often includes production. Combustion of wood is linked to the production of micro-environmental pollutants, as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO) (an invisible gas able to provoke irreversible saturation of blood's hemoglobine ), as well as nanoparticles . Charcoal

915-411: Is of 22 °C (72 °F) and the average annual precipitation measurement is 2,200 millimetres (85 in). The forest is an important wildlife refuge and is home to 49 species of birds (9 of which are endemic), 15 species of amphibians, 12 species of reptiles and 7 species of mammals. About 9 species of animals that live in the forest are listed as endangered or threatened species, some of which are

976-590: Is relatively light in weight, because its specific weight is less than 500 kg/m , this is an advantage, when compared against 2,000–2,500 kg/m for reinforced concrete or 7,800 kg/m for steel. Wood is strong, because the efficiency of wood for structural purposes has qualities that are similar to steel. Wood is used to build bridges (as the Magere bridge in Amsterdam), as well as water and air mills, and microhydro generators for electricity. Hardwood

1037-423: Is renowned for its population of Puerto Rican plain pigeons or paloma sabanera ( Patagioenas inornata wetmorei ) which were formerly on the brink of extinction but were saved thanks to conservation efforts and is now considered stable. The golden coquí ( Eleutherodactylus jasperi ) used to be found in this forest but no specimens have been found in recent years and the species are now considered extinct. Carite

1098-595: Is the Charco Azul Trail which leads to the Charco Azul swimming area. The DRNA offices are open Monday to Friday from 7 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. The recreation areas are open from about 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Most of the areas designated for camping and picnics are located uphill from Guavate in Cayey (in the past, the forest has also been referred to as the Guavate Fores t) close to the famous lechoneras . The picnic area close to

1159-465: Is the dark grey residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis , the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen . Charcoal can then be used as a fuel with a higher combustion temperature. Wood gas generator (gasogen): is a bulky and heavy device (but technically simple) that transforms burning wood in

1220-736: Is the harvest, transportation, purchase, or sale of timber in violation of laws . The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including using corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission, or from a protected area; the cutting down of protected species ; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits. Illegal logging is a driving force for a number of environmental issues such as deforestation , soil erosion and biodiversity loss which can drive larger-scale environmental crises such as climate change and other forms of environmental degradation . Illegality may also occur during transport, such as illegal processing and export (through fraudulent declaration to customs );

1281-723: Is the main producer of wood and wooden items destined to the US, the biggest consumer of wood and its byproducts in the world. The water systems of the Great Lakes , Erie Canal , Hudson River and Saint Lawrence Seaway to the east coast and the Mississippi River to the central plains and Louisiana allows transportation of logs at very low costs. On the west coast , the basin of the Columbia River has plenty of forests with excellent timber. The agency Canada Wood Council calculates that in

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1342-437: Is the most important species for tree plantations, is used for several purposes as plywood manufacture, packing boxes, paper, matches , etc. It needs good quality grounds with good drainage, but can be used to protect the cultivations if disposed in windbreak lines. More than 70% of Italian poplar cultivations are located in the pianura Padana . Constantly the extension of the cultivation is being reduced, from 650 km in

1403-491: Is the world leader in sustainable forest management practices. Only 120,000,000 hectares (1,200,000 km ; 463,320 sq mi) (28% of Canadian forests) are currently managed for timber production while an estimated 32,000,000 hectares (320,000 km ; 123,550 sq mi) are protected from harvesting by the current legislation. The Canadian timber industry has led to environmental conflict with Indigenous people protecting their land from logging. For example,

1464-619: Is today the most used wood product. The wood economy was the starting point of the civilizations worldwide, since eras preceding the Paleolithic and the Neolithic . It necessarily preceded ages of metals by many millennia, as the melting of metals was possible only through the discovery of techniques to light fire (usually obtained by the scraping of two very dry wooden rods) and the building of many simple machines and rudimentary tools, as canes, club handles, bows , arrows , lances . One of

1525-512: Is transported by sea on timber carriers, subject to the IMO TDC Code . As of 2019, the top timberland owners in the US were structured as real-estate investment trusts and include: In 2008 the largest lumber and wood producers in the US were As these companies are often publicly traded, their ultimate owners are a diversified group of investors. There are also timber-oriented real-estate investment trusts . According to sawmilldatabase,

1586-676: Is used as a material in wooden houses, and other structures with a broad range of dimensions. In traditional homes wood is preferred for ceilings, doors , floorings and windows . Wooden frames were traditionally used for home ceilings, but they risk collapse during fires. The development of energy efficient houses including the " passive house " has revamped the importance of wood in construction, because wood provides acoustic and thermal insulation , with much better results than concrete. In Japan, ancient buildings, of relatively high elevation, like pagodas , historically had shown to be able to resist earthquakes of high intensity , thanks to

1647-1010: Is white oak. Cyrilla Cyrilla racemiflora , the sole species in the genus Cyrilla , is a flowering plant in the family Cyrillaceae , native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the Americas, from the southeastern United States (coastal areas from southeastern Texas east to southeastern Virginia ), south through the Caribbean, Mexico ( Oaxaca only) and Central America to northern Brazil and Venezuela in South America. Common names include swamp cyrilla , swamp titi , palo colorado , red titi , black titi , white titi , leatherwood , ironwood , he-huckleberry , and myrtle . Can be found in rainforests, swamps , along streams, bogs, bayheads, backwaters, wet prairies, low pinelands, pocosins , flatwood depressions, preferring acidic, sandy, or peaty soils. In tropical rainforests , it

1708-584: The Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation set up the Grassy Narrows road blockade for twenty years beginning in 2002 to prevent clearcutting of their land. Wood obtained from Nigeria's wood industry undergoes processing in various wood processing sectors, including furniture manufacturing, sawmill operations, plywood mills, pulp and paper facilities, and particleboard mills. Poplar : in Italy

1769-468: The Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DRNA). There are opportunities of camping, picnics and swimming. There used to be up to 25 hiking trails in the forest area; however, many of the trails have not been properly maintained, and some have never been reopened after being completely destroyed by hurricanes such as Georges and Maria . The only currently maintained trail

1830-436: The avoidance of taxes and other charges, and fraudulent certification. These acts are often referred to as "wood laundering". The existence of a wood economy , or more broadly, a forest economy (in many countries a bamboo economy predominates), is a prominent matter in many developing countries as well as in many other nations with a temperate climate and especially in those with low temperatures . These are generally

1891-407: The subtropical moist forest of Sierra palm trees which comprises 9% of the forest, the very humid subtropical moist forest which comprises more than 98% of the forest area and is home to the elfin or dwarf forest , and the low montane humid forest which only comprises about 0.5% of the forest area and is home to the palo colorado ( Cyrilla racemiflora ). Recreation in the forest is managed by

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1952-429: The third world , but this amount can only be estimated, with wide margins of uncertainty. In 1998, the worldwide production of "Roundwood" (officially counted wood not used as firewood), was about 1,500,000,000 cubic metres (2.0 × 10  cu yd), amounting to around 45% of the wood cultivated in the world. Cut logs and branches destined to become elements for building construction accounted for approximately 55% of

2013-478: The 1960s, imported species of pine tree and eucalyptus have been grown mostly for the plywood and paper pulp industries . Currently high-level research is being conducted, to apply the enzymes of sugar cane fermentation to cellulose in wood, to obtain methanol , but the cost is much higher when compared with ethanol derived from corn costs. There is a close relation in the forestry economy between these countries; they have many tree genera in common, and Canada

2074-492: The 1980s to current 350 km . The yield of poplars is about 1,500 t/km of wood every year. The production from poplars is around 45–50% of the total Italian wood production. In Sweden, Finland and to an extent Norway, much of the land area is forested, and the pulp and paper industry is one of the most significant industrial sectors. Chemical pulping produces an excess of energy, since the organic matter in black liquor , mostly lignin and hemicellulose breakdown products,

2135-460: The Guavate lechoneras have not been opened after being destroyed by Hurricane Maria and the only maintained picnic area is located in the Charco Azul section of the forest. As of 2020, camping areas have not yet reopened after the destruction caused by the hurricane. Charco Azul (Spanish for blue pool) , located in the municipality of Patillas , is one of the main highlights of the state forest. This

2196-439: The Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk ( Buteo platypterus brunnescens ), the Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk ( Accipiter striatus venator ), the elfin woods warbler ( Setophaga angelae ), Eneida's coquí ( Eleutherodactylus eneidae ), the web-footed coqui ( Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti ), the Puerto Rican rock frog or coquí guajón ( Eleutherodactylus cooki ), and the Puerto Rican boa ( Chilabothrus inornatus ). The area

2257-568: The Sierra at 2,962 feet (903 m) in elevation, Cerro La Santa ( Spanish for peak of the saint or peak of the holy woman ), is located within the forest in the municipalities of Caguas, Cayey and San Lorenzo. This is the highest point in those three municipalities. The mountains in the Carite Forest are of volcanic origin. The underlying rocks in the area located between the surface of the forest and depths of 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) were created as

2318-411: The construction of much more safe houses in seismic areas. One of the most enduring materials is the lumber from virginian southern live oak and white oak , specially live oak is 60% stronger than white oak and more resistant to moisture. As an example, the main component in the structure of battle ship USS  Constitution , the world's oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat (launched in 1797)

2379-446: The countries with greater forested areas so conditions allow for development of local forestry to harvest wood for local uses. The uses of wood in furniture, buildings, bridges, and as a source of energy are widely known. Additionally, wood from trees and bushes , can be used in a variety of products, such as wood pulp , cellulose in paper, celluloid in early photographic film, cellophane , and rayon (a substitute for silk). At

2440-434: The distinction between softwood and hardwood . While softwood primarily goes into the production of wood fuel and pulp and paper, hardwood is used mainly for furniture, floors , etc.. Both types can be of use for building and (residential) construction purposes (e.g. log houses , log cabins , timber framing ). Lumber and wood products, including timber for framing , plywood , and woodworking , are created in

2501-692: The dominant product of forests , is used for many purposes, such as wood fuel (e.g. in form of firewood or charcoal ) or the finished structural materials used for the construction of buildings , or as a raw material, in the form of wood pulp , that is used in the production of paper . All other non-wood products derived from forest resources, comprising a broad variety of other forest products, are collectively described as non-timber forest products (NTFP). Non-timber forest products are viewed to have fewer negative effects on forest ecosystem when providing income sources for local community. Globally, about 1,150,000,000 ha (2.8 × 10 acres) of forest

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2562-450: The end of their normal usage, wood products can be burnt to obtain thermal energy or can be used as a fertilizer . The potential environmental damage that a wood economy could occasion include a reduction of biodiversity due to monoculture forestry (the intensive cultivation of very few trees types); and CO 2 emissions. However, forests can aid in the reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and thus limit climate change . Paper

2623-620: The forestry and logging industry can be reduced by enclosing engines and heavy equipment, installing mufflers and silencers, and performing routine maintenance on equipment. Noise exposures can also be reduced through the hierarchy of hazard controls where removal or replacement of noisy equipment serves as the best method of noise reduction. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has found that fatalities of forestry and logging workers have increased from 2013 to 2016, up from 81 to 106 per year. In 2016, there were 3.6 cases of injury and illness per 100 workers within this industry. Illegal logging

2684-482: The greatest area of forest in Russia. By 2001 the rainforest areas of Brazil were reduced by a fifth (respect of 1970), to around 4,000,000 km ; the ground cleared was mainly destined for cattle pasture —Brazil is the world's largest exporter of beef with almost 200,000,000 head of cattle. The booming Brazilian ethanol economy based upon sugar cane cultivation, is likewise reducing forests area. Canadian forest

2745-578: The hydrological basins of the Loíza , Patillas and La Plata rivers which were being affected by erosion caused by deforestation throughout the 20th century. In more recent times the forest has become an important wildlife preserve, ecological research site and recreational area. This forest is located within the Sierra de Cayey mountain range. This range belongs to the larger Cordillera Central which extends through Puerto Rico from west to east. The highest point of

2806-425: The industrialized, internationalized world, there is a tendency toward huge integrated businesses that cover the complete spectrum from silviculture and forestry in private primary or secondary forests or plantations via the logging process up to wood processing and trading and transport (e.g. timber rafting , forest railways , logging roads ). Processing and products differs especially with regard to

2867-502: The leaves turn a brilliant red before falling, and plants at the northern edge of its range tend to be deciduous . The leaves are alternate, simple, oblanceolate to oval, rounded or pointed at the tip, narrowed to the base, thick, without teeth, smooth, sometimes nearly evergreen, reticulate-veined, 4–10 centimetres (2–4 in) long and 1.2–3 centimetres ( 15 ⁄ 32 – 1 + 3 ⁄ 16  in) broad. The flowers are crowded in 8–15 centimetres (3–6 in) long racemes borne on

2928-547: The modern era, timber is dried in kilns . When the first steam railway in Australia opened in Melbourne in 1854, timber transportation changed dramatically. Trains made the transportation of lumber quicker and more affordable, making it possible for the Australian sawmill industry to move inland. Wood is transported by a variety of methods, typically by road vehicle and log driving over shorter distances. For longer journeys, wood

2989-481: The most ancient handmade articles ever found is a polished wooden spear tip ( Clacton Spear ) 250,000 years old (third interglacial period), that was buried under sediments in England, at Clacton-on-Sea . The main source of the lumber used in the world is forests, which can be classified as virgin , semivirgin and plantations . Much timber is removed for firewood by local populations in many countries, especially in

3050-595: The overall industry sector had a prevalence of hearing loss lower than the overall prevalence of noise-exposed industries (15% v. 19%), workers within forestry and logging exceeded 21%. Thirty-six percent of workers within forest nurseries and gathering of forest products, a sub-sector within forestry and logging, experienced hearing loss, the most of any AFFH sub-sector. Workers within forest nurseries and gathering of forest products are tasked with growing trees for reforestation and gathering products such as rhizomes and barks. Comparatively, non-noise-exposed workers have only

3111-413: The previous year's twigs; each flower is 5–10 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ 16 – 13 ⁄ 32  in) diameter, with five white petals, and is subtended by a slender bract . The fruit is a yellow-brown capsule 2–3 millimetres ( 5 ⁄ 64 – 15 ⁄ 128  in) long. The bark of large individuals is a reddish-brown colored thin bark often shaggy in appearance. The bark of smaller individuals

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3172-458: The production of primary forest products and wood products (e.g. furniture) and secondary products like wood pulp for the pulp and paper industry . Some of the largest producers are also among the biggest owners of forest . The wood industry has historically been and continues to be an important sector in many economies. In the narrow sense of the terms, wood, forest, forestry and timber/lumber industry appear to point to different sectors, in

3233-420: The successive day. Paradoxically in summer oxygen created by photosynthesis in forests near to cities and urban parks, interacts with urban air pollution (from cars, etc.) and is transformed by solar beams in ozone (molecule of three oxygen atoms), that while in high atmosphere constitutes a filter against ultraviolet beams, in the low atmosphere is a pollutant, able to provoke respiratory disturbances. In

3294-466: The traditional building techniques, employing elastic joints , and to the excellent ability of wooden frames to elastically deform and absorb severe accelerations and compressive shocks. In 2006, Italian scientists from CNR patented a building system that they called " SOFIE ", a seven-storey wooden building, 24 meters high, built by the "Istituto per la valorizzazione del legno e delle specie arboree" (Ivalsa) of San Michele all'Adige . In 2007 it

3355-623: The wood industry from the trunks and branches of trees through several processes, commencing with the selection of appropriate logging sites and concluding with the milling and treatment processes of the harvested material. In order to determine which logging sites and milling sites are responsibly producing environmental, social and economic benefits, they must be certified under the Forests For All Forever (FCS) Certification that ensures these qualities. Mature trees are harvested from, both, plantations and native forests. Trees harvested at

3416-615: The wood removed from forests in log form and used for purposes other than fuel. Wood manufacturing residues, such as sawdust and chippings, are collectively known as "pulp". The United States industrial production index hit a 13-year high during the COVID-19 pandemic, according to a report from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Originally, trees were felled from native forests using axes and hand-held cross-cut saws –

3477-581: The world top producers of sawn wood in 2007 were: Workers within the forestry and logging industry sub-sector fall within the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting (AFFH) industry sector as characterized by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has taken a closer look at the AFFH industry's noise exposures and prevalence of hearing loss. While

3538-469: The world's industrial wood production . 25% became wood pulp (including wood powder and broccoli) mainly destined for the production of paper and paperboard , and approximately 20% became panels in plywood and valuable wood for furniture and objects of common use (FAO 1998). The World's largest producer and consumer of officially accounted wood are the United States, although the country that possesses

3599-510: The year 2005 in Canada, the forest sector employed 930,000 workers (1 job in every 17), making around $ 108 billion of value in goods and services. For many years products derived from trees in Canadian forests had been the most important export items of the country. In 2011, exports around the world totaled some $ 64.3 billion – the single largest contributor to Canadian trade balance. Canada

3660-532: Was reduced by almost 30% to 3,101,340 km over the same period. Regarding the problem of climate change, it is known that burning forests increase CO 2 in the atmosphere, while intact virgin forest or plantations act as sinks for CO 2 , for these reasons wood economy fights greenhouse effect . The amount of CO 2 absorbed depends on the type of trees, lands and the climate of the place where trees naturally grow or are planted. Moreover, by night plants do not photosynthesize , and produce CO 2 , eliminated

3721-594: Was tested with the hardest Japanese antiseismic test for civil structures: the simulation of Kobe's earthquake (7.2 Richter scale ), with the building placed over an enormous oscillating platform belonging to the NIED-Institute, located in Tsukuba science park, near the city of Miki in Japan. This Italian project, employed very thin and flexible panels in glued laminated timber , and according to CNR researchers could lead to

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