Carioca ( Portuguese pronunciation: [kaɾiˈɔkɐ] or [kɐɾiˈɔkɐ] ) is a demonym used to refer to residents of the City of Rio de Janeiro , in Brazil and their culture.
63-571: Like other Brazilians, Cariocas speak Portuguese. The carioca accent and sociolect (also simply called " carioca ", see below) are one of the most widely recognized in Brazil, in part because TV Globo , the second-largest television network in the world, is headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. Thus, many Brazilian TV programs, from news and documentary to entertainment (such as the telenovelas ), feature carioca -acting and -speaking talent. The original meaning of
126-463: A certain speech community. An example of a dialectal difference, based on region, is the use of the words soda or pop and coke in different parts of the United States. As Thomas E. Murray states, " coke is used generically by thousands of people, especially in the southern half of the country." On the other hand, pop is known to be a term that is used by many citizens in the northern half of
189-466: A few sports; the most famous is footvolley . Cariocas are credited with creating the bossa nova style of music. Famous Cariocas in film include "Brazilian bombshell" Carmen Miranda , a Portuguese-born Brazilian woman who grew up in Rio de Janeiro. The eponymous song " Carioca ", from the 1933 film Flying Down to Rio , has become a jazz standard . Carnaval Carioca is the Portuguese name for
252-451: A language exist side by side". The Classical Arabic is known as الفصحى, or al-fuṣḥā , while the colloquial dialect depends on the country. For example, شامي, or šāmi , is spoken in Lebanon and parts of Syria. In many situations, there is a major lexical difference among words in the classical and colloquial speech, as well as pronunciation differences, such as a difference in short vowels, when
315-401: A language exist side by side". The Classical Arabic is known as الفصحى, or al-fuṣḥā , while the colloquial dialect depends on the country. For example, شامي, or šāmi , is spoken in Lebanon and parts of Syria. In many situations, there is a major lexical difference among words in the classical and colloquial speech, as well as pronunciation differences, such as a difference in short vowels, when
378-422: A local community, as well as active learning and choice among speech or writing forms to demonstrate identification with particular groups. The term sociolect might refer to socially restricted dialects, but it is sometimes also treated as equivalent with the concept of register , or used as a synonym for jargon and slang . Sociolinguists —people who study sociolects and language variation —define
441-518: A native tribe of Rio de Janeiro who lived in the vicinity of the Carioca River , between the neighborhoods of Glória and Flamengo . The archaic demonym for the Rio de Janeiro State is Fluminense , taken from the Latin word flūmen , meaning "river". Despite the fact that Carioca is a more ancient demonym of Rio de Janeiro's inhabitants (known since 1502), it was replaced by fluminense in 1783, when
504-430: A set of lexical items used by a socioeconomic class, profession, age group, or other social group. Sociolects involve both passive acquisition of particular communicative practices through association with a local community, as well as active learning and choice among speech or writing forms to demonstrate identification with particular groups. The term sociolect might refer to socially restricted dialects, but it
567-452: A similar characteristic for the postalveolar codas. More recently, however, all of the traits have spread throughout much of the country by the cultural influence of the city that diminished the social marker character the lack of palatalization once had (a part of assimilation of the caboclo minorities in most of South and Southeast Brazil). Affrication is today widespread, if not nearly omnipresent among young Brazilians, and coda guttural r
630-410: A single noun or pronoun, but never between the possessor and the possessed." "This is hers, This is mines, This is John's, but not in her book, my book, John book" "Interview with Bryan A., seven years old, a struggling reader in a West Philadelphia elementary school: Many times within communities that contain sociolects that separate groups linguistically it is necessary to have a process where
693-410: A single noun or pronoun, but never between the possessor and the possessed." "This is hers, This is mines, This is John's, but not in her book, my book, John book" "Interview with Bryan A., seven years old, a struggling reader in a West Philadelphia elementary school: Many times within communities that contain sociolects that separate groups linguistically it is necessary to have a process where
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#1732851156839756-498: A sociolect began with the commencement of dialectology , the study of different dialects in relation to society, which has been established in countries such as England for many years, but only recently has the field garnered more attention. However, as opposed to a dialect, the basic concept of a sociolect is that a person speaks in accordance with their social group whether it is with regard to one's ethnicity, age, gender, etc. As William Labov once said, "the sociolinguistic view ...
819-460: A sociolect by examining the social distribution of specific linguistic terms. For example, a sociolinguist would examine the use of the second person pronoun you within a given population. If one distinct social group used yous as the plural form of the pronoun, then this could indicate the existence of a sociolect. A sociolect is distinct from a regional dialect (regiolect) because social class , rather than geographical subdivision, substantiates
882-579: A term that is used by many citizens in the northern half of the country. An example of a sociolect difference, based on social grouping, is the zero copula in African American Vernacular English . It occurs in a specific ethnic group but in all areas of the United States. William Labov gives an example: "he here" instead of "he's here." Code switching is "the process whereby bilingual or bidialectal speakers switch back and forth between one language or dialect and another within
945-426: A whole and consistent among the vast majority of speakers, were once specifically characteristic of Rio de Janeiro speech and distinguished particularly from the pronunciation of São Paulo and areas further south, which formerly had adapted none of the characteristics. The chiado of the coda sibilant is thought to date from the early 1800s occupation of the city by the Portuguese royal family, as European Portuguese had
1008-497: Is "different language, dialects, or styles are used in different social contexts". Language attitudes are "social in origin, but that they may have important effects on language behavior, being involved in acts of identity, and on linguistic change." Linguistic variable is "a linguistic unit...initially developed...in order to be able to handle linguistics variation. Variables may be lexical and grammatical, but are most often phonological". Example of British English (h) which
1071-497: Is "different language, dialects, or styles are used in different social contexts". Language attitudes are "social in origin, but that they may have important effects on language behavior, being involved in acts of identity, and on linguistic change." Linguistic variable is "a linguistic unit...initially developed...in order to be able to handle linguistics variation. Variables may be lexical and grammatical, but are most often phonological". Example of British English (h) which
1134-413: Is [it]", carrying a meaning similar to "What's up?"), maneiro ("cool", "fine", "interesting", "amusing"), mermão ("bro", contraction of meu irmão ), caô (a lie), and sinistro (in standard Portuguese, "sinister"; in slang, "awesome," "terrific," but also "terrible," "troublesome," "frightening," "weird"). Many of these slang words can be found in practically all of Brazil by to cultural influence from
1197-405: Is a socioeconomic class, age, gender, and/or ethnicity in a certain speech community. An example of a dialectal difference, based on region, is the use of the words soda or pop and coke in different parts of the United States. As Thomas E. Murray states, " coke is used generically by thousands of people, especially in the southern half of the country." On the other hand, pop is known to be
1260-431: Is a very old process in Portuguese and its lacking in some dialect rather than reflecting a specific set of Galician, Spanish and indigenous influences on their formation). Another common characteristic of Carioca speech is, in a stressed final syllable, the addition of /j/ before coda /s/ ( mas , dez may become [majʃ], [dɛjʃ] , which can also be noted ambiguously as [mɐ̞ⁱʃ], [dɛⁱʃ] ). The change may have originated in
1323-520: Is also found nationwide (their presence in Brazil is a general heritage of Tupi speech too) but less among speakers in the 5 southernmost states other than Rio de Janeiro, and if accent is a good social indicator, 95-105 million Brazilians consistently palatalize coda sibilant in some instances (but as in Rio de Janeiro, it is only a marker of adoption of foreign phonology at large in Florianópolis and Belém: palatalization, as in any other Romance language,
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#17328511568391386-409: Is geography: a certain region uses specific phonological, morphosyntactic or lexical rules. Asif Agha expands the concept by stating that "the case where the demographic dimension marked by speech are matters of geographic provenance alone, such as speaker's birth locale, extended residence and the like". However, a sociolect's main identifier is a socioeconomic class, age, gender, and/or ethnicity in
1449-440: Is sometimes also treated as equivalent with the concept of register , or used as a synonym for jargon and slang . Sociolinguists —people who study sociolects and language variation —define a sociolect by examining the social distribution of specific linguistic terms. For example, a sociolinguist would examine the use of the second person pronoun you within a given population. If one distinct social group used yous as
1512-404: Is sometimes present and sometimes not. Pragmatics is the meaning of a word in social context, while semantics has "purely linguistic meaning". Register is "a language variety that is associated with a particular topic, subject, or activity...." Usually, it is defined by vocabulary, but has grammatical features as well. The following is an example of the lexical distinction between
1575-404: Is sometimes present and sometimes not. Pragmatics is the meaning of a word in social context, while semantics has "purely linguistic meaning". Register is "a language variety that is associated with a particular topic, subject, or activity...." Usually, it is defined by vocabulary, but has grammatical features as well. The following is an example of the lexical distinction between
1638-426: Is that we are programmed to learn to speak in ways that fit the general pattern of our communities." Therefore, what we are surrounded with in our environment determines how we speak; hence, our actions and associations. The main distinction between sociolects (social dialects) and dialects proper (geographical dialects), which are often confused, is the settings in which they are created. A dialect's main identifier
1701-448: Is the mixing of second person pronouns você and tu , even in the same speech. For instance, while normative Portuguese requires lhe as the oblique for você and te as oblique for tu , in Carioca slang, the once formal você (now widespread as an informal pronoun in many Brazilian Portuguese varieties) is used for all cases. In informal speech, the pronoun tu is retained, but with
1764-422: Is the settings in which they are created. A dialect's main identifier is geography: a certain region uses specific phonological, morphosyntactic or lexical rules. Asif Agha expands the concept by stating that "the case where the demographic dimension marked by speech are matters of geographic provenance alone, such as speaker's birth locale, extended residence and the like". However, a sociolect's main identifier
1827-514: Is used by one word in the non-Brahmin caste and three separate words in the Brahmin caste. Furthermore, Agha references how the use of different speech reflects a "departure from a group-internal norm". For example, if the non-Brahmin caste uses Brahmin terms in their mode of speech it is seen as self-raising, whereas if people within the Brahmin caste use non-Brahmin speech it is seen as pejoratives. Therefore, depending on which castes use certain words
1890-464: Is used by one word in the non-Brahmin caste and three separate words in the Brahmin caste. Furthermore, Agha references how the use of different speech reflects a "departure from a group-internal norm". For example, if the non-Brahmin caste uses Brahmin terms in their mode of speech it is seen as self-raising, whereas if people within the Brahmin caste use non-Brahmin speech it is seen as pejoratives. Therefore, depending on which castes use certain words
1953-556: Is used, then the wrong context is placed on the words. Furthermore, referring back to the diglossia expressed in the Arab-speaking world and the Tamil caste system in India, which words are used must be appropriate to not only the social class of the speaker, but the situation, the topic, and the need for courtesy. A more comprehensive definition is stated, "Code-switching is not only a definition of
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2016-404: Is used, then the wrong context is placed on the words. Furthermore, referring back to the diglossia expressed in the Arab-speaking world and the Tamil caste system in India, which words are used must be appropriate to not only the social class of the speaker, but the situation, the topic, and the need for courtesy. A more comprehensive definition is stated, "Code-switching is not only a definition of
2079-696: The Mudaliyar and the Iyengar groups of the Tamil-speaking people in India . The Iyengar group is part of the Brahmin caste which is scholarly and higher in the caste hierarchy than the non-Brahmin or Mudaliyar, caste. The Mudaliyars use many of the same words for things that are differentiated within the Iyengars' speech. For example, as seen below, the difference between drinking water, water in general, and non-potable water
2142-440: The Mudaliyar and the Iyengar groups of the Tamil-speaking people in India . The Iyengar group is part of the Brahmin caste which is scholarly and higher in the caste hierarchy than the non-Brahmin or Mudaliyar, caste. The Mudaliyars use many of the same words for things that are differentiated within the Iyengars' speech. For example, as seen below, the difference between drinking water, water in general, and non-potable water
2205-473: The Guanabara State was eliminated by President Ernesto Geisel (under the military dictatorship), becoming the present-day City of Rio de Janeiro, and Carioca was made the demonym of its municipality. Nowadays, Carioca is used to exclusively refer to those born in the city of Rio de Janeiro, while everyone born in the state of Rio de Janeiro is referred to as a Fluminense. Carioca people have invented
2268-598: The Northeast, where pronunciations such as Jesus [ʒeˈzujs] have long been heard. Also immigration from Northeastern Brazil and Spanish immigration causes debuccalization of the coda sibilant: mesmo [meɦmu] . Many Brazilians assume that is specific to Rio, but in the Northeast, debuccalization has long been a strong and advanced phonological process that may also affect onset sibilants /s/ and /z/ as well as other consonants, primarily [v] . There are some grammatical characteristics of this sociolect as well, an important one
2331-579: The city may be easily recognizable more by their slang than the way the phonology of their speech, which is closer to the standard Brazilian Portuguese in the media than other variants. It is known especially for several distinctive traits new to either variant (European or Brazilian) of the Portuguese language : The traits (particularly the chiado , a palatalization process that creates a postalveolar pronunciation of coda s and z and affricate pronunciation of [ti] and [di] and te and de rhymes ), as
2394-413: The city. Much slang from Rio de Janeiro spreads across Brazil and may be not known as originally from there, and those less culturally accepted elsewhere are sometimes used to shun not only the speech of a certain subculture, age group or social class but also the whole accent. Sociolect In sociolinguistics , a sociolect is a form of language ( non-standard dialect , restricted register ) or
2457-441: The country. An example of a sociolect difference, based on social grouping, is the zero copula in African American Vernacular English . It occurs in a specific ethnic group but in all areas of the United States. William Labov gives an example: "he here" instead of "he's here." Code switching is "the process whereby bilingual or bidialectal speakers switch back and forth between one language or dialect and another within
2520-642: The field garnered more attention. However, as opposed to a dialect, the basic concept of a sociolect is that a person speaks in accordance with their social group whether it is with regard to one's ethnicity, age, gender, etc. As William Labov once said, "the sociolinguistic view ... is that we are programmed to learn to speak in ways that fit the general pattern of our communities." Therefore, what we are surrounded with in our environment determines how we speak; hence, our actions and associations. The main distinction between sociolects (social dialects) and dialects proper (geographical dialects), which are often confused,
2583-578: The first years of the Brazilian Republic, Carioca was the name given to those who lived in the slums or a pejorative way to refer to the bureaucratic elite of the Federal District. Only when the City of Rio lost its status as Federal District and became a Brazilian State (Guanabara State), when the capital city was moved to Brasilia, was Carioca made a co-official demonym with Guanabarino . In 1975,
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2646-428: The independent speech communities can communicate in the same register; even if the change is as simple as different pronunciation. Therefore, the act of code-switching becomes essential. Code-switching is defined as "the process whereby bilingual or bidialectal speakers switch back and forth between one language or dialect and another within the same conversation". At times code-switching can be situational, depending on
2709-428: The independent speech communities can communicate in the same register; even if the change is as simple as different pronunciation. Therefore, the act of code-switching becomes essential. Code-switching is defined as "the process whereby bilingual or bidialectal speakers switch back and forth between one language or dialect and another within the same conversation". At times code-switching can be situational, depending on
2772-713: The largest Brazilian Carnival , the Rio Carnival . Samba Carioca is a localized style of Brazilian Samba . There is an exercise drill used for dynamic stretching called Carioca . It consists of a repeating Samba dance step. The Portuguese spoken across the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo and neighboring towns in Minas Gerais (and to a certain extent the city of Florianópolis ), has similar features, hardly different from one another so cities such as Paraty , Resende , Campos dos Goytacazes , Cachoeiro de Itapemirim , Vila Velha and Linhares may be said to have
2835-639: The latter was sanctioned as the official demonym of the Royal Captainship of Rio de Janeiro (later the Province of Rio de Janeiro). A few years after, the City of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro had become the capital city of the Brazilian colonies. From 1783 and during all the Imperial Regime, Carioca remained only as a nickname by which other Brazilians called the inhabitants of Rio (city and province). During
2898-470: The phonological difference (e.g., R makes more consonantal and vocalic distinctions than B), while others are due to the morphological difference (e.g., difference in plural suffixes and certain verb inflections) between two varieties. The chart below gives an example of diglossia in Arabic-speaking nations and where it is used. Diglossia is defined by Mesthrie as "[a] situation where two varieties of
2961-413: The phonological difference (e.g., R makes more consonantal and vocalic distinctions than B), while others are due to the morphological difference (e.g., difference in plural suffixes and certain verb inflections) between two varieties. The chart below gives an example of diglossia in Arabic-speaking nations and where it is used. Diglossia is defined by Mesthrie as "[a] situation where two varieties of
3024-488: The plural form of the pronoun, then this could indicate the existence of a sociolect. A sociolect is distinct from a regional dialect (regiolect) because social class , rather than geographical subdivision, substantiates the unique linguistic features. A sociolect, defined by leading sociolinguist and philosopher Peter Trudgill, is "a variety or lect which is thought of as being related to its speakers' social background rather than geographical background." This idea of
3087-443: The pragmatics change. Hence, this speech system is determined by socioeconomic class and social context. Norwegian does not have a spoken standard and is heavily dependent on dialect variants. The following example shows the difference between the national written standard and a spoken variant, where the phonology and pronunciation differ. These are not sociolectic differences per se. As Agha states, "Some lexical contrasts are due to
3150-443: The pragmatics change. Hence, this speech system is determined by socioeconomic class and social context. Norwegian does not have a spoken standard and is heavily dependent on dialect variants. The following example shows the difference between the national written standard and a spoken variant, where the phonology and pronunciation differ. These are not sociolectic differences per se. As Agha states, "Some lexical contrasts are due to
3213-645: The same conversation". Diglossia , associated with the American linguist Charles A. Ferguson , which describes a sociolinguistic situation such as those that obtain in Arabic-speaking countries and in German-speaking Switzerland. In such a diglossic community, the prestigious standard of 'High' (or H) variety, which is linguistically related to but significantly different from the vernacular or 'Low' (or L) varieties, has no native speakers. Domain
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#17328511568393276-466: The same conversation". Diglossia , associated with the American linguist Charles A. Ferguson , which describes a sociolinguistic situation such as those that obtain in Arabic-speaking countries and in German-speaking Switzerland. In such a diglossic community, the prestigious standard of 'High' (or H) variety, which is linguistically related to but significantly different from the vernacular or 'Low' (or L) varieties, has no native speakers. Domain
3339-450: The same dialect as Rio de Janeiro, as they are hardly perceived as strong regional variants by people from other parts of Brazil. The Brazilian Portuguese variant spoken in the city of Rio de Janeiro (and metropolitan area) is called Carioca , and it is called Sotaque locally, literally translated as "accent". It can be said that Rio de Janeiro presents a sociolect inside the major Fluminense-Capixaba dialect, as speakers inside
3402-401: The situation but an expression of social hierarchy." Sociolect In sociolinguistics , a sociolect is a form of language ( non-standard dialect , restricted register ) or a set of lexical items used by a socioeconomic class, profession, age group, or other social group. Sociolects involve both passive acquisition of particular communicative practices through association with
3465-400: The situation or topical, depending on the topic. Halliday terms this the best when he defines the role of discourse, stating that "it is this that determines, or rather correlates with, the role played by the language activity in the situation". Therefore, meaning that which register is used depends on the situation and lays out the social context of the situation, because if the wrong register
3528-400: The situation or topical, depending on the topic. Halliday terms this the best when he defines the role of discourse, stating that "it is this that determines, or rather correlates with, the role played by the language activity in the situation". Therefore, meaning that which register is used depends on the situation and lays out the social context of the situation, because if the wrong register
3591-405: The term is controversial, maybe from Tupi language " kari' oka ", meaning "white house" as the whitewashed stone houses of European settlers or even the colonists themselves, by merging " kara'iwa " (white man) and " oka " (house). Currently, the more accepted origin in academia is the meaning derived from " kariîó oka ", which comes from the indigenous tupi "house of carijó ", which was Guaraní ,
3654-474: The unique linguistic features. A sociolect, defined by leading sociolinguist and philosopher Peter Trudgill, is "a variety or lect which is thought of as being related to its speakers' social background rather than geographical background." This idea of a sociolect began with the commencement of dialectology , the study of different dialects in relation to society, which has been established in countries such as England for many years, but only recently has
3717-558: The verb forms belonging to the form você: Tu foi na festa? ("Did you go to the party?"). So the verbal forms are the same for both você and tu . Many Cariocas and many Paulistas (from the coast, capital city or hinterland) shorten você and use cê instead: Cê vai pra casa agora? ("Are you going home now?"). That, however, is common only on the spoken language and is rarely written. Slang words among youngsters from Rio de Janeiro include caraca! (gosh!) [now spread throughout Brazil], e aê? and qualé/quaé/coé? (literally "which
3780-553: The verbal -s not just on third-person singular verbs in the present tense such as in Standard American English , but added onto infinitives, first-person present verbs, and third-person past perfect verbs. Further examples of the phenomenon in AAVE are provided below. Below are examples of the lack of the possessive ending; -s is usually absent in AAVE but contains a rule As Labov states, "[the] use -s to indicate possession by
3843-439: The verbal -s not just on third-person singular verbs in the present tense such as in Standard American English , but added onto infinitives, first-person present verbs, and third-person past perfect verbs. Further examples of the phenomenon in AAVE are provided below. Below are examples of the lack of the possessive ending; -s is usually absent in AAVE but contains a rule As Labov states, "[the] use -s to indicate possession by
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#17328511568393906-401: The words are the same. Although a specific example of diglossia was not given, its social context is almost if not more important. For example, Halliday states that "in areas with Diglossia, the link between language and success is apparent as the higher, classical register is learned through formal education". Below is an example of African American Vernacular English, showing the addition of
3969-401: The words are the same. Although a specific example of diglossia was not given, its social context is almost if not more important. For example, Halliday states that "in areas with Diglossia, the link between language and success is apparent as the higher, classical register is learned through formal education". Below is an example of African American Vernacular English, showing the addition of
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