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50-622: Lewis Cass , the second governor of the Michigan Territory , signed the 1821 Treaty of Chicago on August 29, 1821, with the chiefs of the Ottawa , Chippewa , and Potawatomi nations. The Potawatomi agreed to cede to the United States all the territory lying west and north of the St. Joseph River, and the United States agreed to provide funds for a blacksmith and a teacher, to reside on "one mile square on

100-469: A waystation for white settlers of the Michigan Territory. McCoy realized that they would soon supplant the native Indians. He wrote: "Our location was so remote from the settlements of white people when we first made it, and the inconveniences of reaching and residing at it so great, that we hoped, at that time, to be able to push forward the work of civilization to a state not much liable to injury by

150-614: A Baptist mission school, Carey Mission (now in Indiana, then part of Michigan) for four or five years. He reacquired a knowledge of regional Indigenous languages as preparation for a mission to Native Americans. Next he enrolled at what is now Colgate University in New York; he left after about four years due to his health. Jones taught at the Choctaw Academy boarding school in Kentucky for

200-461: A Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill . Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800, the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J. Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar, and began

250-567: A band of Native Americans. The Americans killed one Native American and scalped him. Cass and his fellow Americans then withdrew safely. Cass became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20, 1813. Soon after, he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12, 1813. Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , which saw the death of Tecumseh . Cass resigned from

300-543: A consolation prize for his previous presidential runs. Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L. Marcy was considered the best option by many, Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration. Moreover, Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids, and was in poor health in any event, ultimately dying in July 1857. Cass, aged 75, was seen by most as too old for such

350-579: A deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K. Polk . In 1845, the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate, where he served until 1848. Cass's nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party, as Cass's advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party. Van Buren led

400-411: A demanding position and was thought to likely be little more than a figurehead. Buchanan, weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State, considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions. Buchanan wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State, commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age. Cass, who

450-586: A fellow Democrat as president all failed in their bid to do so. Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates’ votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead. On March 6, 1857, President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as

500-578: A great measure stopped. Very few dared to venture beyond the older settlements, until McCoy boldly entered into the heart of the Indian country, and began his mission school among the Pottawottomies who dwelt on the river St. Joseph. The fact was soon made known throughout Indiana and Ohio, and at once adventurers began to prepare to follow the example of the missionary, who had led the way." Several former students, including John Tecumseh Jones , became leaders in

550-455: A number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan. At the end of his term, President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S. Minister to France on October 4, 1836. He presented his credentials on December 1, 1836, and served until he left his post on November 12, 1842, when he was succeeded by William R. King , who later became the 13th Vice President of

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600-849: A position he would hold until 1836. Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes, especially the Five Civilized Tribes, it also affected tribes in Ohio, Illinois, and other areas east of the Mississippi River. Most were forced to Indian Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but

650-679: A practice in Zanesville . In 1806, Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year, President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S. Marshal for Ohio. He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period, being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5, 1803. He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2, 1804, and his Master Mason degree on May 7, 1804. On June 24, 1805, he

700-520: A reconnaissance force combined with 150 Ohio infantry troops under Cass were near the bridge leading to Fort Malden. Two British guns fired on the Americans and disabled an American cannon. The Americans captured two British soldiers after they crossed the bridge, before safely withdrawing with their prisoners. On July 28, 1812, Colonel Cass conducted a hit-and-run attack at the Rivière aux Canards driving back

750-500: A sister and her blacksmith husband on Mackinac Island in Michigan. While living there he befriended a Captain Connor and rode on his ship to Detroit to live with Connor's family, where he learned English and French. Connor was alcoholic and threw Jones out of the family home after Mrs. Connor died. Local Baptists took in Jones and in the 1820s recruited him and other local Indians to attend

800-516: A small number of slaves continued to reside in Michigan until it achieved statehood. Despite his later claims to the contrary, as territorial governor, Cass is known to have owned at least one slave, a household servant, as evidenced by 1818 correspondence between him and Alexander Macomb . Slavery continued in Michigan until admission to the Union in 1837, when its first state constitution outlawed slavery statewide. In 1830, Cass published an article in

850-553: A year. He returned to Michigan to visit his sister. He went to Sault Ste. Marie (in present-day Michigan) to work as an interpreter. In 1838 Jones moved to Kansas to serve as an interpreter for the Pottawatomie. He next worked with Rev. Jotham Meeker , a Baptist missionary and printer. In 1840 Jones married Rachel Littleman, from the Stockbridge–Munsee Community . After her death, he married Jane Kelly in 1845, who

900-506: Is contemplated that the school will soon be increased to one hundred." In 1824, an agent for Cass reported that the Carey Mission was "a colony firmly settled, numerous, civilized and happy". Fifty densely wooded acres had been cleared and fenced, and workers had raised large amounts of corn, oats, and potatoes. By 1826, over 200 acres (0.81 km) of land had been cleared, and 58 acres (230,000 m) had been planted. The mission became

950-527: The 30th Congress . In 1848, he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate. Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the (white male) American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there. His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party, leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join

1000-593: The American frontier was extended". The founding of the Carey Mission was, according to Michigan jurist Nathaniel Bacon , "the pioneer step in the way of settlement". Bacon remarked that in 1822, when the mission was established, the region was considered by European settlers to be dangerous and hostile. Within recent memory were the Battle of Tippecanoe in Indiana and the Battle of Fort Dearborn in Illinois. "Emigration had in

1050-588: The Free Soil Party 's presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats, possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor . Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from

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1100-522: The Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren . After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate, serving from 1849 to 1857. He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as president. Apart from James Buchanan's election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856, subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed

1150-631: The Indian Removal Act in 1830, the school at Carey Mission was discontinued. In 1831, McCoy led several of the Potawatomi to a new mission in Kansas . The modern site consists only of a historical marker placed by the Daughters of the American Revolution , near residential streets named Christiana Drive, Lykins Lane, Isaac McCoy Drive, and Carey Mission Road. Carey Mission was called the "point from which

1200-471: The North American Review that passionately argued that Indians were "inherently inferior" to whites, and incapable of being civilized and thus should be removed from the eastern United States. This article caught the attention and approval of Andrew Jackson. On August 1, 1831, Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson ,

1250-626: The War of 1812 broke out, Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . During the war, Cass conducted several military operations around the Canada–United States border . On July 16, 1812, a British force consisting of the 41st Regiment of Foot , 60 men of the Canadian Militia and a number of Indians were posted near Fort Malden . Cass and Colonel James Miller led a concealed American reconnaissance force near them. The British detected

1300-582: The American West. Lewis Cass Lewis Cass (October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was a United States Army officer and politician. He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S. Presidents, Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee. A slave owner himself, he was a leading spokesman for

1350-590: The Americans, and sent a party of Indians over a nearby bridge to draw them out; however, once the Indians crossed, the concealed Americans opened fire, wounding two and killing one. Cass and Miller send word to General William Hull , requesting permission to attack Fort Malden and hold it until reinforcements arrived. However, Hull, an indecisive officer, was unsupportive and refused to agree to their request, which led Cass and Miller to withdraw their men back to American lines. On July 19, 1812, Colonel Duncan McArthur with

1400-542: The Army on May 1, 1814. As a reward for his military service, Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29, 1813, serving until 1831. As he was frequently traveling on business, several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place. During this period, he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan, by which they ceded substantial amounts of land. Some were given small reservations in

1450-691: The Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanan's handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states. Since his death in 1866, he has been commemorated in various ways, including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall . Cass was born on October 9, 1782, in Exeter, New Hampshire , near the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass,

1500-455: The United States under President Franklin Pierce . In the 1844 Democratic convention , Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination, losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K. Polk . Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845–1848. He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in

1550-587: The United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858. Cass resigned on December 14, 1860, because of what he considered Buchanan's failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military, actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states. On May 26, 1806, Cass married Elizabeth Spencer (1786–1853), the daughter of Dr. Joseph Spencer Jr. and Deborah (née Seldon) Spencer. Her paternal grandfather

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1600-521: The appointment. In 1820, Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory, in the Great Lakes region in today's northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown, resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to

1650-411: The doctrine of popular sovereignty , which at the time held the idea that people in each U.S state should have the right to decide on whether to permit or prohibit slavery , believing in the idea of states' rights . Born in Exeter, New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville, Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he

1700-607: The extradition of William Walker to the United States. Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders. He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S. and British control of Latin American countries. The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific, refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V , unsuccessfully petitioned

1750-516: The final four months of Buchanan's administration. As expected, the aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates, but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them. While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America, he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling

1800-517: The next one as well. In 1862 he started to build a third house on the same site, a large stone structure that is now known as the Tauy Jones House . He hired Damon Higbie of LeLoup. Starting in the 1840s, Jones was adopted into the Ottawa tribe. He became one of the leaders and was known as "Tauy" or "Ottaway," which was an abbreviated version of "Ottawa." While serving in 1860 as a representative of

1850-451: The proximity of white population, before we should be crowded by it." During the period from 1827 to 1829, southwestern Michigan began to be actively settled, and the Carey Mission declined, as a result of the U.S. policy of Indian removal . In 1827, in the Treaty of St. Joseph , the Potawatomi tribe ceded some of their reserved lands in southwestern Michigan. The treaty stated that its purpose

1900-638: The river. The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippi's source. It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the Cass expedition's geologist, identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi. Though the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory , which included what later became Michigan Territory,

1950-498: The south side of the St. Joseph" within a tract that the Potawatomis had reserved for their villages. McCoy, who had previously traveled to Detroit and petitioned Cass to provide funds for Indian missions in the 1821 Treaty, secured the position of teacher. In December 1822, a 32-person party consisting of McCoy, his family, and a group of Indians who had elected to accompany them, departed for southwestern Michigan. They emigrated from

2000-476: The territory. In 1817, Cass was one of the two commissioners (along with Duncan McArthur ), who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region, under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States. This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans. That same year, Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined

2050-420: The time, and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of the territory. Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson. As Secretary of War, he helped implement Jackson's policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842, he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ;

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2100-542: The vicinity of Fort Wayne, Indiana , to a point about one mile west of the present city of Niles, and by the following year they had built six mission houses. The first school at Carey was opened on January 27, 1823, and originally had 30 Indian pupils. An expedition that visited the mission in June 1823 reported, "The school consists of from forty to sixty children, of which fifteen are females. They are either children of Indians, or half-breed descendants of French and Indian parents; there being about an equal number of each. It

2150-712: Was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children, five of whom lived past infancy: Cass died on June 17, 1866, in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit. Through his daughter Mary, he was the great-grandfather of Cass Canfield (longtime president and chairman of Harper & Brothers , later Harper & Row ). Through his daughter Matilda, he

2200-680: Was "to consolidate some of the dispersed bands of the Potawatamie Tribe in the Territory of Michigan at a point removed from the road leading from Detroit to Chicago, and as far as practicable from the settlements of the Whites". In 1829, McCoy removed to the Thomas station, another mission he had established near the Grand River . The only missionary who remained at Carey was Robert Simerwell. With passage of

2250-415: Was a Yankee missionary from Maine. Jones acquired a trading post in 1848 from a trader named Roby on what is now Tauy Creek. There he built a frame and log house and hotel, as the site was a main stop between Fort Leavenworth and Fort Scott. Jones was sympathetic to the abolitionist Free State cause and became a friend of John Brown. In 1856 pro-slavery Missourians burned down Jones's house, and burned

2300-614: Was a leading businessman and Baptist minister. He served as an interpreter and leader for the Pottawatomie tribe in Kansas. He also served as a leader for the Ottawa tribe and as their minister. He was a friend of abolitionist John Brown , and a co-founder of Ottawa University in Ottawa, Kansas . John Tecumseh Jones was born in Canada in 1808 to a Chippewa (Ojibwe) mother and a father of British ancestry. Jones spent his earliest years with

2350-529: Was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 (later No.5), Zanesville. He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806. Cass was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4, 1808. He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5, 1809, and Grand Master on January 3, 1810, January 8, 1811, and January 8, 1812. After

2400-404: Was appointed as a U.S. Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813. He negotiated treaties with American tribes to open land for American settlement as part of the belief in the 19th century phrase " manifest destiny " at

2450-462: Was retiring from the Senate, but not eager to leave Washington and return home to Michigan, immediately accepted. Taking the position, Cass promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public (having served in the War of 1812, Cass had a low opinion of London). Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger, more fit man could be found, however, he ultimately served for all but

2500-627: Was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard (wife of Francis Wayland Goddard); Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr. (who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ); Susan Livingston Ledyard (wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins); Lewis Cass Ledyard (a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J. Pierpont Morgan ); and Matilda Spancer Ledyard. Cass's great-great-grandson, Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolina 's 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005. John Tecumseh Jones John Tecumseh “Tauy” Jones (1800-1873, Chippewa )

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