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44-635: [REDACTED] Look up cardan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cardan may refer to: Gerolamo Cardano or Jerome Cardan (1501–1576), Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer, and gambler Cornelius Castoriadis (1922–1997), Greek-French philosopher who used the pseudonym Paul Cardan Cardan, Gironde , a commune of the Gironde département , in France See also [ edit ] Cardan angle ,

88-501: A Scotch yoke , for example. He is also credited with the invention of the Cardan suspension or gimbal . Cardano made several contributions to hydrodynamics and held that perpetual motion is impossible, except in celestial bodies. He published two encyclopedias of natural science which contain a wide variety of inventions, facts, and occult superstitions. He also introduced the Cardan grille ,

132-443: A commentary on Mundinus ' anatomy and of Galen 's medicine, along with the treaties Delle cause, dei segni e dei luoghi delle malattie , Picciola terapeutica , Degli abusi dei medici and Delle orine, libro quattro . Cardano has been credited with the invention of the so-called Cardano's Rings , also called Chinese Rings, but it is very probable that they predate Cardano. The universal joint , sometimes called Cardan joint ,

176-559: A copy of it is held in the Vatican Library . The work is valuable for studies in harmony for its discussion of the use of microtones . It is also of interest to scholars of historically informed performance practice for its details on 16th century performance. The later treatise of music Della natura de principii et regole musicali which has been attributed to Cardano by some, is according to The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians most likely falsely attributed to Cardano and

220-455: A cryptographic writing tool, in 1550. Significantly, in the history of education of the deaf , he said that deaf people were capable of using their minds, argued for the importance of teaching them, and was one of the first to state that deaf people could learn to read and write without learning how to speak first. He was familiar with a report by Rudolph Agricola about a deaf-mute who had learned to write. Cardano's medical writings included:

264-426: A decade-long dispute) in the form of a poem, but del Ferro's solution predated Tartaglia's. In his exposition, he acknowledged the existence of what are now called imaginary numbers , although he did not understand their properties, described for the first time by his Italian contemporary Rafael Bombelli . In Opus novum de proportionibus he introduced the binomial coefficients and the binomial theorem . Cardano

308-410: A hypocycloid is given by: s = 8 ( k − 1 ) k R = 8 ( k − 1 ) r {\displaystyle s={\frac {8(k-1)}{k}}R=8(k-1)r} The hypocycloid is a special kind of hypotrochoid , which is a particular kind of roulette . A hypocycloid with three cusps is known as a deltoid . A hypocycloid curve with four cusps

352-654: A hypocycloid with pole at the center of the hypocycloid is a rose curve . The isoptic of a hypocycloid is a hypocycloid. Curves similar to hypocycloids can be drawn with the Spirograph toy. Specifically, the Spirograph can draw hypotrochoids and epitrochoids . The Pittsburgh Steelers ' logo, which is based on the Steelmark , includes three astroids (hypocycloids of four cusps ). In his weekly NFL.com column "Tuesday Morning Quarterback," Gregg Easterbrook often refers to

396-467: A lifetime annuity from Pope Gregory XIII (after first having been rejected by Pope Pius V , who died in 1572) and finished his autobiography. He was accepted into the Royal College of Physicians, and as well as practising medicine he continued his philosophical studies until his death in 1576. The seventeenth-century English physician and philosopher Sir Thomas Browne possessed the ten volumes of

440-538: A pivoted support that allows the rotation of an object about a single axis Carden (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cardan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardan&oldid=1006388620 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

484-458: A supported compass or gyroscope to rotate freely, and the Cardan shaft with universal joints , which allows the transmission of rotary motion at various angles and is used in vehicles to this day. He made significant contributions to hypocycloids - published in De proportionibus , in 1570. The generating circles of these hypocycloids, later named "Cardano circles" or "cardanic circles", were used for

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528-431: A type of angle used to describe the orientation of a rigid body with respect to a fixed coordinate system Cardan grille , a method of writing secret messages using a grid Cardan joint , or universal joint, a joint in a rigid rod that allows the rod to "bend" in any direction Cardan shaft , or drive shaft, a vehicle component for transmitting mechanical power and torque and rotation Cardan suspension or gimbal,

572-422: Is an integer, then the curve is closed, and has k cusps (i.e., sharp corners, where the curve is not differentiable ). Specially for k = 2 the curve is a straight line and the circles are called Tusi Couple. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was the first to describe these hypocycloids and their applications to high-speed printing . If k is a rational number , say k = p / q expressed in simplest terms, then

616-437: Is by another writer. Cardano also dabbled in composing, writing the motet Beati estis which is scored for 12 voices and contains four overlapping canons . Cardano's work with hypocycloids led him to Cardan's Movement or Cardan Gear mechanism, in which a pair of gears with the smaller being one-half the size of the larger gear is used to convert rotational motion to linear motion with greater efficiency and precision than

660-581: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gerolamo Cardano Gerolamo Cardano ( Italian: [dʒeˈrɔːlamo karˈdaːno] ; also Girolamo or Geronimo ; French: Jérôme Cardan ; Latin : Hieronymus Cardanus ; 24 September 1501– 21 September 1576) was an Italian polymath whose interests and proficiencies ranged through those of mathematician, physician , biologist , physicist , chemist , astrologer , astronomer , philosopher , music theorist , writer , and gambler . He became one of

704-449: Is known as an astroid . The hypocycloid with two "cusps" is a degenerate but still very interesting case, known as the Tusi couple . Any hypocycloid with an integral value of k , and thus k cusps, can move snugly inside another hypocycloid with k +1 cusps, such that the points of the smaller hypocycloid will always be in contact with the larger. This motion looks like 'rolling', though it

748-491: Is not technically rolling in the sense of classical mechanics, since it involves slipping. Hypocycloid shapes can be related to special unitary groups , denoted SU( k ), which consist of k × k unitary matrices with determinant 1. For example, the allowed values of the sum of diagonal entries for a matrix in SU(3), are precisely the points in the complex plane lying inside a hypocycloid of three cusps (a deltoid). Likewise, summing

792-508: Is of singular use unto a prudent Reader; but unto him that only desireth Hoties, or to replenish his head with varieties; like many others before related, either in the Original or confirmation, he may become no small occasion of Error. Richard Hinckley Allen tells of an amusing reference made by Samuel Butler in his book Hudibras : Cardan believ'd great states depend Upon the tip o'th' Bear's tail's end; That, as she wisk'd it t'wards

836-532: Is supplied by M. Fierz. Hypocycloid The 2-cusped hypocycloid called Tusi couple was first described by the 13th-century Persian astronomer and mathematician Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in Tahrir al-Majisti (Commentary on the Almagest) . German painter and German Renaissance theorist Albrecht Dürer described epitrochoids in 1525, and later Roemer and Bernoulli concentrated on some specific hypocycloids, like

880-559: The Plague ; her three other children died from the disease. After a depressing childhood, with frequent illnesses, and the rough upbringing by his overbearing father, in 1520, Cardano entered the University of Pavia . Against the wish of his father, who wanted his son to undertake studies of law, Girolamo felt more attracted to philosophy and science. During the Italian War of 1521–1526 , however,

924-509: The cubic equation and the solution of Cardano's student Lodovico Ferrari to the quartic equation in his 1545 book Ars Magna , an influential work on algebra. The solution to one particular case of the cubic equation a x 3 + b x + c = 0 {\displaystyle ax^{3}+bx+c=0} (in modern notation) had been communicated to him in 1539 by Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia (who later claimed that Cardano had sworn not to reveal it, and engaged Cardano in

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968-456: The illegitimate child of Fazio Cardano , a mathematically gifted jurist , lawyer, and close friend of Leonardo da Vinci . In his autobiography, Cardano wrote that his mother, Chiara Micheri, had taken "various abortive medicines" to terminate the pregnancy; he said: "I was taken by violent means from my mother; I was almost dead." She was in labour for three days. Shortly before his birth, his mother had to move from Milan to Pavia to escape

1012-499: The Archbishop's cure. Cardano wrote that the Archbishop had been short of breath for ten years, and after the cure was effected by his assistant, he was paid 1,400 gold crowns. Two of Cardano's children — Giovanni Battista and Aldo Urbano — came to ignoble ends. Giovanni Battista, Cardano's eldest and favourite son was arrested in 1560 for having poisoned his wife, after he had discovered that their three children were not his. Giovanni

1056-564: The Lyon 1663 edition of the complete works of Cardan in his library . Browne critically viewed Cardan as: that famous Physician of Milan, a great Enquirer of Truth, but too greedy a Receiver of it. He hath left many excellent Discourses, Medical, Natural, and Astrological; the most suspicious are those two he wrote by admonition in a dream, that is De Subtilitate & Varietate Rerum . Assuredly this learned man hath taken many things upon trust, and although examined some, hath let slip many others. He

1100-532: The Steelers as the Hypocycloids. Chilean soccer team CD Huachipato based their crest on the Steelers' logo, and as such features hypocycloids. The first Drew Carey season of The Price Is Right ' s set features astroids on the three main doors, giant price tag, and the turntable area. The astroids on the doors and turntable were removed when the show switched to high definition broadcasts starting in 2008, and only

1144-488: The Sun, Strew'd mighty empires up and down; Which others say must needs be false, Because your true bears have no tails. Alessandro Manzoni 's novel I Promessi Sposi portrays a pedantic scholar of the obsolete, Don Ferrante, as a great admirer of Cardano. Significantly, he values him only for his superstitious and astrological writings; his scientific writings are dismissed because they contradict Aristotle , but excused on

1188-758: The academic establishment in Pavia, and his colleagues' jealousy at his scientific achievements, and also because he was beset with allegations of sexual impropriety with his students. He obtained a position as professor of medicine at the University of Bologna . Cardano was arrested by the Inquisition in 1570 after an accusation of heresy by the Inquisitor of Como, who targeted Cardano's De rerum varietate (1557). The inquisitors complained about Cardano's writings on astrology , especially his claim that self-harming religiously motivated actions of martyrs and heretics were caused by

1232-1509: The astroid, in 1674 and 1691, respectively. If the smaller circle has radius r , and the larger circle has radius R = kr , then the parametric equations for the curve can be given by either: x ( θ ) = ( R − r ) cos ⁡ θ + r cos ⁡ ( R − r r θ ) y ( θ ) = ( R − r ) sin ⁡ θ − r sin ⁡ ( R − r r θ ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&x(\theta )=(R-r)\cos \theta +r\cos \left({\frac {R-r}{r}}\theta \right)\\&y(\theta )=(R-r)\sin \theta -r\sin \left({\frac {R-r}{r}}\theta \right)\end{aligned}}} or: x ( θ ) = r ( k − 1 ) cos ⁡ θ + r cos ⁡ ( ( k − 1 ) θ ) y ( θ ) = r ( k − 1 ) sin ⁡ θ − r sin ⁡ ( ( k − 1 ) θ ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&x(\theta )=r(k-1)\cos \theta +r\cos \left((k-1)\theta \right)\\&y(\theta )=r(k-1)\sin \theta -r\sin \left((k-1)\theta \right)\end{aligned}}} If k

1276-506: The authorities in Pavia were forced to close the university in 1524. Cardano resumed his studies at the University of Padua , where he graduated with a doctorate in medicine in 1525. His eccentric and confrontational style did not earn him many friends and he had a difficult time finding work after he completed his studies. In 1525, Cardano repeatedly applied to the College of Physicians in Milan, but

1320-412: The basic concepts of probability. He demonstrated the efficacy of defining odds as the ratio of favourable to unfavourable outcomes (which implies that the probability of an event is given by the ratio of favourable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes). He was also aware of the multiplication rule for independent events but was not certain about what values should be multiplied. Cardano

1364-542: The construction of the first high-speed printing presses . Today, Cardano is well known for his achievements in algebra . In his 1545 book Ars Magna he made the first systematic use of negative numbers in Europe, published (with attribution) the solutions of other mathematicians for cubic and quartic equations , and acknowledged the existence of imaginary numbers . Cardano was born on 24 September 1501 in Pavia , Lombardy,

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1408-724: The curve has p cusps. If k is an irrational number , then the curve never closes, and fills the space between the larger circle and a circle of radius R − 2 r . Each hypocycloid (for any value of r ) is a brachistochrone for the gravitational potential inside a homogeneous sphere of radius R . The area enclosed by a hypocycloid is given by: A = ( k − 1 ) ( k − 2 ) k 2 π R 2 = ( k − 1 ) ( k − 2 ) π r 2 {\displaystyle A={\frac {(k-1)(k-2)}{k^{2}}}\pi R^{2}=(k-1)(k-2)\pi r^{2}} The arc length of

1452-435: The diagonal entries of SU(4) matrices gives points inside an astroid, and so on. Thanks to this result, one can use the fact that SU( k ) fits inside SU( k+1 ) as a subgroup to prove that an epicycloid with k cusps moves snugly inside one with k +1 cusps. The evolute of a hypocycloid is an enlarged version of the hypocycloid itself, while the involute of a hypocycloid is a reduced copy of itself. The pedal of

1496-616: The former sojourn of the sea upon the mountains. In 1552 Cardano travelled to Scotland with the Spanish physician William Casanatus, via London, to treat the Archbishop of St Andrews who suffered of a disease that had left him speechless and was thought incurable. The treatment was a success and the diplomat Thomas Randolph recorded that "merry tales" about Cardano's methods were still current in Edinburgh in 1562. Cardano and Casanatus argued over

1540-503: The ground that the author of the astrological works deserves to be listened to even when he is wrong. English novelist E. M. Forster 's Abinger Harvest , a 1936 volume of essays, authorial reviews and a play, provides a sympathetic treatment of Cardano in the section titled 'The Past'. Forster believes Cardano was so absorbed in "self-analysis that he often forgot to repent of his bad temper, his stupidity, his licentiousness, and love of revenge" (212). A chronological key to this edition

1584-422: The happiest days of his life. With the help of a few noblemen, Cardano obtained a mathematics teaching position in Milan. Having finally received his medical license, he practised mathematics and medicine simultaneously, treating a few influential patients in the process. Because of this, he became one of the most sought-after doctors in Milan. In fact, by 1536, he was able to quit his teaching position, although he

1628-518: The most influential mathematicians of the Renaissance and one of the key figures in the foundation of probability ; he introduced the binomial coefficients and the binomial theorem in the Western world. He wrote more than 200 works on science. Cardano partially invented and described several mechanical devices including the combination lock , the gimbal consisting of three concentric rings allowing

1672-586: The stars. In his 1543 book De Supplemento Almanach , a commentary on the astrological work Tetrabiblos by Ptolemy , Cardano had also published a horoscope of Jesus . Cardano was imprisoned for several months and lost his professorship in Bologna. He abjured and was freed, probably with help from powerful churchmen in Rome. All his non-medical works were prohibited and placed on the Index . He moved to Rome, where he received

1716-414: Was a music theorist who studied music privately in Milan in his youth. He wrote two treatises on music, both of which were titled De Musica . The first was published within his 1663 work Hieronymi Cardani Mediolanensis Opera Omnia . It is of interest to scholars on the history of woodwind instruments because of its discussion of instruments from that family. The second treatise was published in 1574, and

1760-584: Was not admitted owing to his combative reputation and illegitimate birth. However, he was consulted by many members of the College of Physicians, because of his irrefutable intelligence. Cardano wanted to practice medicine in a large, rich city like Milan , but he was denied a license to practice, so he settled for the town of Piove di Sacco , where he practised without a license. There, he married Lucia Banderini in 1531. Before her death in 1546, they had three children, Giovanni Battista (1534), Chiara (1537) and Aldo Urbano (1543). Cardano later wrote that those were

1804-421: Was not described by Cardano. As quoted from Charles Lyell 's Principles of Geology : The title of a work of Cardano's, published in 1552, De Subtilitate (corresponding to what would now be called transcendental philosophy ), would lead us to expect, in the chapter on minerals, many far fetched theories characteristic of that age; but when treating of petrified shells, he decided that they clearly indicated

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1848-402: Was notoriously short of money and kept himself solvent by being an accomplished gambler and chess player. His book about games of chance, Liber de ludo aleae ("Book on Games of Chance"), written around 1564, but not published until 1663, contains the first systematic treatment of probability , as well as a section on effective cheating methods. He used the game of throwing dice to understand

1892-404: Was put to trial and, when Cardano could not pay the restitution demanded by the victim's family, was sentenced to death and beheaded . Gerolamo's other son Aldo Urbano was a gambler, who stole money from his father, and so Cardano disinherited him in 1569. Cardano moved from Pavia to Bologna, in part because he believed that the decision to execute his son was influenced by Gerolamo's battles with

1936-466: Was still interested in mathematics. His notability in the medical field was such that the aristocracy tried to lure him out of Milan. Cardano later wrote that he turned down offers from the kings of Denmark and France, and the Queen of Scotland. Gerolamo Cardano was the first European mathematician to make systematic use of negative numbers. He published with attribution the solution of Scipione del Ferro to

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