A carabinier (also sometimes spelled carabineer or carbineer ) is in principle a soldier armed with a carbine , musket , or rifle , which became commonplace by the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. The word is derived from the identical French word carabinier .
105-539: The Carabineros was an armed carabiniers force of Spain under both the monarchy and the Second Republic . The formal mission of this paramilitary gendarmerie was to patrol the coasts and borders of the country, operating against fraud and smuggling . As such the Carabineros performed the dual roles of frontier guards and customs officials. The force was established in 1829 and lasted until 1940 when it
210-612: A Gobernadorcillo . Among those prominent is Emilio Aguinaldo , a chinese mestizo , and who was the Gobernadorcillo of Cavite El Viejo (now Kawit ). The officials of the pueblo were proficient. taken from the Principalía , the noble class of pre-colonial origin. Their names are survived by prominent families in contemporary Philippine society such as Duremdes, Lindo, Tupas, Gatmaitan, Liwanag, Mallillin, Pangilinan, Panganiban, Balderas, Zabarte and Agbayani, Apalisok, Aguinaldo to name
315-665: A suicide bomb attack on their base in Nasiriyah , near Basra , in southern Iraq, in the largest Italian military loss of life in a single action since the Second World War (see 2003 Nasiriyah bombing ). This para-military force was created in the 19th century under the Spanish monarchy, performing the role of frontier guards especially in the Pyrenees . They were distinguished by dark blue uniforms with shakos or round forage caps . Under
420-689: A brigade of three Karabinier regiments newly raised from the cuirassiers of the Dutch contribution to the Napoleonic La Grande Armée : All three regiments along with the dragoons of the Guard became dragoons in 1849. Carabiniers first appeared in the Russian Army during the reign of Catherine II in 1763, and eventually numbered sixteen regiments. However, Emperor Paul I, who intensely disliked any reminder of his mother’s reign, renamed six into dragoons and
525-458: A few. Every barangay was further divided into " barrios ", and the barrio government (village or district) rested on the barrio administrator ( cabeza de barangay ). He was responsible for peace and order, recruited men for communal public works, and collecting the barrio's taxes. Cabezas should be literate in Spanish and have good moral character and property. Cabezas who served for 25 years were exempted from forced labor. In addition, this
630-542: A law that developed and modified certain aspects of the 1878 Constitutive Army Law ( Ley Constitutiva del Ejército ). The latter set the functions of the Armed Forces following the Spanish Constitution of 1876 . In August 1923 Lieutenant General José Olaguer Feliú was named General Director of the Carabineros . Despite this being a time of economic hardship, he was able to improve conditions of service within
735-569: A major center of trade in Asia between the 17th and 18th centuries. All sorts of products from China , Japan , Brunei , the Moluccas and even India were sent to Manila to be sold for silver 8-Real coins which came aboard the galleons from Acapulco. These goods, including silk , porcelain , spices , lacquerware and textile products were then sent to Acapulco and from there to other parts of New Spain , Peru and Europe. The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
840-562: A monopoly on the importation of Chinese and Indian goods into the Philippines, as well as the shipping of the goods directly to Spain via the Cape of Good Hope . The Dutch and British both bitterly opposed it because they saw the company as a direct attack on their trade in Asia. It also faced the hostility of the traders of the Galleon trade (see above) who saw it as competition. This gradually resulted in
945-766: A result of the amalgamation, no regiment bears the title of Carabiniers in the British Army today, although the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards are sub-titled "Carabiniers and Greys". There also existed the Hampshire Carabiniers as a Yeomanry cavalry regiment that was formed during the French Revolutionary Wars , and remained known as the Carabiniers late in the Victorian era . The regiment served in
1050-637: A single regiment, but now as part of the Imperial Guard. Following the Franco-Prussian War , the Carabiniers were amalgamated with the 11th Cuirassier regiment on 4 February 1871. The 1-11e Régiment de Cuirassiers of the modern French Army can accordingly trace its origin, in part, to the 19th Century Carabiniers. By coincidence the present day regiment is stationed in Carpiagne within Provence , once
1155-444: A tribute, all male Filipinos as well as Chinese immigrants from 16 to 60 years old were obliged to render forced labor called "polo". This labor lasted for 40 days a year, later reduced to 15 days. It took various forms such as the building and repairing of roads and bridges, construction of public buildings and churches, cutting timber in the forest, working in shipyards and serving as soldiers in military expeditions. People who rendered
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#17328523706471260-719: Is currently a branch of armed forces (alongside the Army , Navy and Air Force ), thus ending their long standing role as the Prima Arma dell'Esercito (First Corps of the Army). It is likely that antonomasia by which the Carabinieri will continue to be referred will remain the Arma . In recent years, Carabinieri units have been dispatched on peacekeeping missions, including Kosovo , Afghanistan , and Iraq . In 2003 twelve Carabinieri were killed in
1365-683: Is still referred to as the Carabineros. The Bolivian Carabineros are the only force having nationwide responsibility for law enforcement, including customs, traffic police and frontier guard responsibilities. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Moldova maintains a gendarmerie -type force affiliated with the Moldovan National Army known as the Trupele de Carabinieri , which is the Romanian language name for Carabiniers. Captaincy General of
1470-559: Is to provide highway security, control traffic and prevent accidents. Among their objectives is to interact and socialize with civilians to create neighborhood watch and collaboration. Formed in 1846 by President Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera, they are the oldest National Police formation. The Bolivian National Police became institutionalized on the national level in 1937 with the creation of the National Corps of Carabineers (Cuerpo Nacional de Carabineros) and its professional training school,
1575-768: Is usually known simply as the Carabinieri performing gendarmerie role. It originates from the amalgamation of the Piedmont-Savoy and Naples Carabinieri corps after unification of Italy, and although they remained a combat cavalry regiment, they were not numbered with the Cavalleria di Linea (Cavalry of the Line) after 1871. Both a military and a police corps, the Carabinieri have fought in every conflict in which Italy has been involved in since 1871, suffering heavy losses and being awarded many decorations for gallantry. The Carabinieri
1680-692: Is where the sentiment heard as, "Mi Barrio", first came from. To check the abuse of power of royal officials, two ancient Castilian institutions were brought to the Philippines: the Residencia , dating back to the 5th century, and the Visita , which differed from the residencia in that it was conducted clandestinely by a visitador-general sent from Spain and might occur anytime within the official's term, without any previous notice. Visitas could be specific or general. The legal foundation for municipal governments in
1785-623: The Guardia Civil . The Carabineros Corps was one of the units of law enforcement where the 1936 Spanish coup of July 1936 , which led to the Spanish Civil War , found the least support. With the regular army divided and the almost 50-50% split of the Civil Guard, the Republican government was heavily dependent on trained and properly equipped loyalist units such as the Carabineros and
1890-593: The 3rd Carabiniers (Prince of Wales's Dragoon Guards) until 1971, when it was amalgamated with the Royal Scots Greys. Accordingly, no regiment bears the title today, although the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards are sub-titled "Carabiniers and Greys". Italy has a famous force of carabiniers, a gendarmerie known by the Italian name Carabinieri . Chile also has a force of gendarme carabiniers, the Carabineros de Chile , and
1995-660: The Army of Africa in August 1936 were executed in Badajoz . Certain units of the People's Republican Army were entirely made up of Carabineros , such as the 65th , 85th , 87th , 152nd , 179th , 211th , 222nd and 228th mixed brigades . The 3rd —the Tercera Brigada Mixta mentioned in the Si me quieres escribir song— and 5th were among the most distinguished mixed brigades of
2100-531: The Assault Guards to fight in the first crucial battles of the war. In mid-1936 there had been a total of about 16,096 men in the corps: 3 generals, 770 officers, 1,169 sub-officers and 14,154 Carabineros . Approximately a third were in the territories that fell to the rebel side (about 5–6,000 men) after the coup and the two-thirds that were in the areas controlled by the Republic (about 10,000) remained loyal to
2205-658: The Battle of Mactan . Antonio Pigafetta , the expedition's chronicler and one of only 18 original crew members to survive Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe, recorded all details of the voyage. Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in Umatac in 1565 and claimed the island of Guam for Spain, before proceeding to the Philippines, where, in a short period of time, they successfully incorporated into Spain's empire Cebu , Samar , Mazaua, Leyte , and Bohol , before conquering Manila . Later (in 1569), Miguel López de Legazpi transferred
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#17328523706472310-776: The Boer Wars , and the First World War, after which the Hampshire Yeomanry was re-roled as an Artillery Regiment and then amalgamated with the Hampshire Royal Horse Artillery to become the 95th (Hampshire Yeomanry) Field Brigade, Royal Artillery. The Saxon Carabiniers were formed after the reorganisation of the Royal Saxon Army in 1765, and survived in the Imperial German Army until 1918. The regiment
2415-589: The British occupation of Manila (1762–1764), Diego Silang was appointed by them as governor of Ilocos and after his assassination by fellow Filipinos, his wife Gabriela continued to lead the Ilocanos in the fight against Spanish rule. Resistance against Spanish rule was regional in character, based on ethnolinguistic groups. Hispanization did not spread to the mountainous center of northern Luzon (Except in Some areas), nor to
2520-638: The Grande Armée , included a unit of the Royal Guard designated as the Jäger Carabiniers Battalion . The Carabinieri corps was created by King Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy , with the aim of providing Piedmont with a police corps similar to the French Gendarmerie , which was both a combat regiment and a mounted military police force. After French soldiers had occupied Turin at the end of
2625-701: The Insulares , which resulted in the political unrests of 1872, notably the 1872 Cavite mutiny and the Gomburza executions. The pueblo or town was headed by the Gobernadorcillo or little governor. Among his administrative duties were the preparation of the tribute list ( padron ), recruitment and distribution of men for draft labor, communal public work and military conscription (quinto), postal clerk and judge in minor civil suits. He intervened in all administrative cases pertaining to his town: lands, justice, finance and
2730-614: The Italian Campaign . The Natal Carbineers saw service in a counter-insurgency capacity in northern Namibia ( South West Africa ) for three months from August 1976, and thereafter in numerous modular deployments over the next decade until 1989. The Bushveldt Carbineers (BVC) were a short-lived, multinational mounted infantry regiment of the British Army, raised in South Africa during the Second Boer War. The 320-strong regiment
2835-733: The King of Spain , via his Council of the Indies ( Consejo de las Indias ), governed through his representative in the Philippines, the Governor-General of the Philippines ( Gobernador y Capitán General ). With the seat of power in Intramuros, Manila , the Governor-General was given several duties: head of the supreme court, the Royal Audiencia of Manila ; Commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and
2940-492: The Napoleonic wars , including in the Battle of Austerlitz , Battle of Friedland , Battle of Wagram , Battle of Borodino (commanded by General of Brigade Defrance ), Battle of Leipzig , Battle of Laon , and Battle of Waterloo . The Carabiniers were restored as a single régiment de Monsieur after the second Bourbon restoration. By 1814, there were two regiments of Carabiniers with their distinctive style of helmet, which
3045-553: The National Police of Colombia has mobile road-based units called Mobile Carabinier Squadrons . The Belgian Land Component includes a Regiment des Carabiniers , which saw service against the German invaders in August 1914 still dressed in its 19th century uniform complete with a form of top hat . The Spanish Army formerly maintained a corps of Carabineros who served as frontier guards. This force was, however, disbanded following
3150-865: The Philippine Islands , the Mariana Islands , and the Caroline Islands . It was founded in 1565 with the first permanent Spanish forts. For centuries, all the administrative, political and economic aspects of the Captaincy General were administered in Mexico City by the Viceroyalty of New Spain for the Spanish Crown . However, in 1821, following the independence of the Mexican Empire , all control
3255-808: The Portuguese . The danger of another attack led the Spaniards to remove their camp from Cebu to Panay , which they considered a safer place. Legazpi himself, in his report to the Viceroy in New Spain (dated 1 July 1569), mentioned the same reason for the relocation of Spaniards to Panay. It was in Panay that the conquest of Luzon was planned, and launched on 8 May 1570. Two of Lepazpi's lieutenant-commanders, Martín de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo , conquered Luzon 's northern region. Several Pacific islands were claimed by Spain during
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3360-402: The San Lorenzo de El Escorial Carabinier' Orphans School ( Colegio de Huérfanos de Carabineros de San Lorenzo del Escorial ). In 1929, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the corps, a monument was built in recognition of the Carabineros , at San Lorenzo del Escorial. In addition the Great Cross of the Civil Order of Beneficence ( Gran Cruz de la Orden Civil de Beneficencia )
3465-401: The Solidaridad in Madrid with the help of Julio Llorente , its first Worshipful Master. A short time later, the Solidaridad grew, and some of its members included José Rizal , Pedro Serrano Laktaw , Baldomero Roxas , and Galicano Apacible . In 1891, Del Pilar sent Laktaw to the Philippines to establish a Masonic lodge. Laktaw established the Nilad on 6 January 1892, the first lodge in
3570-431: The Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 and replaced by units of the Civil Guard . The use of carabinier to refer to infantry troops comes from the French light infantry battalions of 1794, where it denoted troops of the elite company known as grenadiers in line infantry . Other infantry units with the title of carabiniers included: Although the Spanish Crown was the first to raise carbine armed cavalry regiments,
3675-491: The Spanish Dictatorship terminated the Cuerpo de Carabineros , transferring its remaining personnel and assets to the Guardia Civil . Article number 4 of the aforementioned law stated: The present Inspectorate-General of the Carabineros is herewith removed. Its activities and functions will be taken over by a single section of the Directorate-General of the Civil Guard and all powers will be transferred to its General Director. The personnel of this corps will be assigned to
3780-459: The battle of Neerwinden in 1693 commanded by Prince de Conti . Although their original role was that of a mounted police similar to the Gendarmes , as combat troops they first took the form of separate companies within each cavalry regiments on 29 October 1691 under Louis XIV . Only later was an independent regiment or cavalerie de reserve established in 1693 under the command of Duc du Maine . However at that time all French cavalry other than
3885-406: The conquista period was the encomienda system, which resembled the feudal system in medieval Europe. The conquistadores, friars and native nobles were granted estates, in exchange for their services to the King, and were given the privilege to collect tribute from its inhabitants. In return, the person granted the encomienda , known as an encomendero , was tasked to provide military protection to
3990-472: The extensive governmental reforms during the early Bourbon period throughout the overseas possessions, an Intendencia was established in Manila by Royal Decree of 17 July 1784 that handled issues regarding the government finances and to promote the economy. Ciriaco González Carbajal was appointed as Oidor of the Audiencia of Manila and was instructed to abide by the Royal Ordinance of Mayors of 1782, that had been enacted in Rio de la Plata . Carbajal proposed
4095-511: The 16th century, including the Caroline Islands by Toribio Alonso de Salazar in 1526, Palau by Ruy López de Villalobos in 1543, Bonin Islands by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543, New Guinea by Yñigo Ortiz de Retez in 1545, Solomon Islands by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa in 1568, New Hebrides by Pedro Fernandes de Queirós in 1606, and Marquesas Islands by Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira in 1595, although Spain did not make any serious attempt to establish permanent settlements in them until
4200-402: The 18th century and later abandoned it to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Savoy , the corps of Carabinieri Reali (Royal Carabiniers) was instituted under the Regie Patenti (Royal Patents) of July 13, 1814 within the Kingdom of Sardinia Guard. The Carabiniers of the Kingdom of Naples were a cavalry regiment formed in the early 1820s. Originating from the 1st and 2nd Royal Natal Carabiniers ,
4305-415: The 18th century. In 1574, the Captaincy General of the Philippines was created as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . In 1584, the Real Audiencia of Manila was established by King Felipe II, who appointed as its president the same governor of the Captaincy General of the Philippines. The Captaincy General had its capital in Cebu from 1565 to 1595, and in Manila from 1595 until 1898. As part of
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4410-407: The Carabiniers form part of the Ministry of the Interior. National Police of Colombia has mobile units called Mobile Carabinier Squadrons or Escuadrones Móviles de Carabineros in Spanish (EMCAR). These are specialised units of the Colombian National Police, part of its Directorate of Carabineers and Rural Security (Dirección de Carabineros y Seguridad Rural) The mission of these mobile squadrons
4515-401: The Carabiniers' School ( Escuela de Carabineros , currently located in Providencia ) was created. On April 27, 1927, President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo merged the Fiscal Police ( Policía Fiscal ), the Rural Police ( Policia Rural ), and the Cuerpo de Carabineros into the Carabiniers of Chile, one unified institution under the direction of the national government. The organization still carries
4620-413: The Corps was enlarged to five brigades of thirty squadrons, but was reduced to two regiments in 1788. However, the events of the French Revolution affected all of the French Army and the cavalry Arm in particular, and the carabiniers were reduced to two regiments of four squadrons each, later serving in the Army of the Rhine . The regiments retained their distinctive bearskin headwear until 1810 when it
4725-439: The First World War. Known in the British Army as "The Carbs", the regiment survived as the 3rd Carabiniers (Prince of Wales's Dragoon Guards) until 1971 when it was amalgamated with the Royal Scots Greys during the Palace of Holyrood House parade in July 1971. In attendance was Her Majesty The Queen, who is the regimental Colonel-in-Chief. At the same time the role of the regiment changed from cavalry to mechanised infantry . As
4830-404: The Ministry of National Defence and were considered an extension of the Bolivian Army. Responsibility for the force subsequently was transferred to the Ministry of the Interior, although the Carabineros remain a force under military discipline and are available as a reserve for the army. Today, the 5,000-member paramilitary National Guard (Guardia Nacional), a branch of the Bolivian National Police,
4935-405: The Napoleonic Wars by renaming the Skånska Kavalleriregemente and numbered eight squadrons of about 1,000 officers and troopers organised in two battalions serving in the 4th Swedish Division of the Walmoden Corps for the 1813-1814 campaign. The regiment was renamed into the Skånska Hussars by 1914. The short-lived Westphalian army of 1807–14 created by Napoleon as an allied force for service with
5040-413: The Pacific Ocean were sold to Germany during the German-Spanish Treaty of 1899. Manila was the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade . Manila galleons were constructed in Bicol and Cavite . Trade between Spain and the Philippines was via the Pacific Ocean to Mexico ( Manila to Acapulco ), and then across the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean to Spain ( Veracruz to Cádiz ). Manila became
5145-413: The Philippines The Captaincy General of the Philippines was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire in Southeast Asia governed by a governor-general as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City until Mexican independence when it was transferred directly to Madrid . The Captaincy General formed part the Spanish East Indies , which included among others
5250-433: The Philippines earned its income through the trade of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon. To Spain, the galleon trade was the link that bound the Philippines to her. While the trade did bring some results which were beneficial to the Philippines, most effects were disadvantageous. However, the trade did result in cultural and commercial exchanges between Asia and the Americas that led to the introduction of new crops and animals to
5355-399: The Philippines such as tomatoes, avocado , guava , papaya , pineapple , and horses. These gave the colony its first real income. The trade lasted for over two hundred years, and ceased in 1815 just before the secession of American colonies from Spain. José de Basco y Vargas, following a royal order to form a society of intellectuals who can produce new, useful ideas, formally established
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#17328523706475460-401: The Police School (Escuela de Policía), later renamed the National Police Academy (Academia Nacional de Policías). The carabineers constituted a post-Chaco War merger of the Military Police, the Gendarmerie Corps (Cuerpo de Gendarmería), the paramilitary Security Police (Policía de Seguridad), and the army's Carabineer Regiment (Regimiento de Carabineros). Prior to 1952 the Carabineros came under
5565-424: The South African Carabiniers served during the Boer Wars as mounted infantry , and infantry during the First World War's South-West Africa campaign , and later as the 1st Royal Natal Carbineers in the Second World War, notably participating with the 8th Army at the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942 as part of the Commonwealth Union Defence Force contingent's 1st South African Division and later in
5670-432: The Spanish Army below. In 1690, one company of carabiniers was maintained in each regiment of the French army's cavalry. Their duties were analogous to those of grenadiers in infantry regiments: scouting , detached work, and, in general, all duties requiring special activity and address. They fought mounted and dismounted alike, and even took part in siege warfare in the trenches. The French carabiniers were mentioned at
5775-490: The Spanish Army is not known for its cavalry carabiniers. The la Brigada de Carabineros Reales , though dressed as hussars , did however participate in several of Spain's wars, including the Peninsular War against Napoleon (part of the Napoleonic Wars), where they distinguished themselves at Sepúlveda (28 November 1808), along with the Alcántara and Montesa cavalry regiments, against Lasalle's French 10th Chasseurs à cheval and 9th Dragoons. One notable officer serving with
5880-461: The Spanish Republic ( Reconocimiento de derechos y servicios prestados a quienes durante la Guerra Civil formaron parte de las Fuerzas Armadas, Fuerzas de Orden Público y Cuerpo de Carabineros de la República ). This law gave back to the surviving members of the corps some of the rights and recognition of which they had been deprived in 1940. Carabiniers Historically, carabiniers were generally (but not always) horse soldiers . The carbine
5985-417: The Spanish Republic the Carabineros were subordinated to the Finance Department of the Home Ministry, and consisted of customs and excise officials numbering some 15,000 by the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39. They remained an armed force subject to military discipline. About 8,750 carabineros remained loyal to the Republican Government, providing a core of trained manpower for the Republican forces. After
6090-421: The Spanish Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country, after the model of the Royal Basque Society . Composed of leading men in local and foreign scholarships and training grants in agriculture and established an academy of design. It was also credited to the carabao ban of 1782, the formation of the silversmiths and gold beaters guild and the construction of the first paper mill in the Philippines in 1825. It
6195-522: The Spanish and their Filipino allies by 1597. In many areas, the Authorities left indigenous groups to administer their own affairs but under Spanish overlordship. From its inception, the Captaincy General of the Philippines was governed from Mexico City as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . However, following Mexican independence in 1821, the Philippines and other Spanish Pacific islands were ruled directly from Madrid . The loss of supply routes and trading posts via Mexico presented logistical issues to
6300-400: The Spanish government in Madrid, isolating the Philippines and rendering them more difficult to govern efficiently. The Resistance against Spain did not immediately cease upon the conquest of the Austronesian cities. After Rajah Patis of Cebu , some indigenous Filipino nobles resisted Spanish rule. Throughout their rule, Madrid and the government in Manila had faced numerous revolts across
6405-503: The Spanish headquarters from Cebu to Panay , where they found allies, who were never conquered by Spain but were accomplished as vassals by means of pacts, peace treaties, and reciprocal alliances. On 5 June 1569, Guido de Lavezaris , the royal treasurer in the archipelago, wrote to Philip II reporting about the Portuguese attack on Cebu in the preceding autumn. A letter from another official, Andres de Mirandaola (dated three days later, on 8 June), also described briefly this encounter with
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#17328523706476510-414: The army), which gained some prestige in his wars. In 1810, French Carabiniers were equipped like cuirassiers , with helmets and cuirasses (though these were of brass and brass-skinned iron), and they were no longer issued carbines . The French army has no carabinier regiments today. The British army raised regiments of carabiniers in the late 17th century. The descendants of one such regiment survived as
6615-428: The brigade was Carlos María de Alvear . The regiment, along with the cavalry of the Spanish Royal Guard , was reformed at Valladolid by General Gregorio García de la Cuesta by which time they were numbered scarcely more than a squadron, and were given the pick of some 5,000 volunteers. They later participated in the Carlist Wars , notably at Bilbao. See also the separate section on the frontier guard Carabineros of
6720-426: The corps included José Olaguer Feliú (1923–1927), José María Galán and Gonzalo Queipo de Llano (1934–1936). The Carabineros Corps was established as the 'Royal Carabinier Corps of the Coasts and Borders' ( Real Cuerpo de Carabineros de Costas y Fronteras ) by a royal decree issued by King Fernando VII on 9 March 1829. It was led by Field Marshal José Ramón Rodil at the time that Luis López Ballesteros
6825-518: The corps; reducing the daily working hours to twelve. He also achieved the expansion and improvement of the Carabinier Corps' Schools ( Colegios del Cuerpo de Carabineros ), where recruits were trained. General Olaguer Feliu was responsible for the construction of new quarters and repairing the existing ones; for the founding of schools for the sons and daughters of the Carabineros in certain locations. Finally José Olaguer Feliú provided better schooling and conditions for orphans of Carabineros at
6930-460: The country was laid with the promulgation of the Maura Law on 19 May 1893. Named after its author, Don Antonio Maura , the Spanish Minister of Colonies at the time, the law reorganized town governments in the Philippines with the aim of making them more effective and autonomous. This law created the municipal organization that was later adopted, revised, and further strengthened by the American and Filipino governments that succeeded Spanish. Until
7035-400: The country, most of which they had successfully quelled while others were won through agreements with the leaders of the revolts themselves. The Spanish–Moro conflict lasted for several hundred years. In the last quarter of the 19th century, Spain conquered portions of Mindanao and Jolo , and the Moro Muslims in the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized Spanish sovereignty. During
7140-487: The death of both institutions: The Royal Philippine Company in 1814 and the Galleon trade in 1815. The first vessel of the Royal Philippine Company to set sail was the "Nuestra Señora de los Placeres" commanded by the captain Juan Antonio Zabaleta. Also there was the bandalâ (from the Tagalog word mandalâ , a round stack of rice stalks to be threshed), an annual forced sale and requisitioning of goods such as rice. Custom duties and income tax were also collected. By 1884,
7245-419: The domain of their former commander. The Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army . The regiment was descended from the Ninth Horse regiment , raised in response to the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion in 1685, the first year of the reign of King James II . Colonelcy of the Ninth Horse was given to Richard, 2nd Viscount Lumley of Waterford . In accordance with tradition of
7350-410: The economic planner of the country. All executive power of the local government stemmed from him and as regal patron , he had the authority to supervise mission work and oversee ecclesiastical appointments. His yearly salary was 40,000 pesos. The Governor-General was commonly a peninsular Spaniard , a Spaniard born in Spain, to ensure loyalty of the colony to the crown. On the local level, heading
7455-413: The established government. As a professional force of generally proven loyalty to the Republic, the carabineros formed an elite unit, which was integrated into the mixed brigades of the Republican Army. The Carabinier corps was increased in strength to 40,000 men. The initiative for this restructuring was taken by the then Finance Minister Juan Negrín . Numbers of loyalist carabineros taken prisoner by
7560-585: The establishment of more Intendencias in Ilocos , Camarines , Iloilo and Cebu , and although they were created on 24 November 1786, they were later abolished by the Royal Decree of 20 November 1787. A month earlier, on 23 October, the Intendencia of Manila had been attached to the Captaincy General of the Philippines. Until 1822, all General Captains were civilians, but after that year they were always chosen among
7665-573: The forced labor was called "polistas". He could be exempted by paying the "falla" which is a sum of money. The polista were according to law, to be given a daily rice ration during their working days which they often did not receive. Spanish rule of the Philippines was constantly threatened by indigenous rebellions and invasions from the Dutch , Chinese , Japanese and British . The previously dominant groups resisted Spanish rule, refusing to pay Spanish taxes and rejecting Spanish excesses. All were defeated by
7770-579: The gendarmes were called light cavalry, and their first name was Corps royal des carabiniers , organised by brigading of four squadrons commanded by a lieutenant-colonel. The Corps was enlarged to ten squadrons by the start of the Seven Years' War . Their depot was in Strasbourg , where it remained for a century. On 13 May 1758, the Corps was renamed Royal carabiniers de monsieur le Comte de Provence . By 1762,
7875-532: The inhabitants, justice and governance. In times of war, the encomendero was duty bound to provide soldiers for the King, in particular, for the complete defense of the colony from potential invasions of outside powers such as the Dutch , British and Chinese . The encomienda system was abused by encomenderos and by 1700 was largely replaced by administrative provinces, each headed by an alcalde mayor (provincial governor). The most prominent feature of Spanish cities
7980-828: The inland communities of Mindanao. Freemasonry had gained a substantial following in Europe and the Americas during the 19th century and found its way to the Philippines. The Western World was quickly changing, and sought less political control from the Catholic Church . The first Filipino Masonic lodge was Revolución . It was established by Graciano López Jaena in Barcelona and was recognized in April 1889. It did not last long after he resigned from being its Worshipful Master on 29 November 1889. In December 1889, Marcelo H. del Pilar established
8085-709: The islands. It is estimated that by 1893, there were 35 Masonic lodges in the Philippines, of which nine were in Manila. The first Filipina Freemason was Rosario Villaruel . Rizal's sisters Trinidad and Josefa, Marina Dizon , Romualda Lanuza , Purificación Leyva , and many other women join the Masonic movement. Freemasonry was important during the Philippine Revolution , as it pushed the reform movement and carried out propaganda work. Many of those who supported outright revolution were Freemasons like Andrés Bonifacio . In fact,
8190-631: The loyalist army and saw action in most of the main battles of the civil war, including the Jarama , Brunete and the Teruel battles. Following the Francoist victory in 1939 the Carabineros Corps was disbanded. This measure was taken by the new regime as a reprisal for the majority of the carabinier units having remained loyal to the Republic during the rising of 1936. A law was passed on 15 March 1940 by which
8295-437: The military. Throughout the second half of the 19th century, there were established many dependent local government offices and military settlements, very numerous due to a large number of islands and the extent of the districts. The Spanish quickly organized their new colony according to their model. The first task was the reduction, or relocation of indigenous Filipinos into settlements. The earliest political system used during
8400-455: The municipal police. His annual salary, however, was only P24 but he was exempted from taxation. Any native or Chinese mestizo, 25 years old, proficient in oral or written Spanish and has been a cabeza de barangay of 4 years can be a gobernadorcillo . Any member of the Principalía , who speaks or who has knowledge of the Spanish language and has been a Cabeza de Barangay of 4 years can be
8505-602: The name given to it by Ibáñez, who became the Carabiniers' first Director General . In 1973, the Carabiniers, headed by General Cesar Mendoza Duran, later appointed Director General, joined the Chilean coup of 1973 under the leadership of the Army, Navy and Air Forces leaders, that overthrew President Salvador Allende . As such, the Carabiniers' commander was a formal member of the Military Government Junta (1973–1990). Today
8610-442: The pacified provinces ( alcaldías ), was the provincial governor ( alcalde mayor ). The unpacified military zones ( corregimiento ), such as Mariveles and Mindoro , were headed by the corregidores . City governments ( ayuntamientos ), were also headed by an alcalde mayor . Alcaldes mayores and corregidores exercised multiple prerogatives as judge, inspector of encomiendas , chief of police, tribute collector, capitan-general of
8715-513: The province, and even vice-regal patron. Their annual salary ranged from P300 to P2000 before 1847 and P1500 to P1600 after 1847. This could be augmented through the special privilege of " indulto de commercio " where all people were forced to do business with him. The alcalde mayor was usually an Insular (Spaniard born in the Philippines). In the 19th century, the Peninsulares began to displace
8820-535: The regiment briefly became known as The Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards) again before being amalgamated in 1922. Although the regiment's first battle honour is for the Battle of Blenheim , it did not take a notable part in any major battle of the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars, but did serve in the Crimean War . The regiment also served in the Boer Wars , although by far most of its battle honours come from
8925-503: The remainder into cuirassiers. The carabiniers did return to the Russian cavalry after 1803 as the four select marksmen called flankers in each platoon armed with carbines in all cavalry regiments for the first part of Napoleonic wars, before being reinvented as infantry regiments in Nicolas I time. Swedish Kungliga Skånska Karabinierregementet ("Cavallerie de Scanie") were created in 1791 before
9030-470: The second half of the 18th century, there were 24 provinces, 19 alcaldías mayores and five corregimientos : Until the second half of the 19th century, there existed the administrative units: Spanish rule in the Philippines ceased in 1898 after the war with the United States, which annexed most territories, although the administrative jurisdictions remained intact. Most of the remaining territories in
9135-441: The term carabinier evolved to sometimes denote gendarmes and border guards . Today, the term is used by some countries in military , law enforcement , and gendarmerie roles. Carabiniers differed from army to army and over time, but typically were medium cavalry, similar in armament and tactical role to dragoons . Napoleon inherited two French carabinier regiments of heavy cavalry (the two most senior cavalry regiments in
9240-535: The time, the regiment became known as Lord Lumley's Horse . In 1691, during King William's Irish Campaign, the regiment distinguished itself, as a result of which it was posted to London and renamed The King's Carabiniers. However, in 1741 the regiment became known as the 3rd Regiment of Horse, and in 1756 became the 3rd Horse. Through the Napoleonic Wars period the regiment was called the 6th Dragoon Guards, becoming 3rd Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers) in 1826. In 1920,
9345-412: The tribute was replaced by the cedula personal , wherein everyone over 18 were required to pay for personal identification. The local gobernadorcillos were responsible for collection of the tribute. Under the cedula system taxpayers were individually responsible to Spanish authorities for payment of the tax, and were subject to summary arrest for failure to show a cedula receipt. Aside from paying
9450-527: The various services that will be defined by this law as exclusive to the Guardia Civil corps in the way that will be determined by its General Director according to the abilities and conditions of its personnel. Nine years after the end of Franco's dictatorship the Spanish Law 37/1984 of 22 October 1984 recognized the rights and services of those who had been part of the Armed Forces, Police and Carabiniers of
9555-567: The war the victorious Nationalist Government disbanded the Carabineros and replaced them for frontier duties with units of the Civil Guard . Carabineros de Chile are the uniformed Chilean national military police force The first policing organization with the name "Carabiniers" was the Corps of Carabiniers, in Spanish Cuerpo de Carabineros , formed in 1903 to bring law and order to the historic Araucanía region of Southern Chile. In 1908
9660-521: Was Minister of Finance. Shortly thereafter, in 1833, the corps was renamed as 'Carabiniers of the Royal Finance' ( Carabineros de la Real Hacienda ). Placed under the Finance Ministry they went through a period of gradual neglect and by 1842 the Carabineros were almost dysfunctional as a corps. Field Marshal Martín José de Iriarte was then entrusted with their reorganization. Thus the corps
9765-536: Was awarded collectively to the members of the corps by King Alfonso XIII for deeds and services rendered by the Carabineros in fighting fires, floods and the rescuing of shipwrecked persons. The Cuerpo de Carabineros de Seguridad Pública was established by the Captaincy General of the Philippines in 1842 to serve as the police force in the Spanish East Indies . Its role was eventually assumed by
9870-558: Was considered a more appropriate firearm for a horseman than a full-length musket, since it was shorter in length, weighed less, and was easier to manipulate on horseback. Light infantry sometimes carried carbines because they are less encumbering when moving rapidly, especially through vegetation, but in most armies the tendency was to equip light infantry with longer-range weapons such as rifles rather than shorter-range weapons such as carbines. In Italy and Spain, carbines were considered suitable equipment for soldiers with policing roles, so
9975-615: Was formed in February 1901 and commanded by an Australian, Colonel R. W. Lenehan. It was based at Pietersburg, 180 miles north of Pretoria, and saw action in the Spelonken region of the Northern Transvaal during 1901-1902. About forty percent of the men in the BVC were Australians, and the regiment also included about forty surrendered Boers who had been recruited from the internment camps. The unit
10080-583: Was introduced in 1780, vanished temporarily in 1787–1819, 1820–1822 and 1875–1822, and ceased to exist in the middle of the 1890s. On 10 March 1785, King Charles III of Spain confirmed the establishment of the Royal Philippine Company with a 25-year charter. After revocated the Royal Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas that had a monopoly on Venezuelan trade, the Basque -based company was granted
10185-588: Was known to have used lances in its pre-First World War service. The Dutch mounted karabiniers date back to 2nd (Heavy) Cavalry regiment raised in the 1680s, however they briefly ceased to exist during the period of the Batavian Republic . The Allied order of battle at the Battle of Waterloo included the Netherlands Cavalry Division (Divisie Cavalerie) commanded by Lieutenant-Generaal Jean Alphonse Baron de Collaert, which, in turn, included
10290-515: Was made infamous by the trial and execution of Harry 'Breaker' Morant and Peter Handcock , who were serving members of the unit at the time of their arrest and who were charged with alleged war crimes committed while they were in the unit. The Arma dei Carabinieri (literally Arm of Carabiniers or Arm of Carabineers ) was formerly called the Corpo dei Carabinieri as a branch of the Italian Army , but
10395-581: Was reformed and re-organised as the 'Carabinier Corps of the Kingdom' ( Cuerpo de Carabineros del Reino ) in order to replace the former ineffective and discredited body. At the time of the Restoration the Carabineros and the Guardia Civil , the other paramilitary Spanish corps, were placed under the War Ministry, "for a better organization and discipline", being given a military character by means of
10500-399: Was replaced by even more distinctive helmets with scarlet combs. They were also distinguished by Napoleon with a brass overlay on the iron cuirasses after suffering heavy casualties in the 1809 campaign , but were no longer equipped with carbines. The two Carabiniers regiments, brigaded together and as a part of General of Division Nansouty 's 1st Heavy Cavalry Division saw action during
10605-524: Was summarily disbanded and merged with the Guardia Civil . The motto of the Carabineros was: Moralidad, lealtad, valor y disciplina (Morality, Loyalty, Courage, and Discipline). They were stationed along all the Spanish land borders, in the maritime provinces and in Madrid . Their uniform was dark blue with red facings until the 1920s and thereafter greyish green . Among the notable commanders of
10710-583: Was temporarily adopted by the cuirassiers. The Carabiniers were present in Paris in June 1848 for the creation of the Republic, when nine regiments were brought in to maintain peace, the first time in 200 years that carabiniers were again serving as military police . From 1852 the Carabiniers were a part of the Army of the Second French Empire, but did not serve in the Crimean War . In 1870, they saw service again as
10815-496: Was the main source of income for the colony during its early years. Service was inaugurated in 1565 and continued into the early 19th century. The Galleon trade brought silver from New Spain, which was used to purchase Asian goods such as silk from China , spices from the Moluccas , lacquerware from Japan and Philippine cotton textiles. These goods were then exported to New Spain and ultimately Europe by way of Manila. Thus,
10920-405: Was the plaza, a central area for town activities such as the fiesta, and where government buildings, the church, a market area and other infrastructures were located. Residential areas lay around the plaza. During the conquista , the first task of colonization was the reduction, or relocation of the indigenous population into settlements surrounding the plaza. On the national level or social class,
11025-530: Was transferred to Madrid . It was succeeded by the short-lived First Philippine Republic following its independence through the Philippine Revolution . After a long, tolling voyage across the Pacific Ocean , Ferdinand Magellan reached the island of Guam on 6 March 1521 and anchored the three ships that were left of his fleet in Umatac Bay , before proceeding to the Philippines, where he met his death during
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