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46-535: Capena is located 26.2 kilometres (16.3 mi) north of Rome (as the crow flies), above the valley of the Tiber . The old quarter stands on a hill overlooking the valley of the Fosso di Morlupo to the west, while the modern district extends into the eastern plain. The neighbouring towns are Castelnuovo di Porto , Civitella San Paolo , Fiano Romano , Monterotondo , Morlupo and Rignano Flaminio . The original Capena occupied

92-478: A DOCG identification arose when the DOC designation was, in the view of many Italian food industries, given too liberally to different products. A new, more restrictive identification was then created as similar as possible to the previous one so that buyers could still recognize it, but qualitatively different. The three original DOCGs were Brunello di Montalcino , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , and Barolo , all approved by

138-533: A comparison between contemporary images and the scenes filmed around the Fontana di Porta Nuova in the 1952 movie Totò a colori . and more widely around Capena in the following year's musical film Saluti e Baci . The closest practicable motorway and rail links with Rome lie around 5 and 8 kilometres (3.1 and 5.0 mi) to the east, respectively, on opposites sides of the Tiber. Via Provinciale Capena Bivio (SP17a) connects

184-748: A football team, the Polisportiva Comunale Capena, which who plays in the second categoria level. Tiber The Tiber ( / ˈ t aɪ b ər / TY -bər ; Italian : Tevere [ˈteːvere] ; Latin : Tiberis ) is the third-longest river in Italy and the longest in Central Italy , rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing 406 km (252 mi) through Tuscany , Umbria , and Lazio , where it

230-485: A memory of an earlier, perhaps pre-Indo-European name for the river, "white" ( alba ) with sediment, or "from the mountains" from pre-Indo-European word "alba, albion" mount, elevated area. Tiberis/Tifernus may be a pre-Indo-European substrate word related to Aegean tifos "still water", Greek phytonym τύφη a kind of swamp and river bank weed ( Typha angustifolia ), Iberian hydronyms Tibilis , Tebro and Numidian Aquae Tibilitanae . Yet another etymology

276-616: A presidential decree in July 1980, followed by Barbaresco three months later. For wines produced in Bolzano, where German is an official language, DOCG may be written as Kontrollierte und garantierte Ursprungsbezeichnung . For wines produced in the Aosta Valley, where French is an official language, DOCG may be written as Dénomination d'origine contrôlée et garantie . In 2010–2011 many new DOCG classifications were created or elevated from DOC, in

322-401: A procession in the saint's honour, the blessing of animals and much smoking by residents of all ages, formerly of dried rosemary in pipes but nowadays of cigarettes, although attempts have been made to discourage this practice. On the eve of this festival local children carry the altar of Saint Anthony from house to house, singing a traditional refrain and collecting donations. The Procession of

368-514: A town of its size, both in the centre and on the outskirts. Pizza is the most commonly served dish but a few of the establishments specialise in the cuisines of other parts of Italy, such as Sardinia. Various local specialities are traditionally prepared for some of the feasts listed in the Events section below, including serpentone , pangiallo , lepericchio and sposatella . The locally produced bianco Capena ( denominazione di origine controllata )

414-464: A vibrant urban life and some degree of regional significance for longer than had previously been believed. The site of present-day Capena has been inhabited intermittently since prehistoric times and archaeological finds dating from the seventh century BC indicate that the inhabitants used a distinctive alphabet (now called the Capena-Leprignano alphabet by philologists) for inscriptions written in

460-436: A wine satisfy a defined quality standard and be produced within the specified region . Unlike IGT, the DOC definitions will usually specify additional more stringent rules regarding permitted grape varieties, harvest yields, minimum ageing including use of barrels, minimum alcohol content, and other factors. Wines labelled DOC or DOCG must be sold in bottles holding no more than 5 litres (170 US fl oz). Historically

506-595: Is a "slightly bitter wine that is straw yellow with a lightly fruity aroma." It is made with grapes from the Malvasia del Lazio , Trebbiano Toscano , Bellone and Bombino vines. All the main recurring events in Capena are ostensibly Roman Catholic religious celebrations. They include the following: The feast of Saint Anthony the Abbot , on the Sunday after 17 January, which consists of

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552-564: Is also a resident artist and her grandson Battista is a ceramicist who has recently led a project to install mosaic benches and sculptures at various locations around the old quarter. The Art Forum Würth Capena opened in 2006, on the Via della Buona Fortuna, which runs parallel with the E35 near the eastern end of the Via Provinciale Capena Bivio. Capena has a large number of restaurants for

598-561: Is an official language, kontrollierte Ursprungsbezeichnung , as well as in the Aosta Valley , where French is an official language, dénomination d'origine contrôlée . Denominazione di origine controllata e garantita is intended to be a superior classification to DOC, and is the highest classification in Italy. All DOCG wines from each producer are analysed and tasted by a government-licensed judgement panel before being bottled. Once approved,

644-461: Is based on a symbolic re-enactment of the story that Mary lost her Son and searched for him for three days before the pair were emotionally reunited. The feast of Saint Michael the Archangel , on 29 September, which had its origins in the celebration of farming and agricultural trade, and as a market for livestock. Harvest festival, on the first Sunday of October, which in Capena primarily celebrates

690-589: Is found in the Latin praenomen Tiberius . Also, Etruscan variants of this praenomen are in Thefarie (borrowed from Faliscan *Tiferios , lit. '(He) from the Tiber' < *Tiferis 'Tiber') and Teperie (via the Latin hydronym Tiber ). Legendary king Tiberinus , ninth in the king-list of Alba Longa , was said to have drowned in the River Albula, which was afterwards called Tiberis . The myth may have explained

736-466: Is from *dubri-, water, considered by Alessio as Sicel , whence the form Θύβρις later Tiberis. This root *dubri- is widespread in Western Europe e.g. Dover, Portus Dubris. According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 BC on the banks of the Tiber about 25 km (16 mi) from the sea at Ostia . Tiber Island , in the center of the river between Trastevere and the ancient city center,

782-587: Is joined by the River Aniene , to the Tyrrhenian Sea , between Ostia and Fiumicino . It drains a basin estimated at 17,375 km (6,709 sq mi). The river has achieved lasting fame as the main watercourse of the city of Rome , which was founded on its eastern banks. The river rises at Mount Fumaiolo in Central Italy and flows in a generally southerly direction past Perugia and Rome to meet

828-509: The Via Portuensis , to connect Rome with Fiumicino, leaving the city by Porta Portese (the port gate). Both ports were eventually abandoned due to silting. Several popes attempted to improve navigation on the Tiber in the 17th and 18th centuries, with extensive dredging continuing into the 19th century. Trade was boosted for a while, but by the 20th century, silting had resulted in the river only being navigable as far as Rome. The Tiber

874-470: The E35 Class-A road with Capena. The Lazio region has proclaimed Capena a città d'arte in recognition of its history and its many archaeological finds (most of which are now scattered to museums near and far). The town is home to a small community of artists, notably Rosina Wachtmeister , who has frequently depicted the old quarter – and particularly its cats – in her work. Wachtmeister's daughter Gabila

920-582: The Italian system of labelling and legally protecting Italian wine : The system was introduced in 1963 shortly after the Treaty of Rome established Italy as a founding member of the European Economic Community , and was modelled on the extant French appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) laws. It was overhauled in 1992 to match new European Union law on protected designation of origin , introducing

966-719: The Ponte Milvio and the Ponte Sant'Angelo ), or in whole ( Pons Fabricius ). In addition to bridges, the Metro trains use tunnels. Following the standard Roman depiction of rivers as powerfully built reclining male gods, the Tiber, also interpreted as a god named Tiberinus , is shown with streams of water flowing from his hair and beard. 41°44′26″N 12°14′00″E  /  41.7405°N 12.2334°E  / 41.7405; 12.2334 Denominazione di origine controllata The following four classifications of wine constitute

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1012-775: The Punic Wars of the third century BC, the harbour at Ostia became a key naval base. It later became Rome's most important port, where wheat , olive oil , and wine were imported from Rome's colonies around the Mediterranean. Wharves were also built along the riverside in Rome itself, lining the riverbanks around the Campus Martius area. The Romans connected the river with a sewer system (the Cloaca Maxima ) and with an underground network of tunnels and other channels, to bring its water into

1058-600: The grape harvest ( vendemmia ) and is accompanied by parades, floats, sideshows, carnival rides and vinous carousing. Luke the Evangelist , Capena's patron saint, is honoured on 18 October with the administration of the sacrament of confirmation and a solemn procession with the participation of the Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament. The feast of Saint Luke has been held here since the early 18th century. Capena has

1104-630: The DOC status has been used to classify other food products such as cheeses, olive oil and vinegar, but the denominazione di origine protetta (DOP) is now used instead. Since the 2008 EU reforms, both the DOC and DOCG wine classifications are protected in the EU as protected designation of origin (PDO), which in Italy generally is indicated in Italian: denominazione di origine protetta (DOP). They may however still be referred to as DOC/DOCG, or in Bolzano , where German

1150-560: The Dead Christ, on Good Friday , with participants wearing traditional black surplices and hoods and carrying the symbols of the Passion on silver plates in a procession. The feast of Saint Mark the Evangelist , on 25 April, at which the children of Capena traditionally receive their first communion. At the end of the religious ceremony, the participants proceed from the parish church to the little church dedicated to San Marco some distance from

1196-536: The EU protected geographical indication (PGI) designation, and many producers have switched to using the Italian translation, Indicazione geografica protetta (IGP). This classification is seen to be a higher quality wine than vino da tavola ('table wine'). The denominazione di origine controllata classification was created to be roughly equivalent to the French appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC). It requires that

1242-706: The Faliscan language. Continuous habitation began in the 11th century AD, when the Benedictine monastery of Saint Paul – now usually referred to as the Palazzo dei Monaci (Palace of the Monks) – was established on the tuff outcrop known as ‘la Rocca’ (the Rock). The main frontage of the palazzo faces the Piazza del Popolo, the largest public space in Capena. Originally simply called the ‘Piazza’,

1288-561: The Romans sometime around 390 BC, following a long campaign of resistance by the Capenates to the ever-growing influence of Rome in the area. In later republican times the city itself is hardly mentioned, but under the empire a municipium Capenatium foederatum is frequently mentioned in inscriptions. Of these several were found upon the Civitucola hill. The settlement continued to exist until

1334-520: The Tiber. People executed at the Gemonian stairs were thrown in the Tiber during the later part of the reign of the emperor Tiberius . This practice continued over the centuries. For example, the corpse of Pope Formosus was thrown into the Tiber after the infamous Cadaver Synod held in 897. In addition to the numerous modern bridges over the Tiber in Rome, there remain a few ancient bridges (now mostly pedestrian-only) that have survived in part (e.g.,

1380-532: The boundary between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna , so that the springs of the Tiber would lie in Romagna. The Tiber was critically important to Roman trade and commerce, as ships could reach as far as 100 km (60 mi) upriver; some evidence indicates that it was used to ship grain from the Val Teverina as long ago as the fifth century BC. It was later used to ship stone, timber, and foodstuffs to Rome. During

1426-477: The collapse of the Western Roman Empire , after which all traces of it were lost. It was not until the pioneering work of Pierluigi Galletti in the mid-18th century that Capena's former location was identified. Even then, it took more than a hundred years for other historians to reach a consensus that Galletti had been correct. Recent archaeological studies have revealed that ancient Capena may have retained

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1472-441: The end of the 19th century. The former monastery was subsequently used for municipal purposes and as a school until 1930, and was later subdivided and sold to individuals. Capena's population has grown rapidly in recent years, as a result of new residential developments on its outskirts. However, the centro storico (the old quarter in the west of the built-up area) has remained little changed in many decades, as can be observed from

1518-456: The middle of the city. Wealthy Romans had garden-parks or horti on the banks of the river in Rome through the first century BC. These may have been sold and developed about a century later. The heavy sedimentation of the river made maintaining Ostia difficult, prompting the emperors Claudius and Trajan to establish a new port on the Fiumicino in the first century AD. They built a new road,

1564-413: The more general denominazione di origine protetta (DOP) designation for foods and agricultural products, including wines. Further EU reforms to harmonise agricultural policy in 2008 meant that designations used in member states, and thus Italian designations, were registered with the EU by the end of 2011, with subsequent new denominations or elevations approved by the EU. Indicazione geografica tipica

1610-492: The plateau of a nowadays uninhabited hill called La Civitucola, which is about 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of a post station on the ancient Via Flaminia . Its territory was known in ancient times as the Ager Capenas , which was a Faliscan area adjacent (and culturally allied) to Etruria . It is frequently mentioned alongside of Veii , Falerii and Lucus Feroniae . Ancient Capena seems to have been ruthlessly sacked by

1656-517: The point where the river rises, inscribed QUI NASCE IL FIUME SACRO AI DESTINI DI ROMA ("Here is born the river / sacred to the destinies of Rome"). An eagle is on the top of the column, part of its fascist symbolism . The first miles of the Tiber run through Valtiberina before entering Umbria. The genesis of the name Tiber probably was pre-Latin, like the Roman name of Tibur (modern Tivoli ), and may be specifically Italic in origin. The same root

1702-558: The riverbanks are lined by boulevards known as lungoteveri , streets "along the Tiber". Because the river is identified with Rome, the terms "swimming the Tiber" or "crossing the Tiber" have come to be the shorthand term for converting to Roman Catholicism . A Catholic who converts to Protestantism, in particular Anglicanism, is referred to as "swimming the Thames " or "crossing the Thames". In ancient Rome, executed criminals were thrown into

1748-463: The rush to register them before the EU reform deadline. This has had the effect of potentially diluting the importance of the DOCG classification. Italian legislation additionally regulates the use of qualifying terms for wines. Classico ('classic') is reserved for wines produced in the region where a particular type of wine has been produced "traditionally". For Chianti Classico , this traditional region

1794-476: The sea at Ostia . Known in ancient times as Flavus (Latin for 'the Blond';), in reference to the yellowish colour of its water, the Tiber has advanced significantly at its mouth, by about 3 km (2 mi), since Roman times, leaving the ancient port of Ostia Antica 6 kilometres (4 miles) inland. However, it does not form a proportional delta , owing to a strong north-flowing sea current close to

1840-408: The shore, due to the steep shelving of the coast, and to slow tectonic subsidence . The source of the Tiber consists of two springs 10 m (33 ft) away from each other on Mount Fumaiolo . These springs are called Le Vene . The springs are in a beech forest 1,268 m (4,160 ft) above sea level . During the 1930s, Benito Mussolini had an antique marble Roman column built at

1886-602: The square was laid out in the 16th century, when its extant clock tower was erected on the north side. The surviving monastery complex dates primarily from the Renaissance era, with extensive modifications in 1851. Despite occasional popular uprisings, the entire village remained under monastic jurisdiction until the fall of the Papal States in 1870, when Leprignano (now Capena) broke away and became an independent municipality. The palazzo continued to be occupied by monks until

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1932-454: The village. The priest blesses the fields in the sacristy of the chapel, and also some special sweets made for the occasion known as lepericchio and sposatella . The festival of Our Lady of the Assumption (Santa Maria Assunta), which takes place on 13–15 August and is Capena's main annual event. The celebration takes a different form in Capena from that observed in most parts of Italy as it

1978-449: The wines are "guaranteed" with a numbered governmental seal across the cap or cork, to prevent later manipulation. Where the DOCG classification represents a refinement of an existing DOC wine, the rules for the DOCG wine usually require more stringent quality controls. These controls are usually some combination of a lower proportion of blending grapes, lower yields, higher minimum alcohol, longer ageing requirements, and so on. The need for

2024-546: Was created in 1992 to recognize the unusually high quality of the class of wines known as Super Tuscans , and to be broadly equivalent to the French vin de pays designation, official in Italy's Aosta Valley , where French is an official language. IGT wines are labelled with the locality of their creation, but do not meet the requirements of the stricter DOC or DOCG designations, which are generally intended to protect traditional wine formulations such as Chianti or Barolo . Since 2008 both IGT and vin de pays are equivalent to

2070-459: Was once known for its floods — the Campus Martius is a flood plain and would regularly flood to a depth of 2 m (6 ft 7 in). There were also numerous major floods; for example, on September 15, 1557 the river flooded to a height of 62 feet above sea level and over 1,000 people died. The river is now confined between high stone embankments, which were begun in 1876. Within the city,

2116-596: Was the site of an important ancient ford and was later bridged. Legend says Rome's founders, the twin brothers Romulus and Remus , were abandoned on its waters, where they were rescued by the she-wolf, Lupa. The river marked the boundary between the lands of the Etruscans to the west, the Sabines to the east and the Latins to the south. Benito Mussolini , born in Romagna , adjusted

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