Canzés (also written Canzees ) is a variety of Brianzöö (a Western Lombard dialect ) spoken in the commune of Canzo , Italy .
91-467: Canzés is spoken by approximately 2000 people in and near the town of Canzo . It is similar to common Brianzöö , and to varieties of Vallassina , of Como , of Lecco and of Monza , but it also shares similarities with Milanese because of historical ties with Milan . Its lexicon is partially shared with Brianzöö . In comparison with common Brianzöö , Canzés has a broader variety of stylistic registers, from peasant style to courtly style. Because Canzo
182-525: A chroneme , as in Italian and Karelian . In phonology, affricates tend to behave similarly to stops, taking part in phonological patterns that fricatives do not. Kehrein (2002) analyzes phonetic affricates as phonological stops. A sibilant or lateral (and presumably trilled) stop can be realized phonetically only as an affricate and so might be analyzed phonemically as a sibilant or lateral stop. In that analysis, affricates other than sibilants and laterals are
273-405: A stop and releases as a fricative , generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal ). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. English has two affricate phonemes, /t͜ʃ/ and /d͜ʒ/ , often spelled ch and j , respectively. The English sounds spelled "ch" and "j" ( broadly transcribed as [t͡ʃ] and [d͡ʒ] in
364-423: A superstratum , as did the languages of later Spanish, French and Austrian rulers. Contrasts exist between long and short vowels in stressed syllables, but in unstressed syllables the contrast is neutralized. Phonetically, it is evident, for example, the predominance of vowel /a/ or similar (written a ), instead of unstressed /e/ (written e ). In Canzés, instead of Milanese nasalization of vowel, there
455-460: A syllable boundary between the two segments, but not necessarily. In English, /ts/ and /dz/ ( nuts , nods ) are considered phonemically stop–fricative sequences. They often contain a morpheme boundary (for example, nuts = nut + s ). The English affricate phonemes /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/ do not contain morpheme boundaries. The phonemic distinction in English between the affricate /t͡ʃ/ and
546-428: A ), /e/ (written é ), /ɛ/ (written è ), /i/ (written i ), /o/ (written ó ), /ɔ/ (written ò ), /ø/ (written ö ) with /œ/ (written ö , sometimes ü when variant of /y/ ), /u/ (written u ) and normal /y/ (written ü ). Vowels /uː/ and /oː/ are inverted (for example: cóo , head; cuut , whetstone) as to many others Brianzöö and Milanese varieties. Syllables closed by /l/ and based on vowel
637-419: A , often change it with /ɔ/ (written ò ), that, like other rounded consonants also in other Western Lombard varieties, change to [u] when unstressed. Letter s before consonant is usually aspirated. There are many phenomena of assimilation or adaptation, caused by meeting of two words, especially in crashes of consonants. In the word culzùn , trousers, the adesinential plural, the use of /uŋ/ , not /õ/ ,
728-481: A Christian presence in Milan during apostolic times has been found. The conversion of rural areas came after that of the cities: missionaries were sent into the country where they founded religious colleges called pieve that supplied priests and deacons for the countryside. From the 3rd to the 5th centuries, Christianity was consolidated across Canzo. A church was dedicated to St. Stephen . Another product of this period
819-499: A fricative–stop contour may occur. This is the case in dialects of Scottish Gaelic that have velar frication [ˣ] where other dialects have pre-aspiration . For example, in the Harris dialect there is seachd [ʃaˣkʰ] 'seven' and ochd [ɔˣkʰ] 'eight' (or [ʃax͜kʰ] , [ɔx͜kʰ] ). Richard Wiese argues this is the case for word-initial fricative-plosive sequences in German, and coined
910-497: A i vècc la fà sunà la campana. -Vàr püssée un póo da fedascia che tüt al lègn da la barcascia. -Céent cóo, céent crap; céent cüü, düséent ciap. -O da castan o da nuus, ognidün gh'à la sua cruus. There are variants also within the borough, according to the social class and the zone, for influence in the first case from Milanese and from common Brianzöö , in the second case from the neighbouring villages. It can be said that every joint family has own dialect of Canzés because, until
1001-419: A language has only one type of affricate, it is usually a sibilant; this is the case in e.g. Arabic ( [d̠ʒ] ), most dialects of Spanish ( [t̠ʃ] ), and Thai ( [tɕ] ). Pirahã and Wari' have a dental stop with bilabial trilled release [t̪ʙ̥] . Although most affricates are homorganic , Navajo and Chiricahua Apache have a heterorganic alveolar-velar affricate [tx] . Wari' and Pirahã have
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#17328592711471092-629: A man who became a hero, Mornerin , whose name is preserved as the name of a street in the Old Town. Canzo became a centre of iron production for Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. Thereafter Canzo became an art centre known for its quality of life . In 1728 the construction of the baroque Parochial Basilica started, expanding an existing church. Its realistic wooden crucifix was praised by St. Charles Borromeo of Milan during his pastoral visit. The church displayed marble confessionals, three monumental marble statues by Elia Vincenzo Buzzi (an artist of
1183-527: A monument to them was built in Garibaldi square. Patriotism was strong just after the war. In 1924 veterans' club Gruppo Alpini Canzo was founded, serving as a major cultural, recreational and social feature. It is also involved in ministering to the natural environment. The autarky stimulated the creation of many urban vegetable gardens in Canzo. After Mussolini 's alliance with Hitler , Italy enacted race laws, but
1274-484: A non-sibilant, non-lateral affricate with a stop at the same place of articulation and with the same phonation and airstream mechanism, such as /t̪/ and /t̪θ/ or /k/ and /kx/ . In feature-based phonology , affricates are distinguished from stops by the feature [+delayed release]. Affrication (sometimes called affricatization ) is a sound change by which a consonant, usually a stop or fricative , changes into an affricate. Examples include: In rare instances,
1365-472: A phonetic mechanism for distinguishing stops at similar places of articulation (like more than one labial, coronal, or dorsal place). For example, Chipewyan has laminal dental [t̪͡θ] vs. apical alveolar [t] ; other languages may contrast velar [k] with palatal [c͡ç] and uvular [q͡χ] . Affricates may also be a strategy to increase the phonetic contrast between aspirated or ejective and tenuis consonants. According to Kehrein (2002) , no language contrasts
1456-475: A relatively drier season, while the other three seasons have a uniformly high humidity, with the exception of the dry month of July. Fog may appear for a few days a year. The most frequent winds are from the West. During the spring and autumn, southern winds are responsible for massive precipitation. During winter, winds from the north or east bring dry and cold days; sometimes their interaction with wet tepid masses from
1547-544: A taj perchè gh'ànn metüü céent ann a faj. -Se piööf al dì da l'Ascensa, per quaranta dì sèm minga sénza. -A San Bastian, la viöla in man. -Ambo laurà, tèrno sügütà. -Mèj un rat in buca a 'l gat che un cristian in man a l'aucat. -Gh'è tré qualità da dònn: i dònn, i dindònn e i dirlindònn. -La man ca la fà nà la cüna la tégn in pée 'l muunt. -La buca l'è minga straca sa la sà minga da vaca. -Chi mangia la gaìna di òltar, impégna la sua. -Chi sà 'l latin, lòda l'aqua e béef al vin. -La févar quartana, i giùin ja rissana,
1638-472: A toch; i tap, la bura, al bigèl e 'l sguasùn, la sügüür, la filipa, la folc e 'l resegun; la taca, 'l grup, i recàsc e la fassina, al caspi, la méda, purtaj sü in cassina; al tiir da corda, l'ua, 'l büsulott e i rampitt, al cürlu, i piantun, al cubiètt, i caenitt. Stimà un busch in pée, cercàn vün da tö, tra là e fa nà i legn dopu vej purtaa fö. Dìsan che i radìs ànn da sentì l'Ave Maria: forzi anca in quel gh'è un poo da magìa. -I pruèrbi végnan
1729-1074: A voiceless dental bilabially trilled affricate [t̪ʙ̥] (see #Trilled affricates ), Blackfoot has [ks] . Other heterorganic affricates are reported for Northern Sotho and other Bantu languages such as Phuthi , which has alveolar–labiodental affricates [tf] and [dv] , and Sesotho , which has bilabial–palatoalveolar affricates [pʃ] and [bʒ] . Djeoromitxi has [ps] and [bz] . The coronal and dorsal places of articulation attested as ejectives as well: [tθʼ, tsʼ, tɬʼ, tʃʼ, tɕʼ, tʂʼ, c𝼆ʼ, kxʼ, k𝼄ʼ, qχʼ] . Several Khoisan languages such as Taa are reported to have voiced ejective affricates, but these are actually pre -voiced: [dtsʼ, dtʃʼ] . Affricates are also commonly aspirated : [ɱp̪fʰ, tθʰ, tsʰ, tɬʰ, tʃʰ, tɕʰ, tʂʰ] , murmured : [ɱb̪vʱ, dðʱ, dzʱ, dɮʱ, dʒʱ, dʑʱ, dʐʱ] , and prenasalized : [ⁿdz, ⁿtsʰ, ᶯɖʐ, ᶯʈʂʰ] (as in Hmong ). Labialized , palatalized , velarized , and pharyngealized affricates are also common. Affricates may also have phonemic length, that is, affected by
1820-513: Is a comune (municipality) of the Italian province of Como . It is the last town north of the historical Brianza region of Lombardy , capital of the Lake Como Triangle community and a regional tourism destination. It has 5,192 citizens and an area of 11.8 square kilometres (4.6 sq mi), a density of 445 persons/km (1,100/sq mi). Its history began in the 5th century BC, when it
1911-490: Is a glacial lake fed by underground springs. Canzo hosts BIOFERA , one of the main organic farming events in Italy. According to a statistic of the major financial newspaper of Italy, Canzo is a leader place of hobbies and security and the 1st borough for social vitality in the Italian mountains . The first settlements were between Cornizzolo , Mount Raj and Segrino Lake . This site remained inhabited until
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#17328592711472002-506: Is a velar nasal (written n ) with abbreviation of the vowel. There are no geminate consonants in words, excepting half-geminate affricate (written z ), that never change to /s/ . The final consonants are always voiceless. Written v have a very weak sound, almost semivocalic. There are also vowel allophones as [ɪ] and [ʊ] , [æ] and [ɑ] (both written a ) and more open [y] (written ü , sometimes i when variant of /i/ ), in addition to basic Western Lombard vowels: /a/ (written
2093-450: Is a stream from the southern side of the Corni di Canzo , at about 1,000 m altitude, on the lower edge of Colma dei Corni, where glacial clay crops out from under a mantle of alluvial sediment. It flows down into the Old Town of Canzo. Its basin, lengthened in an east-west direction, is bounded by Cranno's crest, Colletta, Corni, Colma dei Corni (north), and by Maschèrpa and Mt. Prasanto (east). To
2184-733: Is in the northernmost zone of the Brianza , Canzés preserves lexical archaisms better than modern Milanese , and has changed less under the influence of Italian . In the Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland (AIS) of the Universities of Bern and Zurich (1928–1940) and in the Acoustic Vivarium of Italian Languages and Dialects (VivALDI) of the Humboldt University of Berlin (1998–2018) Canzo has been chosen as
2275-457: Is relatively warm and suitable for cultivation of grapevines. The rocks of Lake Segrino are calcareous , produced by the gradual solidification of an ancient seabed . Afterwards, with the continents' geological motion and with the push of Africa against the European plate, the rocks were raised into mountains. "Flutes" are signs of the channels of sediment flow that formed these rocks. Lake Segrino
2366-511: Is the indigenous green turtle . Myriophylla in the deeper water offer food for birds and a nesting site for perch, jackfish, rudd, savettas , tench, carp and eel. In late summer, myriophylla bloom on the surface. The shelter in the middle of the road offers a panoramic view of the lake's western part. This lake is one of the few habitats of the Lataste frog (protected by the EU and UN). The former presence of
2457-509: Is the reference variety for a study of the most archaic elements of the most prestigious variant of the Lombard language (see Milanese dialect ). The language descends from Latin with some influence from a Celtic substratum due to the original inhabitants of the region, the Insubres , Lambrani, Lepontii , and Orobi (local populations already merged with Gauls ). Langobardic made an impact as
2548-465: Is the term for a system of families, farms and possessions established from below, rather than a district established by a superior power. In the 14th century Canzo's history was dominated by the life of the Blessed Mir, a hermit and pilgrim recognized as a saint by the population of Canzo and by those he visited during his travels. He was born in Canzo, in the mountainous frazione of Segunt Alp, to
2639-660: The Americanist system, affricates may be transcribed with single letters. The affricate [t͜s] may be transcribed as ⟨c⟩ or ⟨¢⟩ ; [d͜z] as ⟨j⟩ , ⟨ƶ⟩ or (older) ⟨ʒ⟩ ; [t͜ʃ] as ⟨c⟩ or ⟨č⟩ ; [d͡ʒ] as ⟨ǰ⟩ , ⟨ǧ⟩ or (older) ⟨ǯ⟩ ; [t͜ɬ] as ⟨ƛ⟩ ; and [d͡ɮ] as ⟨λ⟩ . This also happens with phonemic transcription in IPA: [tʃ] and [dʒ] are sometimes transcribed with
2730-583: The Brianza region, pass Milan and reach the Po River . Elevations range from 360 to 1,371 m above sea level. Geographically, Canzo is roughly the centre of the Larian peninsula (or Lake Como Triangle). The land lies between the two ramifications of Lake Como. One leads to Como and one goes straight south and, within the boundaries of Lecco , transforms itself into the second part of the Adda River. The third side of
2821-571: The Cuntrada dal cuèrc (street of the porch); a fort, later occupied by the Spanish rulers in their first phase, was probably not far from the pretòri , in the street now known as Turèta (little tower street); another tower was on an elevated site looking toward Crann and the little valley in front of it. The coat of arms of Corte di Casale was similar to others of the zone (such as pieve Vallassina ), with diagonal white and red stripes, forming peaks with
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2912-495: The Duomo of Milan ), a triumphal arch and frescos representing the Trinity , St. Stephen and the four evangelists . It also had three portals, two pulpits, two sacristies, many marble balusters and several reliquary busts. In the 19th century it was enriched by its pipe organ (1828) provided by Serassi from Bergamo and by the mural pictures of David Beghè. On 21 April, the pope enlarged
3003-941: The IPA ), German and Italian z [t͡s] and Italian z [d͡z] are typical affricates, and sounds like these are fairly common in the world's languages, as are other affricates with similar sounds, such as those in Polish and Chinese . However, voiced affricates other than [d͡ʒ] are relatively uncommon. For several places of articulation they are not attested at all. Much less common are labiodental affricates, such as [p͡f] in German , Kinyarwanda and Izi , or velar affricates, such as [k͡x] in Tswana (written kg ) or in High Alemannic Swiss German dialects. Worldwide, relatively few languages have affricates in these positions even though
3094-497: The International Phonetic Alphabet by a combination of two letters, one for the stop element and the other for the fricative element. In order to show that these are parts of a single consonant, a tie bar is generally used. The tie bar appears most commonly above the two letters, but may be placed under them if it fits better there, or simply because it is more legible. Thus: or A less common notation indicates
3185-533: The Province of Milan to take quantities home with them. Villa Meda is composed of two neoclassical courtyards. St. Francis square features buildings from many architectural periods, particularly the Baroque church , the curt da Pinòla (a medieval poor courtyard), and the ramparts and arch of Villa Meda. The chapel of St. Stephen's church hosts relics and a Renaissance crucifix. The area has two war memorials. City Hall
3276-488: The 1950s, under the later names of Canza and Sitt di Budracch . The later Celtic and first Roman foundation were transferred to the valley under the Corni di Canzo (Canzo's Horns), formed by the course of the river Ravella. The ancient town was on the right side of this river. The oldest extant streets are: Lunaa (from a Celtic root meaning "swampland" was nearest to the river); Casargh (probably from Casearium , place for production of cheese and milk-derivatives)
3367-473: The Atlantic or Mediterranean creates the conditions for heavy snowfall. Foehn is a fall or winter wind that can provoke sudden higher temperature. The main local winds are: Breva dal Segrin (from the south), Breva da Caslin (from the west), Vent dal Sant Prim (from the north), and Ariasc di Alp (from the east). Summer is warm, with temperatures around 30 °C. Winters are cold on the whole, and by night
3458-463: The Corni group, comprising the Corni di Canzo (with the surrounding mountains) and the sub-group of Mount Barro and Mount Crocione (situated over the boundaries of the Larian peninsula). Other mountains are Mount Bollettone , Mount Moregallo , Pizzo dell'Asino, Mount Raj, Mount Boletto, Punta Tre Termini and Mount Broncino. The terrain is mainly composed of limestone strata, rich in caves and caverns,
3549-563: The Duchy of Milan became a possession of the Habsburgs . Canzo became part of "the empire where the sun never sets" (after the conquest of the Americas). The new rulers did little to improve the economy, instead imposing taxes to support their wars. Spanish soldiers had a base in Canzo. Three tales of rebellion against Spanish rule by Canzo's population have been handed down from this period. One tells about
3640-490: The IPA, are the remaining coronal affricates: Any of these notations can be used to distinguish an affricate from a sequence of a stop plus a fricative, which is contrastive in languages such as Polish. However, in languages where there is no such distinction, such as English or Turkish, a simple sequence of letters is commonly used, with no overt indication that they form an affricate. In other phonetic transcription systems, such as
3731-468: The absence of influent rivers and the advanced plant-based purification system installed on the northern side. The north end of the lake is marked by the Roman milestone , on which a two sided niche has been constructed, a memorial of the time (in the early 19th century, during the so-called Little Ice Age ) when a carter fell asleep and his oxen carried his wagon, loaded with stone, onto the ice-covered lake, but
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3822-497: The action of glaciers, parallel to the anticline and syncline folds forming the structure of the Lombard pre-Alps. The environment is completely wild as far as Gajum, and is made up of coppices ; the quality of its waters is demonstrated by the presence of stream trout , sometimes also visible under the town bridges in Canzo. The view of the river valley is dominated by the promontory named Cepp da l'Angua or Scalfìn dal diaul , in
3913-518: The approval of important innovations: laws for the protection of female and young workers, on work accidents, illness, old age, data collection/analysis and acceptance of cooperative societies. In 1915, Italy entered the World War I in alliance with France and Great Britain, reconquering the Italian territories of Trentino and Friuli, then occupied by the Austro-Hungarian empire. Many Canzeses died and
4004-452: The armies of France and Austria into a lengthy battle there in the late 15th and early 16th century. In this period Niccolò Pelliccione, the Canzese captain of a free company , fought under the sight of Francesco Sforza and Gian Giacomo Medici . In 1526 Canzo was the theatre of a clash between his company and the arquebusiers sent by Antonio de Leyva . After the decisive Battle of Pavia ,
4095-532: The artistic wave of the Renaissance was represented in Canzo by wood carver Giovanni da Canzo and his colleagues Giovanni Ambrogio da Longone, Cristoforo da Proserpio and Francesco Vignarca. They were employed in the construction of the pipe organ for the Duomo of Milan . Other wood artists of the former Squadra di Canzo were the Contis from Mariaga and Stefano de Bernardi from Caslino. The wealth of Lombardy attracted
4186-545: The beginning of the commune of Canzo. In Canzo the peripheral course of the River Lambro is an important source of irrigation for the Canzese plain frazione of Terra Rossa and for the Canzese part of Scarenna, extending to the edge of Caslino. In Canzo, as in many boroughs of Brianza, the word Lambar became a synonym of "river". Its clarity is proverbial. "Clear as Lambro " is a common saying. Its waters are relatively fresh and constant, compared with those of Ravella. Ravella
4277-683: The cemetery. Poets and writers like Alessandro Manzoni and Carlo Porta were inspired by this place during visits to their friends' villas . Canzo became one of the major sites of silk production in the Western world, led by the Marques Crivelli. Spinning mills belonging to the Gavazzi and especially the Verza families were central to this development. Entire families moved there from Brescia and Veneto as manpower for these factories, receiving an education in
4368-752: The circumflex accent but the redoubling of long vowels, or the redoubling of consonant for short vowels. The wide oral literature is composed by proverbs , poems , legends , prayers , that have histories of several centuries. An important role of Canzés and other local languages is in toponyms , often derived from Celtic words, and traditional gentilics . There are some examples of written and oral literature. Tiritera di piant , Festa di Nost 1993 I radìis, la bruchina, al töri, i föj, i broch, la gèma, 'l fiuur, la pel quan la lassa 'l sambiòch; vangàch in giir, desà, insidì e 'l so curtel, la casciada, al can, la brusaröla, un bel castel; al pedegagn, al cantìir, la manüela, 'l fioch, trepà la sciuca, sbrucà e trà
4459-507: The consent of the men of Canzo, who swore fidelity to the legitimate Archbishop, Giovanni Visconti and provided him a refuge after he was forced to flee by a pretender to his office. Thus Canzo became the seat of the Archbishop and his court for at least five years. Canzo's economy had been based on wool weaving, but under its vassalship to the Negronis family, nicknamed "Missaglia", it became
4550-419: The conservation of z and the mutation cal- > còl- > cul- can be seen. In the little written literature, almost totally poetry , bloomed in the 1970s basing on Brianzöö and Milanese literatures (born in the 13th century), it is used a simple orthography , adherent to the pronunciation and based on Italian and Milanese ones, using diaeresis , letter j for semivocalic i , not applying
4641-620: The corresponding stop consonants , [p] and [k] , are common or virtually universal. Also less common are alveolar affricates where the fricative release is lateral , such as the [t͡ɬ] sound found in Nahuatl and Navajo . Some other Athabaskan languages , such as Dene Suline , have unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective series of affricates whose release may be dental, alveolar, postalveolar, or lateral: [t̪͡θ] , [t̪͡θʰ] , [t̪͡θʼ] , [t͡s] , [t͡sʰ] , [t͡sʼ] , [t͡ʃ] , [t͡ʃʰ] , [t͡ʃʼ] , [t͡ɬ] , [t͡ɬʰ] , and [t͡ɬʼ] . Affricates are transcribed in
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#17328592711474732-459: The family of Paredis (meaning relatives ), probably a hybrid of Welsh with the local people who settled on Canzo's Horns and still widely present. After the death of his elderly parents, he was educated by an older hermit who lived in the frazione named Scarenna. In Canzo he served as a spiritual father and peacekeeper, living in the mountains near the springs of the River Ravella, where a church
4823-581: The frazione of Castelmarte , also called Ravella, it flows into the Lambro River. The springs of Gajum at 485 m are a source of quality drinking water, in the past bottled by a local cooperative. Their water is distributed freely to the local population from two fountains, one near to the source and one in Villa Meda. The springs have been a famous resort for excursionists since the 19th century. Tables and chairs were carved from rocks, built by early tourists. In
4914-704: The half of 20th century, every joint family was very united and isolated in the cuurt (the local kind of courtyard) world. Canzés, even if it has a consistent heritage of oral and written literature, besides high importance for the local identity, does not have an official recognition, so it is getting uncommon in young generations. Western Lombard has a general recognition, but none from State. UNESCO and Ethnologue consider Lombard language as union of Western Lombard, Eastern Lombard and intermediate varieties. Canzo Canzo ( Italian: [ˈkantso] ; Lombard : Canz , Lombard: [ˈkãː(t)s] ; locally : Lombard: [ˈkaːnts] )
5005-522: The ice did not break. The River Lambro rises in the mountains of the Mt. San Primo group, not far from Madonna del Ghisallo . The springs are karstic and their name Menaresta means "flows and stops". They rise from a particular stone siphon, situated underground in calcareous rock. Every eight minutes, as observed by Pliny the Elder , the water fills the siphon and then flows out, producing an intermittent stream for
5096-425: The laws of supply and demand and elaborate the system of modern revenue service, later adopted across the globe. He was a precursor of both Adam Smith and marginalism . Philosopher Beccaria published his theory about "punishment as reeducation", proposing the abolition of capital punishment . The linguistic work of Manzoni and the syndical/political work of Filippo Turati , born in Canzo in 1857, contributed to
5187-501: The moral unification of Italy that followed the 1861 political change. Many Canzese soldiers participated in the unification under the orders of Giuseppe Garibaldi . During the 1848 revolution against Austria, Duroni, a patriot from Canzo, was the first to hoist the Italian flag on the highest spire of the Duomo di Milano . In 1904, deputy Filippo Turati 's party's support in Parliament to Giovanni Giolitti 's Italian Government led to
5278-576: The most famous of which is the "Lead Hole" (Bus del Piomb, Buco del Piombo in Italian). A particular characteristic of this area is the presence of isolated erratic boulders , pushed down by glaciers that in prehistory occupied the Valmasino and Valmalenco valleys. Some were excavated by the primitive population to make tombs ("massi avelli"). Canzo lies on a boundary between three climatic typologies: continental climate of Brianza, alpine climate produced by
5369-507: The north side of Lake Como (where his mother was born). He died in Sorico , where another church was dedicated to him. He may have belonged to the newborn movement of St. Francis of Assisi . On 7 July 1414, Filippo Maria Visconti , duke of Milan, brought the former Corte di Casale under the temporal jurisdiction of the Archbishop , and it ceased to be an autonomous authority. This happened with
5460-561: The official source of iron for the Duchy of Milan 's army, enriching the town. Two schools were established. In this period the commune devised a coat of arms (which had previously used that of the Corte di Casale): a blue field (also found in Prina's coat of arms) with golden stars and hooves for iron transformation, shaped like beehives. While Leonardo da Vinci was painting The Last Supper in Milan ,
5551-531: The only linguistic tracing point of a very large area, including not only the entire macro-Brianza, but also the entire provinces of Como and Milan (except for the Bustocco-Legnanese linguistic island). Indeed, Canzo has characteristics of conservation and authenticity otherwise absent in this geographic area, historically much innovative. For this reason it can be said that Canzés dialect – while preserving, in some of its registers, peculiar local features –
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#17328592711475642-459: The plain of the River Ravella, in the areas known as Parisùn and Gerètt . New enterprises were opened, such as the Porroni stone carving company (which created the capitals for Como's Portici Plinio), and manufacturing industries, such as iron scissors. Canzo became Italy's centre of this kind of production together with the nearby village of Premana . Every street had at least one scissor maker. At
5733-738: The population of Canzo, like those of many other Italian cities, acted to protect their Jewish neighbors. Orlando Prina, official of the Alpini , served in the Greek campaign , then returned to Canzo after the armistice. He worked clandestinely in the Resistance against German occupation, in spite of the presence of two headquarters of SS corps. After the Nazi's retreat he organized the new Commune, providing for displaced persons (sfollati) bombed out of their homes. The Canzese welcomed those searching for refuge. A moral example
5824-445: The presence of mountains over 1,500 m, and Mediterranean climate of Lake Como. Rains are abundant, exceeding 2 m a year. The rainfall is caused by the Stau effect that occurs within depressions, causing strong southern winds and forcing air to rise along the slopes of mountains and to release its humidity as precipitation. During the winter precipitation often falls as snow. Winter is
5915-497: The release of the affricate with a superscript: This is derived from the IPA convention of indicating other releases with a superscript. However, this convention is more typically used for a fricated release that is too brief to be considered a true affricate. Though they are no longer standard IPA, ligatures are available in Unicode for the sibilant affricates, which remain in common use: Approved for Unicode in 2024, per request from
6006-577: The same time sensibility to nature grew. In particular, Lake Segrino was protected by ceasing an international water skiing competition, at the expense of immediate financial advantage. In the last quarter of the century Canzo became a centre for organic farming. In 1984 the first example of what would become the BIOFERA began . In 1987, the oldest of Italy's three major "organic festivals" launched. Historic buildings were restored, including St. Francis church, St. Mir's hermitage and Villa Meda. A new chapel
6097-488: The sea is revealed by fossils of radiolarians and ammonites . The Fons Sacer , or sacred spring, the main underground source of Lake Segrino's water, gave its name to the entire lake. In this part of the lake common toads nest, and grebes (or loons) swim with their joeys and nightingales sing. In the air are kestrels (or windhovers), hawks and buzzards and eagles. This lake is the clearest and least polluted lake in Europe, due to
6188-408: The shape and color of two horns. After the plain of Erba, Canzo is at the confluence of the two small valleys formed by Mount Barzaghino, Mount Scioscia and Mount Cornizzolo. The first is the site of Lake Segrino , formed by glacial movements. The second hosts the town of Caslino . An intermittent spring rises from the side of Corni di Canzo and flows into the river Lambro , whose waters flow south to
6279-402: The shape of an enormous heel, while on the right side you can see, although covered by vegetation, the terraces of the moraines, where Prim Alp , Segunt Alp and Terz Alp are built. A geological nature trail traces the valley, whose attractions are the green rocks ("massi erratici") of serpentite and serizz . After passing the town, the River Ravella flows through the plain of Lambro, and in
6370-474: The small workers' city created by Giuseppe and Alessandro Verza. In the 19th century the Vallassinese Bank arose from the capital of the Prina family and silk worker Magno Magni who pioneered the Italian chemical industry. In Vicenza he founded the society that later invented commercial plastics. The strong moral ideas of Giuseppe Parini , educated in this district, encouraged economist Verri to explain
6461-576: The south, the basin of Ravella includes parts of Mount Raj, Mount Cornizzolo and Pesora. Its affluents are the small rivers of St. Mir and of Valett, the last flowing down from Pesora and entering Ravella not far from St. Francis' church, passing between the convent 's lands and the curt di Sant , flowing under an ancient bridge and entering Ravella between the former Prina and Arcellazzi palaces. The River Ravella, in its upper course, often flows through steep limestone canyons, resulting in small waterfalls and with characteristic "giants' mufflers", produced by
6552-485: The springs of the river Valett). Evidence of pre-Roman cults is found at mountain sites, including stones dedicated to propitiatory fertility rites and to female divinities of the waters (see water sprite ). A legend says that the Church of Milan was founded by St. Barnabas . This is commonly rejected by historians (because apparently St. Barnabas never left Cyprus after St. Paul 's departure), archaeological proof of
6643-407: The stop–fricative sequence /t.ʃ/ (found across syllable boundaries) can be observed by minimal pairs such as the following: In some accents of English, the /t/ in 'worst shin' debuccalizes to a glottal stop before /ʃ/ . Stop–fricatives can be distinguished acoustically from affricates by the rise time of the frication noise, which is shorter for affricates. In the case of coronals,
6734-687: The symbols ⟨ t, d ⟩ are normally used for the stop portion of the affricate regardless of place. For example, ⟨ t͡ʂ ⟩ is commonly seen for ⟨ ʈ͡ʂ ⟩. The exemplar languages are ones that have been reported to have these sounds, but in several cases, they may need confirmation. Mandarin j ( pinyin ) Polish ć , ci Serbo-Croatian ć /ћ Thai จ Vietnamese ch The Northwest Caucasian languages Abkhaz and Ubykh both contrast sibilant affricates at four places of articulation: alveolar, postalveolar, alveolo-palatal and retroflex. They also distinguish voiceless, voiced, and ejective affricates at each of these. When
6825-508: The symbols for the palatal stops, ⟨ c ⟩ and ⟨ ɟ ⟩, for example in the IPA Handbook . In some languages, affricates contrast phonemically with stop–fricative sequences: The exact phonetic difference varies between languages. In stop–fricative sequences, the stop has a release burst before the fricative starts; but in affricates, the fricative element is the release. Phonologically, stop–fricative sequences may have
6916-474: The temperature goes below 0 °C, but the protective effect of surrounding mountains and the mitigating effect of Lake Como make the winter cold less severe, with temperatures only a few degrees below 0. During spring and autumn temperatures vary suddenly, but generally are moderate. The flora is composed of oaks, chestnut trees, ironwoods, alders, elms, maples, spruce and firs, with a particularly rich underbrush: strawberries, blueberries and mushrooms. Veronica
7007-434: The titles granted to the parish, giving its vicars the titles of provost and monsignore and encouraging the Archbishop of Milan, Andrea Carlo Ferrari , to revive Corte di Casale's rule in matters of ecclesiastical administration. Two important painters of the later 19th century, Carlo Gerosa and Giovanni Segantini , lived and worked in Canzo. Artistic chapels and monumental graves of the 18th and 19th century are visible in
7098-479: The top upward and the imperial eagle at the top. During these centuries the rule of Corte di Casale continued. On 27 April 1162, in an act signed in Pavia , Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor , recognized that the possessions of St. Peter's Abbey (built on the east side of mount Cornizzolo ) included some fields in Canzo. Contemporaneous documents attest that other acreages formally belonged to Monza 's chapter; one of them
7189-515: The triangle consists of many small lakes, of which Lake Segrino is smallest. The mountains of the triangle are pre-Alpine, topped by Mount San Primo at 1,686 m. The classification of the Larian peninsula's mountain range is: Western Alps > North-Western Alps > Lugano Pre-Alps > Como Pre-Alps > Larian Triangle. The chain is divided into three groups: the Mount Palanzone group; Mount San Primo 's massif (with sub-group Oriolo) and
7280-510: The village of Magreglio . The first affluent of Lambro is called Lambretto (coming from Crezzo). It enters Lambro by the village of Lasnigo . It then runs faster and "cuts" the Vallassina valley, leading to Asso , where it drives three old flour mills. The Vallassina ends when it receives the flow of the River Foce (coming from Valbrona), which descends in an unexpected waterfall that also marks
7371-419: The villages of Caslino , Castelmarte , Proserpio , Eupilio , Longone and some frazioni (hamlets) of the current commune of Erba , with Canzo as its capital. The Old Town of Canzo preserves the sites of the ancient communal and pieval system: the seat of the governor and of the federal jails were in the street later named Cuntrada dal pretòri ; the communal assembly was in a place that gave its name to
7462-547: The woods above the source an ancient chapel is dedicated to Our Lady of Sorrows ( Madòna di Sètt Duluur ). The springs are at the crossroads of the Alp path and St. Mir's path. Their name comes from the local Lombard word gaumm /ga'ym/ (from Celtic ga- , womb), meaning "husk, walnut husk or hull", because a walnut tree overlooked the main fountain. Its nuts fell into the basin of water, floating on it and when ripe, coloring it black. The water attracts people from southern Brianza and
7553-553: Was appreciated by Leonardo da Vinci , and by the Italian writers Ippolito Nievo and Antonio Fogazzaro , who set some of their romances there. At the bridge called Punt d'Inach , the habitat is rich in plant and animal species. In June and August waterlilies bloom on the surface and a community of reed-maces diffuses on the shores. In a place called Schiuntina , on the eastern side of the lake, water birds such as coots, gallinules, wild ducks, herons, nycticoraxes, cannareccione , dunnocks, nightingales and bitterns live. Emis orbicularis
7644-604: Was built by the Hunters' Association near the site of the hamlet where Blessed Mir was born. In the 2000s the Alpini founded a polyphonic chorus, and a solidarity fund was established for people touched by the international financial crisis. The borough of Canzo is situated in front of the Valassina valley, beginning at the foot of the Corni di Canzo mountain, so called (Corni meaning Horns) for its crest, as bifurcate and rocky, ash-grey, in
7735-478: Was designed as a modern Broletto with a massive freestone civil clock tower linked to the ancient Palazzo Tentorio and its park . Old Town is formed by streets called cuntrada , of different ages. Structures feature a variety of portals and other particulars such as mullioned windows, ogives, ribbings, tower-shaped garrets and the Old Theatre. Affricate An affricate is a consonant that begins as
7826-746: Was founded by Celts and Gaulish Insubres . Prehistoric settlements date to the Mesolithic period and the Copper Age . The name of the town comes from the Latin Cantius , itself from the Celtic root meaning edge . It is known in Lombardy for its mountains, particularly the Corni di Canzo (Canzo's Horns) and the Cornizzolo . The surroundings are rich in watercourses and springs. Lago del Segrino
7917-529: Was given by parish priest don Pozzoli, when he assisted deserters destined for execution just a few days before Liberation. After the war, the educated class of Canzo restored its quality of life, adding infrastructure and restarting production. Despite a national battle between Catholics and Marxists, in Canzo moderate and peaceful freedom of thought was maintained, together with honest collaboration in social matters. The population grew and its density increased, so new districts and houses were built, especially in
8008-501: Was posthumously dedicated to him. He dedicated a long period to a walking pilgrimage in total poverty to Rome, where he is said to have visited the Pope and (possibly) Saint Bridget of Sweden . He then returned to Canzo, passing by the Lomellina region near Pavia , where he worked his first attested miracle, summoning rain by his prayers. He worked the same miracle in Canzo when he started toward
8099-399: Was rented by Nicola Prina. Most of the toponyms remained unchanged until modern times, such as Gèpp longh and Ravèl(a) . The documents testify to the limitation of the feudal power of the dukes and archbishops of Milan in favour of the communal autonomy of the Corte di Casale, until 1414. This is the reason why this pieve had a different name from the others of western Lombardy: "corte"
8190-569: Was where people lived and Sumbich ( summum vicum – the elevated camp) was where the Roman cohorts settled. The presence of Roman soldiers and their integration within the Insubric /Lepontian (partially Orobic) population is still evidenced by toponyms such as Castelmarte ("the Castle of Mars ", the Roman god of war) and Martesana (possibly the root of the cult of St. Michael , as in the lazzaretto near to
8281-543: Was widespread veneration of St. Maternus , one of the bishops under whom the area had been converted. During the 3rd century, Bishop Monas organized the diocese. At this time Canzo probably belonged to Incino 's pieve , but later the Curtis Casalensis (or Canzo's Team) confederation was established and retained relative political autonomy throughout the Middle Ages . This pieve or confederation of communes comprised
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