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35-558: Canton, now Guangzhou, was the center of foreign and international trade in China during the period of the late Qing dynasty. Canton was the only city in China where foreigners were allowed to set foot, thereby making it the only place where European and Chinese merchants could trade. Its location next to the Pearl River also made it ideal for international trade, as all ships used for trade were forced to travel along this river in order to arrive at

70-637: A hospital in Canton. Under the support of the American Board and Canton businessmen, the hospital was the first and most famous charitable missionary hospital in South China at the time. When Parker opened the hospital, it was first only intended for the treatment of eye illnesses and was opened as an “Eye Infirmary.” This helped Parker gain trust with the Chinese, but it was also practical because of patients' needs at

105-476: A large number of Chinese women leaders. Shortly after baptizing his first convert Bridgman moved to Shanghai in 1847, where he was primarily occupied in working on Bible translation, his version appearing shortly after his death. Bridgman published a translation of the Hebrew Bible, characterized by the accuracy of the translation and its loyalty to the original Hebrew texts. Later he was the first president of

140-499: A part-time evangelist and part-time doctor like he had originally planned. During his twenty years of work in China, Parker treated over 50,000 patients. In the later years of his life, he became a fervent promoter of medical missions and played an instrumental role in increasing their importance and popularity. On November 4, 1835, Peter Parker opened the Canton Hospital, which was the first Western-style hospital in China. Parker,

175-464: A three-level medical system, which provided a model for the establishment of the Chinese rural medical system. The Canton Hospital is one of the most influential missionary hospitals in South China. Not only was it the first hospital that brought the concept of public health to the city of Canton, but it is also sustainable, as it still exists today as one of the most prestigious ophthalmic institutes in

210-494: Is a popular food manufacturer in the city. 22°46′N 113°38′E  /  22.767°N 113.633°E  / 22.767; 113.633 Elijah Coleman Bridgman Elijah Coleman Bridgman (April   22, 1801 – November   2, 1861) was the first American Protestant Christian missionary appointed to China. He served with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions . One of

245-876: Is an extensive river system in southern China . "Pearl River" is often also used as a catch-all for the watersheds of the Pearl tributaries within Guangdong , specifically the Xi ('west'), Bei ('north'), and Dong ('east'). These rivers all ultimately flow into the South China Sea through the Pearl River Delta . Measured from the farthest reaches of the Xi River, the Pearl – Xi – Xun – Qian – Hongshui – Nanpan 2,400 km (1,500 mi) Pearl River system constitutes China's third-longest, after

280-508: Is famed as the river that flows through Guangzhou . As well as referring to the system as a whole, the Pearl River name is applied to a specific branch within it. This Pearl River is the widest distributary within the delta, although notably short; the waters that converge east of the Bei are first referred to as the Pearl River just north of Guangzhou . The Pearl River's estuary , Bocca Tigris ,

315-628: Is regularly dredged so as to keep it open for ocean vessels. The mouth of the Pearl River forms a large bay in the southeast of the delta, the Pearl River Estuary , the Bocca Tigris separates Shiziyang in the north, Lingdingyang in the south, and Jiuzhouyang at the southern tip of the estuary surrounded by the Wanshan Archipelago . This bay separates Macau and Zhuhai from Hong Kong and Shenzhen . The name "Pearl River" comes from

350-505: The Medical Missionary Society of China (1838). From 1839 to 1841 he worked at Macau , preparing a Chinese chrestomathy to aid in language learning. During negotiations to secure American access to China, Bridgman assisted as translator and adviser from 1842 to 1844. In 1840, Bridgman was part of a group of four people including Walter Henry Medhurst , Charles Gutzlaff , and John Robert Morrison who cooperated to translate

385-508: The Port of Canton . Additionally, it was a major stop along the Silk Road , and is still a major port and city for transportation today. Canton was also surrounded by a major wall, which isolated it from the rest of the general population. Overall, because Canton was the only city in China that was open to foreign trade, medical mission work was made possible here and spread more easily. Peter Parker

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420-597: The Yangtze River and the Yellow River , and its second largest by volume, after the Yangtze. The 453,700 km (175,200 sq mi) Pearl River Basin drains the majority of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces (collectively known as Liangguang ), as well as parts of Yunnan , Guizhou , Hunan and Jiangxi ; it also drains the northernmost parts of Vietnam's Northeast Cao Bằng and Lạng Sơn provinces. The Pearl River

455-694: The Bible into Chinese. The translation of the Hebrew part was done mostly by Gutzlaff from the Netherlands Missionary Society , with the exception that the Pentateuch and the book of Joshua were done by the group collectively. This translation, completed in 1847 is very famous due to its adoption by the revolutionary peasant leader Hong Xiuquan of the Taipingtianguo movement ( Taiping Rebellion ) as some of

490-707: The British Trade there, and, in September 1834, upon the latter's return to Macau, he particularly called upon Bridgman to attend upon him every evening in his last days before succumbing to typhoid. In the same year, Bridgman became the first joint secretary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge ; he was a founder of the Morrison Education Society and its president for many years, and active in organizing

525-474: The Canton Hospital to be temporarily shut down. Near the end of the war, China was forced to accept treaties that required them to open their borders to foreigners. As a result, missionaries were now allowed to do work in all of China (not only in Canton like before the war). In 1842, Parker returned to Canton with his wife, Harriet Webster (who was the first Western woman to be granted residence in China), and reopened

560-424: The eye because he was told it would be the fastest way to gain the trust of the Chinese. Because many of the natives regarded all foreigners as barbarians, it was important for Parker to gain the natives' trust in order to perform medicine on them and introduce them to Christianity. Eventually, Parker found so much joy in treating patients that he ultimately committed himself to becoming a full-time doctor, instead of

595-542: The first few Protestant missionaries to arrive in China prior to the First Opium War , Bridgman was a pioneering scholar and cultural intermediary, and laid the foundations for American sinology . His work shaped the development of early Sino-American relations . He contributed immensely to America's knowledge and understanding of Chinese civilization through his extensive writings on the country's history and culture in publications such as The Chinese Repository —

630-495: The first full-time Protestant medical missionary, opened the hospital in connection with the mission of the American Board after Dr. Thomas Richardson Colledge , a Christian surgeon of the East India Company , convinced existing Protestant mission societies of the need for a hospital in China. Colledge strongly believed that Christians were required to help the sick in China, and as a result, pushed Parker, his mentee, to open

665-553: The first institution in China dedicated to the mentally ill. This was a direct result of the hospital’s success, and shows the impact that it had on public health and medicine in China. Today it is the Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University . It is a tertiary referral hospital. Pearl River (China) The Pearl River ( Chinese : 珠江 ; pinyin : Zhūjiāng ; lit. 'pearl river', or 粤江 ; 粵江 ; Yuèjiāng ; ' Yue river')

700-451: The first time. In 1838, it led to the creation of the Medical Missionary Society in China , a Protestant medical missionary society established in Canton, which was dedicated to promoting religious missions and gaining the trust of the Chinese through medical care, instead of through preaching. In 1898, Parker’s successor, John Glasgow Kerr , founded The Asylum for the Insane in Canton, which was

735-422: The first year, 2,910 patients were treated. Soon after the hospital opened, Parker was asked to treat ear illnesses in addition to eye illnesses. This led to him finding a number of patients with tumors , and he was forced to perform surgery on these patients, which were almost always successful. As soon as others heard of Parker’s success, patients with all different types of illnesses and diseases wanted to come to

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770-627: The formulation of America's first treaty with the Chinese government under the Qing Dynasty . Bridgman was born in Belchertown, Massachusetts to a Lieutenant Theodore Bridgman and his wife Lucretia (Warner) who owned a farm at Pond Hill which had belonged to his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather, Ebenezer. The home in which he was born remains standing on Bay Road, immediately south of Dwight . Elijah graduated from Amherst College (1826) and Andover Theological Seminary (1829). In response to

805-430: The hospital for treatment. As a result, Parker soon found it impractical for the hospital to only treat eye illnesses, and it then opened up to all different types of diseases . Eventually, the hospital became so well known and in demand that it had to turn away patients because it became too much for only one physician. The hospital’s Chinese name, Pok Tsai, means Universal Helpfulness, which shows that everyone knew that

840-476: The hospital would serve all classes in the community, Chinese and foreign. In order to stay open, Parker depended on support from missionary colleagues and local business firms and merchants (especially Chinese merchant How-Qua). Because he didn’t charge for his services, he relied on their money to stay open. In addition, this hospital also led to Western-style medical education in China, when Parker and Dr. E.C. Bridgman trained three young Chinese men to help out in

875-408: The hospital. As a result, it was also involved in areas outside of the treatment of diseases, including medical education, research , social service work, and promoting public health to the surrounding community. It cooperated with the Chinese government and many social organizations to develop school health, maternal and child health, and communicable disease control. The hospital was also built on

910-621: The hospital. However, it was not until 1866 that the first western-style medical school, the Boji Medical School, was established in the hospital. This medical school was run by missionaries, and is now part of the Sun-yatsen University of Medical Sciences . In 1840, the First Opium War led to hostilities between England and China. During the war, the port of Canton was blockaded and all foreigners were forced to leave, causing

945-500: The hospital. It remained under the control of the Medical Missionary Society until 1930, when it became part of Lingnan University . The hospital’s main goals included the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, the distribution of free vaccines , and plague treatments. Because the hospital was built by Parker in conjunction with other Protestant medical missionaries, philanthropic -minded physicians were very prominent at

980-521: The literary labors to which he devoted much of his life. In 1832 Bridgman started a mission press and began publication of The Chinese Repository , which he edited until 1847. Bridgman preached in a church among the Factories on Whampoa (Huangpu), near Canton, his "simple, pious and judicious character" impressing William John, 9th Lord Napier of Merchiston , the First Chief Superintendent of

1015-506: The pearl-colored shells that lie within the Pearl's riverbed as it flows through the city of Guangzhou. A 500  kV power line, suspended from three of the tallest pylons in the world, crosses the river near the Nansha Bridge . Numerous brands are named after the river. The Zhujiang Brewery in Guangzhou is one of the three largest domestic breweries in China, and Pearl River Bridge

1050-646: The reputed early doctrines of the organization. From 1845 to 1852 he continued to work as a translator. On June 28, 1845, Bridgman married Eliza Jane Gillett , an American Episcopalian missionary. They worked together at Guangzhou and adopted two little Chinese girls. Eliza later, in 1850, founded and managed for 15 years the first girls' school in Shanghai. Elijah Coleman Bridgeman died on November 2, 1861, in Shanghai after 32 years of missionary work. After her husband's death Eliza moved to Peking, secured substantial property and started Bridgman Academy , noted for educating

1085-399: The time. In many areas, Chinese medicine was not extremely far behind western medicine , but because they were not as advanced in eye medicine, there was a high prevalence of eye diseases during this time. Throughout the first three months of the hospital being open, 1061 patients were treated, and 96.1% of those had ocular illnesses. The hospital quickly proved to be very successful, and after

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1120-747: The urging of Robert Morrison of the London Missionary Society and the Christian American merchant David Olyphant , who offered free sailing passage, Bridgman was ordained and was appointed for service in China by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions on October   6, 1829 as their first appointee. In 1829 he sailed to China with David Abeel aboard the Olyphant & Co. owned ship Roman . They arrived in Canton on February 19, 1830, where they were welcomed by Morrison. Bridgman and Abeel studied Chinese and Elijah soon began

1155-522: The world's first major journal of sinology , which he began and edited. Bridgman became America's first "China expert." Among his other works was the first Chinese language history of the United States: "Short Account of the United States of America" (or "Meilike Heshengguo Zhilüe") and "The East-West Monthly Examiner" (or "Dong Hsi Yang Kao Meiyue Tongji Zhuan"). As a translator he contributed greatly to

1190-429: The world. Throughout its time open, the hospital set many records in Chinese medical history, including being the first western medicine school in China, and producing the first Chinese medicine magazine and the first x-ray film. It also produced the hospital's best student, Sun Yat Sen , who became the first president of China. In addition, the Canton Hospital gave explicit expression to the concept of medical missions for

1225-406: Was an American Protestant medical missionary. Before travelling to China, he attended Yale University for postgraduate work in theology and medicine. However, his main goal in travelling to China was not to practice medicine; instead, it was to save the Chinese from idol-worshipping and introduce them to Protestantism and Christianity . He first began work in the hospital by treating diseases in

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