22-573: Canongate Tolbooth is a historic landmark of the Old Town area of Edinburgh , built in 1591 as a tolbooth , that is, the centre of administration and justice of the then separate burgh of the Canongate which was outside the Edinburgh town walls . It ceased to be a municipal building in 1856 and it is now occupied by The People's Story Museum and is protected as a category A listed building . The tower of
44-503: A bell tower with a lower block to the east that contained the council chamber and courtroom. The tower has two bartizans with ornamental gunloops on either side of a clock, dated 1884 and manufactured by James Ritchie & Son , which is suspended over the Royal Mile by wrought iron brackets. Above the bartizans is a conical spire while at street level there is a round-arched pend that leads into Tolbooth Wynd. Architectural features of
66-633: A downwards slope from Edinburgh Castle to Holyrood Palace and the ruined Holyrood Abbey . Narrow closes (alleyways), often no more than a few feet wide, lead steeply downhill to both north and south of the main spine which runs west to east. Significant buildings in the Old Town include St. Giles' Cathedral , the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland , the National Museum of Scotland ,
88-438: Is estimated to have formed some 350 million years ago during the early Carboniferous period. It is the remains of a volcanic pipe which cut through the surrounding sedimentary rock , before cooling to form very hard dolerite , a coarser-grained equivalent of basalt . Subsequent glacial erosion was resisted more by the dolerite, which protected the softer rock to the east, leaving a crag and tail formation. The summit of
110-425: Is the name popularly given to the oldest part of Scotland 's capital city of Edinburgh . The area has preserved much of its medieval street plan and many Reformation -era buildings. Together with the 18th/19th-century New Town , and West End , it forms part of a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site . The " Royal Mile " is a name coined in the early 20th century for the main street of the Old Town which runs on
132-632: The Old College of the University of Edinburgh , Parliament House and the Scottish Parliament Building . The area contains underground vaults and hidden passages that are relics of previous phases of construction. No part of the street is officially called The Royal Mile in terms of legal addresses. The actual street names (running west to east) are Castlehill, Lawnmarket, High Street, Canongate and Abbey Strand. The street layout, typical of
154-453: The "tail", and the advantages of living within the defensive wall, the Old Town became home to some of the world's earliest "high rise" residential buildings. Multi-storey dwellings became the norm from the 16th century onwards. Many of these buildings were destroyed in the Great Fire of Edinburgh in 1824; the rebuilding of these on the original foundations led to changes in the ground level and
176-412: The Canongate. These were built to a much higher scale than the older buildings and have greatly increased the population of the area. Archaeological work is usually required to be undertaken in advance of development work in the Old Town and this work has shed light on aspects of the Old Town's past. Some recent excavations have been: In 1824 a major fire, the Great Fire of Edinburgh , destroyed most of
198-462: The Royal Mile and the newly built Waverley Station . The Edinburgh City Improvement Act of 1866 further added to the north south routes. This was devised by the architects David Cousin and John Lessels . It had quite radical effects: In addition to the Royal Mile, the Old Town may be divided into various areas, namely from west to east: Due to the space restrictions imposed by the narrowness of
220-511: The Royal Mile only had narrow closes and wynds leading off its sides. These began to be supplemented from the late 18th century with wide new north–south routes, beginning with the North Bridge / South Bridge route, and then George IV Bridge . These rectilinear forms were complemented from the mid-19th century with more serpentine forms, starting with Cockburn Street, laid out by Peddie and Kinnear in 1856, which specifically improved access between
242-550: The author Alexander McCall Smith and Sheila Gilmore MP who regard the modern design as incompatible with the existing older architectural styles of the Old Town and inappropriate for a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Caltongate development was also opposed by the Cockburn Association and the Architectural Heritage Society of Scotland . The site developers Artisan Real Estate Investors have stated that
SECTION 10
#1732851212412264-563: The building in May 1692. It ceased to be the meeting place of the burgh council when Canongate was annexed by Edinburgh in 1856. In 1875 the City Architect, Robert Morham , extensively restored and remodelled the exterior. Internally the first and attic floors were combined to make a single floor, now The People's Story Museum . The tolbooth was designed in the Scottish medieval style : it comprises
286-767: The buildings on the south side of the High Street section between St. Giles Cathedral and the Tron Kirk. During the Edinburgh International Festival the High Street and Hunter Square become gathering points where performers in the Fringe advertise their shows, often through street performances. On 7 December 2002, the Cowgate fire destroyed a small but dense group of old buildings on the Cowgate and South Bridge. It destroyed
308-417: The castle rock is 130 m (430 ft) above sea level, with rocky cliffs to the south, west and north, rearing up to 80 m (260 ft) from the surrounding landscape. This means that the only readily accessible route to the castle lies to the east, where the ridge slopes more gently. The defensive advantage of such a site is clear, but the geology of the rock also presents difficulties, since basalt
330-543: The completed development will be a "vibrant, exciting" place. The plans were approved by the City of Edinburgh Council in January 2014 with construction taking place in the late 2010s. Castle Rock (Edinburgh) Castle Rock ( Scottish Gaelic : Creag a' Chaisteil , Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [ˈkʰʲɾʲekˈaˈxaʃtʰʲɪl] ) is a volcanic plug in the middle of Edinburgh upon which Edinburgh Castle sits. The rock
352-575: The creation of numerous passages and vaults under the Old Town. The construction of new streets including North Bridge and South Bridge in the 18th century also created underground spaces, such as the Edinburgh Vaults below the latter. Traditionally buildings were less dense in the eastern, Canongate, section. This area underwent major slum clearance and reconstruction in the 1950s, thereafter becoming an area largely of Council housing. From 1990 to 2010, major new housing schemes appeared throughout
374-512: The east block include a stone forestair which leads to a door next to the tower, an oriel window , and four pedimented dormers by Morham, based on Gordon of Rothiemay's map of 1647, that replaced three piended ones. To the east of the tolbooth, down the Royal Mile, is the Kirk of the Canongate and the Canongate Kirkyard . Old Town, Edinburgh The Old Town ( Scots : Auld Toun )
396-596: The famous comedy club, The Gilded Balloon , and much of the Informatics Department of the University of Edinburgh, including the comprehensive artificial intelligence library. The site was redeveloped 2013-2014 with a single new building, largely in hotel use. In the 1990s the Old Town Renewal Trust in conjunction with the City of Edinburgh developed an action plan for renewal An area directly to
418-535: The north of the Canongate has seen a large redevelopment project originally named Caltongate, but since rebranded as New Waverley. The scheme involved building of a mix of residential, hotel, retail and office buildings on the site of the former SMT bus depot in New Street, developing the arches under Jeffrey Street, redeveloping other surrounding sites and creating a pedestrian link from the Royal Mile to Calton Hill. The proposals were criticised by commentators including
440-506: The old quarters of many northern European cities, is made especially picturesque in Edinburgh, where the castle perches on top of a rocky crag , the remnants of an extinct volcano , and the main street runs down the crest of a ridge from it. This " crag and tail " landform was created during the last ice age when receding glaciers scoured across the land pushing soft soil aside but being split by harder crags of volcanic rock. The hilltop crag
462-416: The tolbooth was built in 1591, and the block to the east of it at that time or slightly after, by Sir Lewis Bellenden , baron of Broughton and feudal superior of the burgh of Canongate and Lord Justice Clerk of Scotland. It served as the courthouse, burgh jail and meeting place of the town council. Many Covenanters were held in the tolbooth in poor conditions in the 17th century and a riot took place in
SECTION 20
#1732851212412484-597: Was the earliest part of the city to develop, becoming fortified and eventually developing into the current Edinburgh Castle. The rest of the city grew slowly down the tail of land from the Castle Rock. This was an easily defended spot with marshland on the south and a man-made loch , the Nor Loch , on the north. Access to the town was restricted by means of various gates (called ports) in the city walls , of which only fragmentary sections remain. The original strong linear spine of
#411588