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90-411: Cannonball Run may refer to: Races [ edit ] Automobile [ edit ] Cannonball Run Challenge , an unsanctioned speed record drive from New York to Los Angeles Erwin "Cannon Ball" Baker 's 1933 drive from New York City to Los Angeles Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash , an outlaw car race run several times in

180-530: A Tesla Model 3 Long Range between July 12 and 14, 2019. In August 2019, Kyle Conner and Matthew Davis set a record of 45 hours and 16 minutes driving westbound from New York City to Los Angeles in a Tesla Model 3 Long Range which had been modified, including lowering the car for better aerodynamics. At the end of 2020, Kyle Conner, Drew Peterson and Tijmen Schreur lowered the EV record to 44:26 despite winter conditions in an Out of Spec Motoring Porsche Taycan with

270-578: A 1971 Dodge Custom Sportsman van called the "Moon Trash II." The race was run four more times: November 15, 1971; November 13, 1972; April 23, 1975; and April 1, 1979. The traditional start point is the Red Ball Garage on East 31st Street, Manhattan , and its finish is at the Portofino Hotel in Redondo Beach, California , a distance of just over 2,900 miles (4,700 km) depending on

360-633: A 1976 film The Cannonball Run , a 1981 film Cannonball Run II , a 1984 film Speed Zone , a 1989 film, also known as Cannonball Fever or Cannonball Run III Cannonball Run 2001 , a reality television series Other uses [ edit ] Cannonball Run (roller coaster) , a wooden roller coaster located at Waterville USA. See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "cannonball run" on Misplaced Pages. Cannonball (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with Cannonball Run All pages with titles containing Cannonball Run Topics referred to by

450-586: A 52-mile (84 km) stretch of Interstate 80 in Wyoming , replacing the winter season speed reduction from 75 to 65 mph (121 to 105 km/h) that had been in place since 2008. This Variable Speed Limit system has been proven effective in terms of reducing crash frequency and road closures. Similarly, Interstate 90 at Snoqualmie Pass and other mountain passes in Washington State have variable speed limits as to slow traffic in severe winter weather. As

540-454: A French government travel advisory . Additionally, "drivers often drive at high speeds [and] unsafe driving practices are common, especially on inter-city highways. On highways, unmarked speed bumps and drifting sand create additional hazards", according to a travel advisory issued by the U.S. State Department . There are several reasons to regulate speed on roads. It is often done in an attempt to improve road traffic safety and to reduce

630-431: A Tesla Model S 90D, whose "Autopilot" function was engaged 97.7% of the way. In April 2024, a new semi-automated record was set by Jay Roberts and his wife Gypsy Roberts in a 2017 Prius . The car was fitted with a Comma.ai driver assistance system which ran openpilot . The drive took 43 hours and 18 minutes and was 98.4% autonomous. Speed limit Speed limits on road traffic, as used in most countries, set

720-540: A blinding glare, darkness, crossing traffic, or when there is an obstructed view of orthogonal traffic—such as by road curvature, parked cars, vegetation, or snow banks—thus limiting the Assured Clear Distance Ahead (ACDA). In the United States, this requirement is referred to as the basic rule , as outlined by US federal government law (49 CFR 392.14 ), which applies in all states as permitted under

810-554: A celebration of the United States Interstate Highway System and as a protest against strict traffic laws coming into effect at the time. Another motivation was the fun involved, which showed in the tongue-in-cheek reports in Car and Driver and other auto publications worldwide. The initial cross-country run was made by Yates; his son, Brock Yates, Jr.; Steve Smith; and friend Jim Williams beginning on May 3, 1971, in

900-607: A doubling of annual traffic deaths, despite "interim arrangements [which] involved the continuation of the speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph) on autobahns and of 80 km/h (50 mph) outside cities". An extensive program of the four E s (enforcement, education, engineering, and emergency response ) brought the number of traffic deaths back to pre-unification levels after a decade of effort, while traffic regulations were conformed to western standards (e.g., 130 km/h (81 mph) freeway advisory limit, 100 km/h (62 mph) on other rural roads). Many rural roads on

990-560: A driver; concluding enforcement was a violation of the due process requirement of the Montana Constitution . In response, Montana's legislature imposed a 75 mph (121 km/h) limit on rural freeways in 1999. Australia's Northern Territory had no rural speed limit until 2007, and again from 2014 to 2016. Sections of the Stuart Highway had no limits as part of an open speed limit trial . Several methods exist to set up

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1080-427: A group; when overtaking a stopped convoy; when passing a transportation vehicle loading or unloading people or children; when the road does not appear clear, or risky; when visibility is low, etc.). If drivers do not control their speed, or do not reduce it in such cases, they can be penalized. Other qualifying conditions include driving through fog, heavy rain, ice, snow, gravel, or when drivers encounter sharp corners,

1170-404: A maximum limit became permanently limited following the 1973 oil crisis . For example, Switzerland and Austria had no maximum restriction prior to 1973 on motorways and rural roads, but imposed a temporary 100 km/h (62 mph) maximum limit in response to higher fuel prices; the limit on motorways was increased to 130 km/h (81 mph) later in 1974. Montana and Nevada were

1260-462: A new limit of 30 mph (48 km/h) was imposed in urban centers, and in July 1967, a 70 mph (110 km/h) national speed limit was introduced. In Australia, during the early 20th century, there were people reported for "furious driving" offenses. One conviction in 1905 cited a vehicle furiously driving 20 mph (32 km/h) when passing a tram traveling at half that speed. In May 1934,

1350-415: A new record for EVs in a 2015 Tesla Model S P85D. The drivers stopped 24 times for electric charging, with a total charge time of 12 hours 48 minutes. As proof, Reese presented 16 documents notarized on both ends, identifying drivers and three eyewitnesses: Matt Nordenstrom, Johnnie Oberg Jr., and Anthony Alvarado. Complete GPS logs recorded by GPSInsight (a fleet tracking company) were sent to Jalopnik and

1440-598: A response to fog-induced chain-reaction collisions involving 99 vehicles in 1990, a variable speed limit system covering 19 miles (31 km) of Interstate 75 in Tennessee was implemented in fog-prone areas around the Hiwassee River . The Georgia Department of Transportation installed variable speed limits on part of Interstate 285 around Atlanta in 2014. These speeds can be as low as 35 mph (56 km/h) but are generally set to 35 mph (56 km/h). In 2016,

1530-470: A safe speed for the conditions at hand, regardless of posted limits. In the United Kingdom, and elsewhere in common law , this is known as the reasonable man requirement. The German Highway Code ( Straßenverkehrs-Ordnung ) section on speed begins with the statement (translated to English): Any person driving a vehicle may only drive so fast that the car is under control. Speeds must be adapted to

1620-403: A short-term experiment in 2006, with a variable limit configuration that could increase statutory limits under the most favorable conditions, as well as reduce them. In June 2006, a stretch of motorway was configured with variable speed limits that could increase the general Austrian motorway limit of 130 to 160 km/h (81 to 99 mph). Then Austrian Transport Minister Hubert Gorbach called

1710-433: A sign at the start of the restricted section, although the presence of streetlights or the physical arrangement of the road may sometimes also be used instead. A posted speed limit may only apply to that road or to all roads beyond the sign that defines them depending on local laws. The speed limit is commonly set at or below the 85th percentile speed (the operating speed which no more than 15% of traffic exceeds), and in

1800-707: A solo run in 25 hours and 55 minutes. The claim has now been cast into doubt by Road & Track after further investigation revealed that the evidence to support the claim had been doctored. Also in May 2020, the team of Chris Clemens and Mark Spence in a highly modified Mercedes SL500 followed the Toman/Tabbutt team out of New York, drove from the Red Ball Garage in New York to the Portofino Inn in LA and then turned around and went back to

1890-557: A speed limit: For instance, the Injury Minimization (known as Safe System) method takes into account the crash types that are likely to occur, the impact forces that result, and the tolerance of the human body to withstand these forces to set speed limit. This method is used in countries such as the Netherlands and Sweden. The Operating speed method sets the maximum speed at or around the 85th percentile speed , referred to as

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1980-629: A team from Edmunds completed a slightly shorter 3,331.9-mile route in 67 hours, 21 minutes. (Time included 52 hours, 41 minutes driving, and 14 hours, 40 minutes charging.) Carl J. Reese and co-drivers Rodney Hawk and Deena Mastracci took advantage of a newly opened corridor on Interstate 70 to drive the 3,011-mile (4,846 km) route from the City Hall in Los Angeles to the City Hall in New York City in 58 hours and 55 minutes during April 16–19, 2015,

2070-530: A transcontinental record of 31 hours 4 minutes from the Classic Car Club NYC to Santa Monica Pier using a modified 2000 BMW M5, averaging 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) with a top speed of 157 miles per hour (253 km/h). A spotter plane was deployed for the daytime sections. This and the U.S. Express are depicted in the 2019 documentary APEX: The Secret Race Across America . In May 2007, Richard Rawlings and co-pilot Dennis Collins allegedly broke

2160-566: Is 65 hours and 19 minutes by Bennett Wilson, Chris Ruppmann, and Grady Leno in a 2012 Mercedes S550 in April 2022. On April 4, 2020, the three-man team consisting of Sean G. Petr, Jason Adkins, and Mark Spence piloted a 2014 Volkswagen Passat TDI SE from Goodwives Shopping Center in Darien, Connecticut to the Portofino Hotel and Marina in Redondo Beach, California in 28 hours and 30 minutes beating both

2250-437: Is advised to avoid driving at the speed of 25–40 km/h (16–25 mph) as the vehicle may create resonance that may in turn induce the breaking of ice. This means that two sets of speeds are allowed: under 25 km/h (16 mph) and between 40–70 km/h (25–43 mph). In Germany, the first known experiments with variable speed limit signs took place in 1965 on a 30-kilometre (19 mi) stretch of German motorway,

2340-404: Is celebrated by the annual London to Brighton Veteran Car Run . On 28 January 1896, the first person to be convicted of speeding is believed to be Walter Arnold of East Peckham , Kent, UK, who was fined 1 shilling plus costs for speeding at 8 mph (13 km/h). In 1901, Connecticut was the first state in the United States to impose a numerical speed limit for motor vehicles, setting

2430-423: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cannonball Run Challenge An 'electric cannonball' is a new twist on the original race above, but is completed without burning any traditional petrol/diesel fuel in the race vehicle, and requires the battery capacity, charge-locations, charge-durations and vehicle state-of-charge at each 'start/stop' as part of

2520-460: Is either a dual carriageway or features at least two lanes per direction, regardless of its classification (e.g. Autobahn, Federal Highway, State Road, etc.), unless there is a speed limit posted, although it is less common for non-autobahn roads to be unrestricted. All other roads in Germany outside of towns, regardless of classification, do have a general speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph), which

2610-460: Is not as common as maximum speed limits, since the risks of speed are less common at lower speeds. In some jurisdictions, laws requiring a minimum speed are primarily centered around red-light districts or similar areas, where they may colloquially be referred to as kerb crawling laws . Traffic rules limiting only middle speeds are rare. One such example exists on the ice roads in Estonia , where it

2700-486: Is usually reduced to 80 km/h (50 mph) at Allée-streets (roads bordered by trees or bushes on one or both sites). Travel speeds are not regularly monitored in Germany; however, a 2008 report noted that on the autobahn in Niemegk (between Leipzig and Berlin) "significantly more than 60% of road users exceed 130 km/h (81 mph) [and] more than 30% of motorists exceed 150 km/h (93 mph)". Measurements from

2790-508: The Vision Zero program, a multi-national road traffic safety project that aims to achieve a highway system with no fatalities or serious injuries involving road traffic. Most countries use the metric speed unit of kilometres per hour , while others, including the United States , United Kingdom , and Liberia , use speed limits given in miles per hour . In countries bound by

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2880-442: The 85th percentile rule . It refers to a speed where 85% of vehicles travel at or below. This reduces the need to enforce the speed limit, but also allows drivers to fail to select the appropriate travel speed, when they misjudge the risk their environment induces. This is one method used in the United States of America. In France and many other European countries the vehicle traffic law known as V85 uses this principle to set

2970-683: The A8 between Munich and the border city of Salzburg , Austria. Mechanically variable message signs could display speeds of 60, 80 and 100 km/h, as well as text indicating a "danger zone" or "accident". Personnel monitored traffic using video technology and manually controlled the signage. Beginning in the 1970s, additional advanced traffic control systems were put into service. Modern motorway control systems can work without human intervention using various types of sensors to measure traffic flow and weather conditions. In 2009, 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) of German motorways were equipped with such systems. In

3060-764: The Autobahnen in Germany . The first numeric speed limit for automobiles was the 10 mph (16 km/h) limit introduced in the United Kingdom in 1861. As of 2018 the highest posted speed limit in the world is 160 km/h (99 mph), applied on two motorways in the UAE . Speed limits and safety distance are poorly enforced in the UAE, specifically on the Abu Dhabi to Dubai motorway – which results in dangerous traffic, according to

3150-574: The Guinness Book of World Records . GPSInsight provided GPS tracking equipment to the team to verify the event. On October 18–21, 2015, Deena Mastracci and Reese were joined by Alex Roy. They set a new record for an LA–NYC run in an electric vehicle with a total time of 57 hours, 48 minutes. On August 24–27, 2016, the LA–NYC record was broken again by a team comprising Alex Roy, Righthook CEO Warren Ahner, and StreetWars founder Franz Aliquo, who completed

3240-685: The Nazi-era "Road Traffic Act" imposed the first nationwide speed limit in Germany. In the 1960s, in continental Europe, some speed limits were established based on the V85 speed , (so that 85% of drivers respect this speed). In 1974, Australian speed limits underwent metrication: the urban speed limit of 35 mph (56 km/h) was converted to 60 km/h (37 mph); the rural speed limits of 60 mph (97 km/h) and 65 mph (105 km/h) were changed to 100 km/h (62 mph) and 110 km/h (68 mph) respectively. In 2010, Sweden defined

3330-580: The Oregon Department of Transportation installed a variable speed zone on a 30 mi (48 km) stretch of Interstate 84 between Baker City and Ladd Canyon. The new electronic signs collect data regarding temperature, skid resistance, and average motorist speed to determine the most effective speed limit for the area before presenting the limit on the sign. This speed zone was scheduled to be activated November 2016. Ohio established variable speed limits on three highways in 2017, then in 2019 granted

3420-475: The Vienna Conventions on Road Traffic (1968 & 1977), Article 13 defines a basic rule for speed and distance between vehicles: Every driver of a vehicle shall in all circumstances have his vehicle under control to be able to exercise due and proper care and to be at all times in a position to perform all manœuvres required of him. He shall, when adjusting the speed of his vehicle, pay constant regard to

3510-439: The commerce clause and due process clause . The basic speed law is almost always supplemented by specific maximum or minimum limits but applies regardless. In California, for instance, Vehicle Code section 22350 states that "No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at speed greater than is reasonable... and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property". The reasonable speed may be different than

3600-412: The 'evidence' to support the record attempt. The average speeds achieved in reported runs are far in excess of speed limits anywhere in the United States. Successful record attempts have employed a variety of tactics for evading traffic law enforcement. The cannonball run began as an unofficial, unsanctioned automobile race run five times in the 1970s from New York City and Darien, Connecticut , on

3690-639: The 1970s, memorializing Erwin Baker's drive Australian Cannonball Cup , a street race from Melbourne to Perth held in 1984 Northern Territory Cannonball Run , a competitive motorsport event staged on public roads in 1994 in Australia Other [ edit ] Cannonball run (Galle Face) , an annual run in Colombo, Sri Lanka, to commemorate the 1845 misfiring of a British cannon on Galle Face Green Film and television [ edit ] Cannonball! ,

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3780-491: The 1979 Cannonball Run time during the 2007 Bullrun entry, driving a black Ferrari 550 , modified with extra fuel tanks. Their final time was 31 hours and 59 minutes. In October 2013, a team led by Ed Bolian with Dave Black and Dan Huang set a transcontinental record of 28 hours 50 minutes in a modified 2004 Mercedes-Benz CL55 AMG , averaging 98 miles per hour (158 km/h) with top speed of 182 miles per hour (293 km/h). Black shared driving with Bolian, who served as

3870-403: The 85th percentile rules is that, as a policy, most citizens should be deemed reasonable and prudent, and limits must be practical to enforce. However, there are some circumstances where motorists do not tend to process all the risks involved, and as a mass, choose a poor 85th percentile speed. This rule, in practice, is a process for "voting the speed limit" by driving, in contrast to delegating

3960-540: The Caltech team raced the opposite direction. A network of 54 charging locations was set up along the 3,311-mile (5,329 km) route, spaced 21 to 95 miles (34 to 153 km) apart. The race began on August 26, 1968, and ended on September 4. Although the MIT team reached Pasadena first, they were towed part of the way. After assessing penalty points, Caltech was declared the winner with a corrected time of 210 hours 3 minutes. With

4050-624: The East Coast of the United States to the Portofino Inn in the Los Angeles suburb of Redondo Beach, California . These races were called the Cannonball Baker Sea-To-Shining Sea Memorial Trophy Dash. Conceived by car magazine writer and auto racer Brock Yates and fellow Car and Driver editor Steve Smith, the first run was not a competitive race as only one team was running. The run was intended both as

4140-524: The Isle of Man have no speed limits; a 2004 proposal to introduce general speed limits of 60 mph (97 km/h) and 70 mph (110 km/h) on Mountain Road , for safety reasons, was not pursued following consultation. Measured travel speeds on the island are relatively low. The Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Maharashtra , and Telangana also do not have speed limits by default. Many roads without

4230-562: The M1 between J25 and J28 were made permanent. New Zealand introduced variable speed limits in February 2001. The first installation was on the Ngauranga Gorge section of the dual carriageway on State Highway 1 , characterized by steep terrain, numerous bends, high traffic volumes, and a higher than average accident rate. The speed limit is normally 80 km/h (50 mph). Austria undertook

4320-510: The Portofino Inn to the Red Ball Garage in 50 hours and 16 minutes. Their drive took place December 28–31 of 2017. GPS data was captured using the GPS Tracks application, and video evidence was shared on YouTube. In July 2019 a family team of Robin Jedi Thomsen, and her parents Lars Thomsen and Betty Legler set a record of 48 hours 10 minutes driving westbound for 2,835 miles (4,562 km) in

4410-402: The Red Ball Garage on the east side of Manhattan to the Portofino Hotel in Redondo Beach, California —a total of 2,825.3 miles (4,546.9 km)—in 26 hours 38 minutes. The team averaged 106 miles per hour (171 km/h). The record was completed in a 2019 Audi A8 L with additional fuel tanks in the rear storage. In May 2020, Arne Toman, Doug Tabbutt, and spotter Dunadel Daryoush set

4500-606: The Red Ball Garage in 74 hours and 5 minutes. In April 2022, the team of Nik Krueger, Mark Spence and Wesley Vigh drove from the Red Ball Garage in New York to the Portofino Hotel and Marina in LA, then back to the Red Ball Garage in 65 hours and 28 minutes, shattering the prior record by nearly eight and a half hours. The team used a modified 2008 Saab 9-5 . Mark Spence remains the only person in Cannonball Run history since Brock Yates to challenge their own record and beat it. The current Coast-to-Coast-to-Coast Cannonball Run Record

4590-538: The Red Ball Garage in Manhattan at 11:00 am and arriving at the Portifino Inn in Redondo Beach, CA 42 hours, 17 minutes later. The second drive was piloted by a driver team of Ryan Levenson and Josh Allan. The only modification made to the stock Tesla was to replace the factory 21-inch wheels with the more efficient Tesla 19-inch wheels and to over-inflate the tire pressure to 47 psi (320 kPa; 3.2 bar) for

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4680-446: The US is frequently set 4 to 8 mph (6 to 13 km/h) below that speed. Thus, if the 85th percentile operating speed as measured by a "Traffic and Engineering Survey" exceeds the design speed , legal protection is given to motorists traveling at such speeds (design speed is "based on conservative assumptions about the driver, the vehicle, and roadway characteristics"). The theory behind

4770-510: The United States, for example, the "speeding fatality rate for local roads is three times that for Interstates". For speed management, a distinction can exist between excess speed , which consists of driving in excess of the speed limit, and inappropriate speed , which consists of going too fast for the conditions. Most countries have a legally assigned numerical maximum speed limit which applies on all roads when no other speed limit indications are present; lower speed limits are often shown on

4860-602: The United States, heavily traveled portions of the New Jersey Turnpike began using variable speed limit signs in combination with variable message signs in the late 1960s. Officials can adjust the speed limit according to weather, traffic conditions, and construction. More typically, variable speed limits are used on remote stretches of highway in the United States in areas with extreme changes in driving conditions. For example, variable limits were introduced in October 2010 on

4950-502: The authority to the Ohio Department of Transportation to establish variable limits on any of its highways. In the United Kingdom, a variable speed limit was introduced on part of the M25 motorway in 1995, on the busiest 14-mile (23 km) section from junction 10 to 16. Initial results suggested savings in journey times, smoother-flowing traffic, and a decrease in the number of crashes;

5040-687: The car used in Toman and Tabbutt's 2019 cannonball run, modified turbochargers, an upgraded heat-exchanger, and custom ECU tuning that allowed for engine-mapping to be changed on-demand to suit either 91 or 93-octane fuel; allowing the car to generate an estimated 600 horsepower (608 PS; 447 kW). The run achieved an overall average speed of 110 miles per hour (177 km/h), with average speeds upwards of 125 miles per hour (201 km/h) across some states, and which at no time exceeded 175 miles per hour (282 km/h). In early June 2020, as reported by Road & Track , Fred Ashmore allegedly completed

5130-416: The car's identity. Several attempts have also implemented police-spotting teams traveling ahead of the record-run in cars or even general-aviation aircraft. Record attempts are criticized for their illegality and disregard for public safety, as these attempts are not authorized by or in agreement with any law enforcement agency. On October 7–9, 2006, Alex Roy , Dave Maher and filmmaker Cory Welles set

5220-454: The circumstances, in particular the lie of the land, the state of the road, the condition and load of his vehicle, the weather conditions and the density of traffic, so as to be able to stop his vehicle within his range of forward vision and short of any foreseeable obstruction. He shall slow down and if necessary stop whenever circumstances so require, and particularly when visibility is not excellent. Most legal systems expect drivers to drive at

5310-449: The diesel record, but also the last verified solo record (as Fred Ashmore's run is still being questioned) by Carl Dietz in a Cadillac ATS , who ran it in 27 hours and 25 minutes. Stowell also beat the pre-pandemic outright record set by the team of Arne Toman, Doug Tabbutt, and Berkeley Chadwick. Stowel averaged around 23 mpg ‑US (27.6 mpg ‑imp ; 10.2 L/100 km; 9.8 km/L) and 105 mph (168.98 km/h) over

5400-519: The equivalent of US $ 50 in 2019. The 1832 Stage Carriage Act introduced the offense of endangering the safety of a passenger or person by "furious driving" in the United Kingdom (UK). In 1872, then- President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant was arrested for speeding in his horse-drawn carriage in Washington, D.C. A series of Locomotive Acts (in 1861, 1865 and 1878) created

5490-563: The experiment "a milestone in European transport policy-despite all predictions to the contrary"; however, the experiment was discontinued. Just over half of the German autobahns have only an advisory speed limit (a Richtgeschwindigkeit ), 15% have temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions, and 33% have permanent speed limits, according to 2008 estimates. The advisory speed limit applies to any road in Germany outside of towns which

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5580-445: The first numeric speed limits for mechanically propelled vehicles in the UK; the 1861 Act introduced a UK speed limit of 10 mph (16 km/h) on open roads in town, which was reduced to 2 mph (3 km/h) in towns and 4 mph (6 km/h) in rural areas by the 1865 "Red Flag Act". The Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 , which raised the speed limit to 14 mph (23 km/h)

5670-672: The introduction of long-range EVs, such as the Tesla Roadster (2008) and, in particular, the Tesla Model S , coast-to-coast travel became more feasible. In January 2014, Tesla Motors completed the first coast-to-coast corridor in their supercharging network for the Model S. A team of 15 from Tesla Motors completed a 3,427-mile (5,515 km) route from Los Angeles to New York City run in 76 hours, 5 minutes. (Time included 60 hours, 8 minutes driving, and 15 hours, 57 minutes charging.) In July 2014,

5760-608: The journey. Motorcycle between New York and Los Angeles 1917 to present: In 1968, the Great Transcontinental Electric Car Race was held between student groups at Caltech and MIT. The Caltech team, led by EV pioneer Wally Rippel , converted a 1958 VW Microbus powered by lead cobalt batteries from Electric Fuel Propulsion Corporation of Detroit. The MIT team converted a 1968 Chevrolet Corvair powered by NiCad batteries . The MIT team raced from Cambridge, Massachusetts , to Pasadena, California , while

5850-402: The large battery, aerodynamic wheels, and massaging seats, using Electrify America CCS chargers with up to 350 kW. In October 2021, the EV record was broken twice in the same rented 2021 Tesla Model S Long Range. The first drive, from Los Angeles to New York City, by Ryan Levenson and Will Wood, lowered the EV record to 42:52. The second drive occurred on October 22, 2021, leaving from

5940-495: The last remaining U.S. states relying exclusively on the basic rule, without a specific, numeric rural speed limit before the National Maximum Speed Law of 1974. After the repeal of federal speed mandates in 1996, Montana was the only state to revert to the basic rule for daylight rural speed regulation. The Montana Supreme Court ruled that the basic rule was too vague to allow citation, prosecution, and conviction of

6030-800: The leading cause of crashes on German autobahns in 2012 fell into that category: 6,587 so-called "speed related" crashes claimed the lives of 179 people, which represented almost half (46.3%) of 387 autobahn fatalities in 2012. However, "excessive speed" does not necessarily mean the speed limit was exceeded, rather that police determined at least one party traveled too fast for existing conditions. Examples of conditions where drivers may find themselves driving too fast include wet roadways (due to rain, snow, or ice), reduced visibility (due to fog or "white out" snow ), uneven roads, construction zones, curves, intersections, gravel roads, and heavy traffic. Per distance traveled, consequences of inappropriate speed are more frequent on lower speed, lower quality roads; in

6120-508: The legal maximum speed at which vehicles may travel on a given stretch of road. Speed limits are generally indicated on a traffic sign reflecting the maximum permitted speed, expressed as kilometres per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mph) or both. Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative bodies of national or provincial governments and enforced by national or regional police and judicial authorities. Speed limits may also be variable, or in some places nonexistent, such as on most of

6210-401: The legal speed limit of a motorway such that 15% of drivers exceed the limit. Critics of the guideline say that it is inappropriate to let drivers set the speed limit for a road via their own recorded speed. Once a speed limit has been set using the 85% rule, motorists tend to drive faster than that new speed limit. A speed limit set using this methodology also does not take into account

6300-462: The maximum legal speed to 12 mph (19 km/h) in cities and 15 mph (24 km/h) on rural roads. Speed limits then propagated across the United States; by 1930 all but 12 states had established numerical limits. In 1903, in the UK, the national speed limit was raised to 20 mph (32 km/h); however, as this was difficult to enforce due to the lack of speedometers , the 1930 "Road Traffic Act" abolished speed limits entirely. In 1934,

6390-418: The new cannonball record of 25 hours and 39 minutes in a modified 2016 Audi S6 disguised to look like a Ford Taurus police interceptor . Police-evasion modifications included brake light kill-switches, radar detectors, laser diffusers, CB-radio , and a roof-mounted thermal camera. Performance modifications included a trunk-mounted 67-US-gallon (56 imp gal; 250 L) auxiliary fuel tank sourced from

6480-487: The number of casualties from traffic collisions . The World Health Organization (WHO) identified speed control as one of a number of steps that can be taken to reduce road casualties. As of 2021, the WHO estimates that approximately 1.3 million people die of road traffic crashes each year. Authorities may also set speed limits to reduce the environmental impact of road traffic (vehicle noise, vibration, emissions) or to enhance

6570-668: The posted speed limit. Basic rule speed laws are statutory reinforcements of the centuries-old common law negligence doctrine as specifically applied to vehicular speed. Citations for violations of the basic speed law without a crash have sometimes been ruled unfairly vague or arbitrary, hence a violation of the due process of law , at least in the State of Montana. Even within states, differing jurisdictions (counties and cities) choose to prosecute similar cases with differing approaches. Consequential results of basic law violations are often categorized as excessive speed crashes; for example,

6660-420: The previous diesel record and Darien-Redondo time by more than 3 hours. The team averaged both 25.5 mpg ‑US (30.6 mpg ‑imp ; 9.2 L/100 km; 10.8 km/L) and 100.07 mph (161.05 km/h) over the 2,852-mile (4,590 km) journey. In October 2024, Las Vegas native Chris Stowell would complete a solo run of 27 hours and 16 minutes in a 2015 BMW 535d , not only breaking

6750-428: The primary driver, while Huang served as spotter watching for police and obstructions such as deer or construction using image stabilized binoculars. In November 2019, the driving team of Arne Toman and Doug Tabbutt, with spotter Berkeley Chadwick, set a transcontinental record of 27 hours 25 minutes. The team averaged 103 miles per hour (166 km/h) and reached a top speed of 193 miles per hour (311 km/h) on

6840-410: The road, traffic, visibility and weather conditions as well as the personal skills and characteristics of the vehicle and load. In France, the law clarifies that even if the speed is limited by law and by local authority, the driver assumes the responsibility to control a vehicle's speed, and to reduce that speed in various circumstances (such as when overtaking a pedestrian or bicycle, individually or in

6930-570: The route. A second starting point emerged for the 1979 running at the Goodwives Shopping Center in Darien, Connecticut. The route from this point is said to be approximately 48 miles (77 km) farther than the Red Ball Garage starting point. Since the record is unsanctioned, there are no official limits imposed on cars, routes, technologies, or strategies used in record runs. Record-setting runs are typically self-verified by record-setters through witnesses, toll receipts, continuous video of

7020-425: The run in 55 hours flat in a 2016 Tesla Model S 90D. GPS logs were recorded by US Fleet Tracking, and Comma.AI's Chffr data logger, and data was shared with The Drive. In December 2017, with an early-production Tesla Model 3 , which are delivered to California-based customers only, Alex Roy and co-driver Dan Zorrilla broke the eastbound Electric Cannonball Run record again, driving 2,860 miles (4,600 km) from

7110-472: The run, and GPS tracking. Contemporary record-setting runs are typically driven by a team of drivers and copilots in a high-performance, but inconspicuous car . Cars are commonly modified with auxiliary fuel tanks to extend range, and are frequently modified to increase performance and durability. Cars are also commonly modified to help evade police, using equipment such as police radio, radar and laser detectors and/or jamming, and cosmetic alterations that obscure

7200-557: The safety of pedestrians, cyclists, and other road-users. For example, a draft proposal from Germany's National Platform on the Future of Mobility task force recommended a blanket 130 km/h (81 mph) speed limit across the Autobahnen to curb fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Some cities have reduced limits to as little as 30 km/h (19 mph) for both safety and efficiency reasons. However, some research indicates that changes in

7290-425: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cannonball Run . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannonball_Run&oldid=1227537337 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

7380-596: The scheme was made permanent in 1997. However, a 2004 National Audit Organisation report noted that the business case was unproved; conditions at the site of the Variable Speed Limits trial were not stable before or during the trial, and the study was deemed neither properly controlled nor reliable. Since December 2008 the upgraded section of the M1 between the M25 and Luton has had the capability for variable speed limits. In January 2010 temporary variable speed cameras on

7470-446: The second drive. In April 2023, Kyle Conner attempted another record with the Out of Spec Motoring team, using a Lucid Air . This time the trip ended in 44 hours 32 minutes, which does not set a new record. However, their lead car Polestar 1 , driven by Alyssa Zupan, set a new plug-in hybrid record with 45 hours and 38 minutes. In April 2015, the first coast-to-coast semi-automated record

7560-462: The speed limit may not always alter average vehicle speed. Lower speed limits could reduce the use of over-engineered vehicles. In Western cultures, speed limits predate the use of motorized vehicles. In 1652, the American colony of New Amsterdam passed a law stating, "No wagons, carts or sleighs shall be run, rode or driven at a gallop ". The punishment for breaking the law was "two pounds Flemish",

7650-512: The speed limit to an engineering expert. The maximum speed permitted by statute, as posted, is normally based on ideal driving conditions and the basic speed rule always applies. Violation of the statute generally raises a rebuttable presumption of negligence . On international European roads, speed should be taken into account during the design stage. Some roads also have minimum speed limits, usually where slow speeds can impede traffic flow or be dangerous. The use of minimum speed limits

7740-428: The state of Brandenburg in 2006 showed average speeds of 142 km/h (88 mph) on a 6-lane section of autobahn in free-flowing conditions. Prior to German reunification in 1990, accident reduction programs in eastern German states were primarily focused on restrictive traffic regulation. Within two years of reunification, the availability of high-powered vehicles and a 54% increase in motorized traffic led to

7830-495: The team spot police on the ground and in the air as well as a laser jammer . The team left early November ahead of Thanksgiving travel traffic and chose a route based on weather forecasts which provided dry weather through the entire trip. The record was broken multiple times during the COVID-19 pandemic , taking advantage of a reduction in both road users and law enforcement presence. In April 2020, an anonymous crew traveled from

7920-419: The trip covering 13 states. The 2015 Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG was modified to provide 800 horsepower (811 PS; 597 kW) and fitted with an additional fuel tank in the trunk providing 67 US gallons (56 imp gal; 250 L) enabling the team to stop just four times for fuel for a total of just over 22 minutes. The car was also equipped with police scanner , CB radio , a thermal camera to help

8010-437: Was completed with fewer than 14 hours of charging and 96 percent of the driving done by Tesla's Autopilot system. This record was a first outside of manufacture testing, proving that automated systems can deliver people coast to coast safely in record time. In August 2016, the semi-automated (SAE Level 2) driving record at 55 hours was set during the electric cross-country record run by Franz Aliquo, Warren Ahner, and Alex Roy in

8100-535: Was set by employees of Delphi. Delphi engineers covered 3,400 miles (5,500 km), San Francisco to New York City, over a span of nine days. In October 2015, Carl J. Reese , Deena Mastracci, and Alex Roy set a new coast-to-coast record using Tesla's new Autopilot function. The trio made the 2,995-mile (4,820 km) journey in 57 hours, 48 minutes after departing from Redondo Beach, California on October 18 at 9:15 p.m. PST, and arriving at Red Ball Garage in New York on October 21 at 10:03 a.m. EST. The trip

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