33-572: See text Cannabaceae is a small family of flowering plants , known as the hemp family . As now circumscribed , the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including Cannabis (hemp), Humulus ( hops ) and Celtis (hackberries). Celtis is by far the largest genus, containing about 100 species. Cannabaceae is a member of the Rosales . Members of the family are erect or climbing plants with petalless flowers and dry, one-seeded fruits. Hemp ( Cannabis ) and hop ( Humulus ) are
66-478: A 73% overlap in genomic content. The overlap between enzymes includes polyketide synthases and prenyltransferases . The hop and C. sativa also have significant overlap in the cannabidiolic acid synthase gene, which is expressed in the tissues of the leaves in both plants. The five varieties of this species ( Humulus lupulus ) are: Many cultivars are found in the list of hop varieties . A yellow-leafed ornamental cultivar, Humulus lupulus 'Aureus',
99-457: A consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called the seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time
132-446: A family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to a lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching
165-581: A monastery in Freising , Germany. The chemical compounds found in H. lupulus are the main components in flavoring and bittering beer. The fragrant flower cones, known as hops, impart a bitter flavor and also have aromatic and preservative qualities. Some other compounds help with creating foam in beer. Chemicals such as linalool and aldehydes contribute to the flavor of beer. The main components of bitterness in beer are iso-alpha acids , with many other compounds contributing to beer's overall bitterness. Until
198-501: A similar size to the human genome . The complexity of the hop genome has made it difficult to understand and identify unknown genetic properties, however with the growing availability of accessible sequencing , there is room for more advanced understanding of the plant. Because of the growing concern of climate change , and the assumption that there will be an increase of heat waves , it is likely that growing large yields of hops could become more difficult. This could result in changes to
231-533: A word of Sarmatian origin which is present in the modern Ossetian language ( Ossetian : Хуымæллæг ) and derives from proto-Iranian hauma-arayka , an Aryan haoma . From Sarmatian dialects this word spread across Eurasia, thus creating a group of related words in Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Slavic and Germanic languages (see Russian : хмель , Chuvash хăмла , Finnish humala , Hungarian komló , Mordovian комла , Avar хомеллег ). The specific epithet lupulus
264-517: Is Latin for "small wolf". The name refers to the plant's tendency to strangle other plants, mainly osiers or basket willows ( Salix viminalis ), like a wolf does a sheep. Hops could be seen growing over these willows so often that it was named the willow-wolf. The English word hop is derived from the Middle Dutch word hoppe , also meaning Humulus lupulus . The plant is native to Europe, western Asia and North America. It grows best in
297-414: Is a species of flowering plant in the hemp family, Cannabaceae . It is a perennial , herbaceous climbing plant which sends up new shoots in early spring and dies back to a cold-hardy rhizome in autumn. It is dioecious (having separate male and female plants) and native to West Asia , Europe and North America . As the female cone-shaped flowers ( hops ) are used to preserve and flavor beer ,
330-528: Is cultivated for garden use. It is also known as golden hop, and holds the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit (AGM). The genus name Humulus is a medieval name that was at some point Latinized after being borrowed from a Germanic source exhibiting the h•m•l consonant cluster, as in Middle Low German homele . According to Soviet Iranist Vasily Abaev this could be
363-473: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Humulus lupulus Humulus lupulus , the common hop or hops ,
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#1732845323360396-415: The transcriptome of the hop, or result in a decrease of certain varieties, leaving less room for further research. The hop is within the same family of plants such as hemp and marijuana , called Cannabaceae . The hop plant diverged from Cannabis sativa over 20 million years ago and has evolved to be three times the physical size. The hop and C. sativa are estimated to have approximately
429-460: The valerophenone synthase gene , which is known to be an essential genetic component in the regulation of bitter acid production. This shows that impacts of outside stress on H. lupulus likely has a direct implication of the expression of the bitter flavor that remains an essential component of the popularity of the plant. Because of the growing understanding regarding the hop's overlap in gene structures with cannabidiolic acid synthase ,
462-506: The book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
495-851: The common hop, has been the predominant bittering agent of beer for hundreds of years. The flowers' resins are responsible for beer's bitterness and their ability to extend shelf life due to some antimicrobial qualities. The young shoots can be used as a vegetable. Some plants in the genus Cannabis are cultivated as hemp for the production of fiber, as a source of cheap oil , for their nutritious seeds, or their edible leaves. Others are cultivated for medical or recreational use as dried flowers , extracts , or infused food products . Induced parthenocarpy in pistilate flowers, and selective breeding are used to produce either higher or lower yields of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), other cannabinoids , as well as terpenes with desired flavors or aromas, such as blueberry, strawberry, or even citrus. Many trees in
528-561: The distinct differences and difficulties in the cultivation processes between geographically popular varieties of the hop plant. Outside environmental stress, such as changes in temperature and water availability has also been shown to significantly alter the transcriptome and incite reductions in genes known to be involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites (including bitter acids), which are organic compounds produced that do not impact development or reproduction of hops. Environmental stress has also been shown to reduce expression of
561-530: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
594-461: The flavor of the products they are common in, such as beer . The bitter flavors in hops can be accounted for by acids composed of prenylated polyketides (a group of secondary metabolites), which highly impact the taste of hop-based products. Multiple genes have been identified as factors in the expression of taste including O-methyltransferase 1 , geranyl diphosphate synthase , and chalcone synthase. Genomic analyses have shown evidence that
627-637: The following genera: Cannabaceae likely originated in East Asia during the Late Cretaceous . The oldest known pollen typical of members of Cannabaceae is from the Late Cretaceous ( Turonian ~94–90 million years ago) of Sarawak , Borneo. Fossils show Cannabaceae were widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere during the early Cenozoic, though their distribution shifted towards tropical regions in
660-495: The genus Celtis are grown for landscaping and ornamental purposes, and the bark of Pteroceltis is used to produce high-end Chinese rice paper. Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between
693-413: The intervention of humans in the selection process of the hop over the thousands of years it has been cultivated have provided noticeable enhancements in aroma and bitterness as well as selection of varieties with high yield rates. Predicted genes in homologous primary contigs have been identified as accounting for various traits expressed via variation in the growth, flowering, and stress responses in
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#1732845323360726-645: The later Cenozoic due to changing climates. Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships: Moraceae ( outgroup ) Aphananthe Gironniera Lozanella Cannabis Humulus Celtis Pteroceltis Chaetachme Trema (including Parasponia ) Carbon dating has revealed that these plants may have been used for ritual/medicinal purposes in Xinjiang, China as early as 494 B.C. Humulus lupulus ,
759-472: The latitude range of 38°–51° in full sun with moderate amounts of rainfall. The flowers attract butterflies , amongst other insects. H. lupulus can cause dermatitis to some who handle them. It is estimated that about 1 in 30 people are affected by this. H. lupulus is first mentioned in 768 CE when King Pepin donated hops to a monastery in Paris. Cultivation was first recorded in 859 CE, in documents from
792-424: The male inflorescences are long and look like panicles , while the female ones are shorter and bear fewer flowers. The pistil is made of two connate carpels , the usually superior ovary is unilocular; there is no fixed number of stamens . The fruit can be an achene or a drupe . Classification systems developed prior to the 1990s, such as those of Cronquist (1981) and Dahlgren (1989), typically recognized
825-707: The most economically important species. Other than a shared evolutionary origin, members of the family have few common characteristics; some are trees (e.g. Celtis ), others are herbaceous plants (e.g. Cannabis ). Members of this family can be trees (e.g. Celtis ), erect herbs (e.g. Cannabis ), or twining herbs (e.g. Humulus ). Leaves are often more or less palmately lobed or palmately compound and always bear stipules . Cystoliths are always present and some members of this family possess laticifers . Cannabaceae are often dioecious (distinct male and female plants). The flowers are actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) and not showy, as these plants are pollinated by
858-532: The order Urticales , which included the families Cannabaceae, Cecropiaceae, Celtidaceae, Moraceae, Ulmaceae and Urticaceae, as then circumscribed. Molecular data from 1990s onwards showed that these families were actually embedded within the order Rosales, so that from the first classification by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in 1998, they were placed in an expanded Rosales, forming a group which has been called 'urticalean rosids'. Cannabaceae comprises
891-722: The pistillate (female) flowers have petals enveloping the fruit. The female flower cones (or strobili ) are known as hops . The fruit is an achene , meaning that it is dry and does not split open at maturity. The achene is surrounded by tepals and lupulin-secreting glands are concentrated on the fruit. The species is sometimes described as a bine rather than a vine because it has stiff downward facing hairs that provide stability and allow it to climb. H. lupulus contains myrcene , humulene , xanthohumol , myrcenoland linalool , as well as less defined tannins and resin . Hops are unique for containing secondary metabolites , flavonoids , oils , and polyphenols that impact
924-449: The plant. These homologous primary contigs correspond to regions with large amounts of sequence variation . Genes in the hop that contain higher rates of sequence divergence in homologous primary contigs (overlapping DNA sequences inherited by a common ancestor) have been attributed to the expression of flowering, growth and responses to (both abiotic and biotic ) stress in the plant. The responses to stress are thought to manifest in
957-414: The precursor structure to cannabidiol , there is a gap in general understanding about potential unknown compounds and benefits in hops. As the understanding of the health benefits available in cannabidiol increases, there is a growing demand to further investigate the overlap between cannabidiolic acid synthase and H. lupulus . The genome of H. lupulus is relatively large and has been shown to be
990-491: The ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging
1023-547: The species is widely cultivated for the brewing industry . Humulus lupulus is a perennial herbaceous plant up to 10 metres (33 feet) tall, living up to 20 years. It has simple leaves with 3–5 deep lobes that can be opposite or alternate. The species is triggered by the longer summer days to flower, usually around July or August in the Northern Hemisphere. The plant is dioecious , with male and female flowers on separate plants. The fragrant flowers are wind-pollinated . The staminate (male) flowers do not have petals, while
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1056-405: The wind . As an adaptation to this kind of pollination, the calyx and corolla are radically reduced to only vestigial remnants found as an adherent perianth coating the seed. A reduced and monophyllous cuplike perigonal bract, properly known as the bracteole, immediately surrounds and protects the seed and is often misnamed as a "calyx". Flowers are grouped to form cymes . In the dioecious plants
1089-480: Was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted the use of this term solely within
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