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62-538: The town gave its name to the Canegrate culture , a prehistoric civilization whose main archaeological site has been excavated in the communal territory. This article on a location in the Province of Milan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Canegrate culture The Canegrate culture was a civilization of prehistoric Italy that developed from the late Bronze Age (13th century BC) until

124-448: A 50% life expectancy of 3–10 years. Other demographics that tend to have a lower life expectancy than average include transplant recipients and the obese. Education on all levels has been shown to be strongly associated with increased life expectancy. This association may be due partly to higher income, which can lead to increased life expectancy. Despite the association, among identical twin pairs with different education levels, there

186-466: A 60-year one ). Aggregate population measures—such as the proportion of the population in various age groups—are also used alongside individual-based measures—such as formal life expectancy—when analyzing population structure and dynamics. Pre-modern societies had universally higher mortality rates and lower life expectancies at every age for both males and females. Life expectancy, longevity , and maximum lifespan are not synonymous. Longevity refers to

248-402: A given year. National LEB figures reported by national agencies and international organizations for human populations are estimates of period LEB. Human remains from the early Bronze Age indicate an LEB of 24. In 2019, world LEB was 73.3. A combination of high infant mortality and deaths in young adulthood from accidents, epidemics , plagues, wars, and childbirth, before modern medicine

310-573: A healthy diet. The World Health Organization announced that the COVID-19 pandemic reversed the trend of steady gain in life expectancy at birth. The pandemic wiped out nearly a decade of progress in improving life expectancy. During the last 200 years, African countries have generally not had the same improvements in mortality rates that have been enjoyed by countries in Asia, Latin America, and Europe. This

372-912: A high school education have the shortest life expectancies. Preschool education also plays a large role in life expectancy. It was found that high-quality early-stage childhood education had positive effects on health. Researchers discovered this by analyzing the results of the Carolina Abecedarian Project , finding that the disadvantaged children who were randomly assigned to treatment had lower instances of risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in their mid-30s. Various species of plants and animals, including humans, have different lifespans. Evolutionary theory states that organisms which—by virtue of their defenses or lifestyle—live for long periods and avoid accidents, disease, predation, etc. are likely to have genes that code for slow aging, which often translates to good cellular repair. One theory

434-403: A low LEB would have a small proportion of older people. A different measure, such as life expectancy at age 5 (e 5 ), can be used to exclude the effect of infant mortality to provide a simple measure of overall mortality rates other than in early childhood. For instance, in a society with a life expectancy of 30, it may nevertheless be common to have a 40-year remaining timespan at age 5 (but not

496-576: A promising candidate for further research within the field. This study suggests that high levels of iron in the blood likely reduce, and genes involved in metabolising iron likely increase healthy years of life in humans. A follow-up study which investigated the genetics of frailty and self-rated health in addition to healthspan, lifespan, and longevity also highlighted haem metabolism as an important pathway, and found genetic variants which lower blood protein levels of LPA and VCAM1 were associated with increased healthy lifespan. In developed countries,

558-412: A rather harsh existence and had a decidedly short average life . Furthermore, the rate of infant deaths was decidedly high. A certain respect for the dead can also be deduced from the rich funerary outfit. Most likely the village where the community that built the two necropolises lived was not far from the find. The presence of two rather close necropolises and the discovery of similar discoveries in

620-477: A tight budget for food energy called caloric restriction . Caloric restriction observed in many animals (most notably mice and rats) shows a near doubling of life span from a very limited calorific intake. Support for the theory has been bolstered by several new studies linking lower basal metabolic rate to increased life expectancy. That is the key to why animals like giant tortoises can live so long. Studies of humans with life spans of at least 100 have shown

682-807: A total of 13 million "missing Americans" from 1980 to 2021, deaths that would have been averted if it had the standard mortality rate of " wealthy nations ". The annual number of "missing Americans" has been increasing, with 622,534 in 2019 alone. Most excess deaths in the United States can largely be attributed to increasing obesity , alcoholism , drug overdoses , car accidents , suicides , and murders , with poor sleep , unhealthy diets , and loneliness being linked to most of them. Black Americans have generally shorter life expectancies than their White American counterparts. For example, white Americans in 2010 are expected to live until age 78.9, but black Americans only until age 75.1. This 3.8-year gap, however,

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744-660: Is a partial explanation. Another explanation is the unguarded X hypothesis . According to this hypothesis, one reason for why the average lifespan of males is not as long as that of females––by 18% on average, according to the study––is that they have a Y chromosome which cannot protect an individual from harmful genes expressed on the X chromosome, while a duplicate X chromosome, as present in female organisms, can ensure harmful genes are not expressed . In developed countries, starting around 1880, death rates decreased faster among women, leading to differences in mortality rates between males and females. Before 1880, death rates were

806-492: Is also likely to be affected by exposure to high levels of highway air pollution or industrial air pollution . This is one way that occupation can have a major effect on life expectancy. Coal miners (and in prior generations, asbestos cutters) often have lower life expectancies than average. Other factors affecting an individual's life expectancy are genetic disorders, drug use, tobacco smoking , excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, access to health care, diet, and exercise. In

868-527: Is an average, a particular person may die many years before or after the expected survival. Life expectancy is also used in plant or animal ecology , and in life tables (also known as actuarial tables). The concept of life expectancy may also be used in the context of manufactured objects, though the related term shelf life is commonly used for consumer products, and the terms "mean time to breakdown" and " mean time between failures " are used in engineering. The earliest documented work on life expectancy

930-526: Is estimated to be less than 10%, meaning the majority of variation in lifespan is attributable due to differences in environment rather than genetic variation . However, researchers have identified regions of the genome which can influence the length of life and the number of years lived in good health. For example, a genome-wide association study of 1 million lifespans found 12 genetic loci which influenced lifespan by modifying susceptibility to cardiovascular and smoking-related disease . The locus with

992-414: Is known to have lived. According to a study by biologists Bryan G. Hughes and Siegfried Hekimi, there is no evidence for limit on human lifespan. However, this view has been questioned on the basis of error patterns. A theoretical study shows that the maximum life expectancy at birth is limited by the human life characteristic value δ, which is around 104 years. The following information is derived from

1054-458: Is most apparent by the impact of AIDS on many African countries. According to projections made by the United Nations in 2002, the life expectancy at birth for 2010–2015 (if HIV/AIDS did not exist) would have been: On average, eastern Europeans tend to live shorter lives than their western counterparts. For example, Spaniards from Madrid can expect to live to 85, but Bulgarians from

1116-455: Is only weak evidence of a relationship between educational attainment and adult mortality. According to a paper from 2015, the mortality rate for the Caucasian population in the United States from 1993 to 2001 is four times higher for those who did not complete high school compared to those who have at least 16 years of education. In fact, within the U.S. adult population, people with less than

1178-437: Is that mitochondrial mutations which shorten lifespan continue to be expressed in males (but less so in females) because mitochondria are inherited only through the mother. By contrast, natural selection weeds out mitochondria that reduce female survival; therefore, such mitochondria are less likely to be passed on to the next generation. This thus suggests that females tend to live longer than males. The authors claim that this

1240-420: Is that if predation or accidental deaths prevent most individuals from living to an old age, there will be less natural selection to increase the intrinsic life span. That finding was supported in a classic study of opossums by Austad; however, the opposite relationship was found in an equally prominent study of guppies by Reznick. One prominent and very popular theory states that lifespan can be lengthened by

1302-498: Is the lowest it has been since 1975 at the latest, the greatest difference being 7.1 years in 1993. In contrast, Asian American women live the longest of all ethnic and gender groups in the United States, with a life expectancy of 85.8 years. The life expectancy of Hispanic Americans is 81.2 years. In 2023, the life expectancy was 84.5 in Japan, 4.2 years above the OECD average, and one of

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1364-538: The Industrial Revolution , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. Recorded deaths among children under the age of 5 years fell in London from 74.5% of the recorded births in 1730–49 to 31.8% in 1810–29, though this overstates mortality and its fall because of net immigration (hence more dying in the metropolis than were born there) and incomplete registration (particularly of births, and especially in

1426-632: The Iron Age , in the areas that are now western Lombardy , eastern Piedmont , and Ticino . Canegrate had a cultural dynamic, as expressed in its pottery and bronzework, that was completely new to the area and was a typical example of the western Hallstatt culture . The name comes from the locality of Canegrate in Lombardy, south of Legnano and 25 km north of Milan , where Guido Sutermeister discovered important archaeological finds (approximately 50 tombs with ceramics and metallic objects). The site

1488-689: The Ligurian aboriginal populations; the union gave rise to the new Golasecca culture . The origins of the Orobii , a population localized by classical writers in these areas that founded the town of Como , have been linked to the Canegrate culture. Since ancient times, the inhabitants of Olona Valley lived mainly away from the river, on higher ground that certainly would not have been affected by seasonal floods. The most significant archaeological finds, from prehistory until Roman rule , have been discovered along

1550-516: The University of Michigan found that life expectancy actually increased during the Great Depression , and during recessions and depressions in general. The authors suggest that when people are working at a more extreme degree during prosperous economic times, they undergo more stress , exposure to pollution , and the likelihood of injury among other longevity-limiting factors. Life expectancy

1612-571: The Urnfield culture population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the Alpine passes , had already penetrated and settled in the western Po valley between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como ( Scamozzina culture ). They brought a new funerary practice— cremation —which supplanted inhumation . The facies of Canegrate introduces a new decorative style in ceramics that marks an almost total break with

1674-402: The gastrointestinal tract ; the mentally ill have a four times risk of gastrointestinal disease. As of 2020 and the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have found an increased risk of death in the mentally ill. The life expectancy of people with diabetes, which is 9.3% of the U.S. population, is reduced by roughly 10–20 years. People over 60 years old with Alzheimer's disease have about

1736-469: The 1961 Encyclopædia Britannica and other sources, some with questionable accuracy. Unless otherwise stated, it represents estimates of the life expectancies of the world population as a whole. In many instances, life expectancy varied considerably according to class and gender. Life expectancy at birth takes account of infant mortality and child mortality but not prenatal mortality. Life expectancy at age 1 reached 34–41 remaining years for

1798-426: The 67 –75% surviving the first year. For the 55-65% surviving to age 5, remaining life expectancy reached around 40–45, while the ~50% reaching age 10 could expect another 40 years of life. Average remaining years fell to 33–39 at age 15; ~20 at age 40; 14–18 at age 50; ~10–12 at age 60; and ~6–7 at age 70. Only half of the people born in the early 19th century made it past their 50th birthday. In contrast, 97% of

1860-579: The Novarese ( Novara , Vicolungo and Castelletto sopra Ticino ) and in Verbano ( Premeno ). The most novelty element is precisely the ceramics which, although it has some point of contact with the previous Scamozzina culture , on the whole is clearly differentiated by connecting directly with the Urnfield culture and, in particular, to the groups of the Rhine - Switzerland -Eastern France area. The contribution of

1922-616: The United States increased by more than 30 years, of which 25 years can be attributed to advances in public health. There are great variations in life expectancy between different parts of the world, mostly caused by differences in public health , medical care, and diet. Human beings are expected to live on average 60 years in Eswatini and 82.6 years in Japan. An analysis published in 2011 in The Lancet attributes Japanese life expectancy to equal opportunities , excellent public health , and

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1984-461: The United States, the number of centenarians grew from 32,194 in 1980 to 71,944 in November 2010 (232 centenarians per million inhabitants). Mental illness is reported to occur in approximately 18% of the average American population. The mentally ill have been shown to have a 10- to 25-year reduction in life expectancy. Generally, the reduction of lifespan in the mentally ill population compared to

2046-429: The aforementioned building works. These works were stopped after verifying the importance of the finds, and this allowed the patrol of the entire area. Given the abundance of findings, it was possible to identify the general cultural and social aspects of the populations that belonged to this prehistoric civilization. From the findings discovered in Canegrate, it can be inferred that the populations that lived there led

2108-764: The area, could suggest the presence of several villages at a relatively short distance. Remains of dwellings of populations belonging to the culture the Canegrates were discovered in Gabinella in Legnano . During the excavations, which took place in the mid-1980s, furnishings from the late Bronze Age (mostly vessel fragments) were also brought to light. Small necropolises belonging to the Canegrate culture have also been discovered in Appiano Gentile , Ligurno , Canton Ticino ( Gudo , Rovio , Locarno , Giubiasco and Bellinzona ), in

2170-428: The average life remaining at age x ). This can be defined in two ways. Cohort LEB is the mean length of life of a birth cohort (in this case, all individuals born in a given year) and can be computed only for cohorts born so long ago that all their members have died. Period LEB is the mean length of life of a hypothetical cohort assumed to be exposed, from birth through death, to the mortality rates observed at

2232-457: The culture of the urn fields is particularly emphasized by the shape and decorations of the urns, as well as by the composition of the alloy in the bronzes of the funeral objects. Life expectancy Human life expectancy is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age. The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth (LEB, or in demographic notation e 0 , where e x denotes

2294-416: The disparity is amongst the highest in the world : life expectancy for males in the heavily deprived Calton area stands at 54, which is 28 years less than in the affluent area of Lenzie , which is only 8 km (5.0 mi) away. A 2013 study found a pronounced relationship between economic inequality and life expectancy. However, in contrast, a study by José A. Tapia Granados and Ana Diez Roux at

2356-400: The earlier period). English life expectancy at birth reached 41 years in the 1840s, 43 in the 1870s and 46 in the 1890s, though infant mortality remained at around 150 per thousand throughout this period. Public health measures are credited with much of the recent increase in life expectancy. During the 20th century, despite a brief drop due to the 1918 flu pandemic , the average lifespan in

2418-457: The edges of the Olona Valley, and the necropolis connected to the culture of Canegrate was not an exception. The necropolis of Canegrate was brought to light in 1926 near the church of Santa Colomba . The fact that the finds did not belong to any other proto-historic culture was identified later. In 1953, other finds were found on the same land during the construction of a house; in 1956

2480-529: The existing literature, Kalben concluded that the fact that women live longer than men was observed at least as far back as 1750 and that, with relatively equal treatment, today males in all parts of the world experience greater mortality than females. However, Kalben's study was restricted to data in Western Europe alone, where the demographic transition occurred relatively early. United Nations statistics from mid-twentieth century onward, show that in all parts of

2542-411: The female mortality rate from breast cancer and cervical cancer. In the past, mortality rates for females in child-bearing age groups were higher than for males at the same age. A paper from 2015 found that female foetuses have a higher mortality rate than male foetuses. This finding contradicts papers dating from 2002 and earlier that attribute the male sex to higher in-utero mortality rates. Among

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2604-427: The findings took place within the perimeter of the "Giuseppe Gajo" kindergarten , which is seven hundred meters south of the church of Santa Colomba. The first archaeological activities were directed by Guido Sutermeister , while those carried out in the 1950s were supervised by Ferrante Rittatore Vonwiller . The excavations were systematic between the spring of 1953 and the autumn of 1956. The tombs found are of

2666-523: The gap in life expectancy between men and women decreasing in later life. This may be attributable to the effects of infant mortality and young adult death rates. Some argue that shorter male life expectancy is merely another manifestation of the general rule, seen in all mammal species, that larger-sized individuals within a species tend, on average, to have shorter lives. This biological difference occurs because women have more resistance to infections and degenerative diseases. In her extensive review of

2728-449: The heat of the fire during the cremation. Not many weapons have been found. In the entire necropolis of Canegrate, only four swords have been discovered. The study of the findings revealed that about 30% of the graves received ashes from adolescents or children. It is estimated that the necropolis should originally contain about 200 tombs, 165 of which were brought to light. The burials that were not brought to light were destroyed during

2790-595: The highest in the world. Japan's high life expectancy can largely be explained by their healthy diets, which are low on salt , fat , and red meat. For these reasons, Japan has a low obesity rate, and ultimately low mortality from heart disease and cancers Cities also experience a wide range of life expectancy based on neighborhood breakdowns. This is largely due to economic clustering and poverty conditions that tend to associate based on geographic location. Multi-generational poverty found in struggling neighborhoods also contributes. In American cities such as Cincinnati ,

2852-490: The largest effect is APOE . Carriers of the APOE ε4 allele live approximately one year less than average (per copy of the ε4 allele), mainly due to increased risk of Alzheimer's disease . In July 2020, scientists identified 10 genomic loci with consistent effects across multiple lifespan-related traits, including healthspan , lifespan, and longevity . The genes affected by variation in these loci highlighted haem metabolism as

2914-597: The life expectancy gap between low income and high-income neighborhoods touches 20 years. Economic circumstances also affect life expectancy. For example, in the United Kingdom, life expectancy in the wealthiest and richest areas is several years higher than in the poorest areas. This may reflect factors such as diet and lifestyle, as well as access to medical care. It may also reflect a selective effect: people with chronic life-threatening illnesses are less likely to become wealthy or to reside in affluent areas. In Glasgow ,

2976-483: The liver . Men are also more likely to die from injuries, whether unintentional (such as occupational , war , or car wrecks ) or intentional ( suicide ). Men are also more likely to die from most of the leading causes of death (some already stated above) than women. Some of these in the United States include cancer of the respiratory system, motor vehicle accidents, suicide, cirrhosis of the liver, emphysema, prostate cancer, and coronary heart disease. These far outweigh

3038-482: The mentally stable population has been studied and documented. The greater mortality of people with mental disorders may be due to death from injury, from co-morbid conditions, or medication side effects. For instance, psychiatric medications can increase the risk of developing diabetes . It has been shown that the psychiatric medication olanzapine can increase risk of developing agranulocytosis , among other comorbidities. Psychiatric medicines also affect

3100-468: The number of centenarians is increasing at approximately 5.5% per year, which means doubling the centenarian population every 13 years, pushing it from some 455,000 in 2009 to 4.1 million in 2050. Japan is the country with the highest ratio of centenarians (347 for every 1 million inhabitants in September 2010). Shimane Prefecture had an estimated 743 centenarians per million inhabitants. In

3162-458: The people born in 21st century England and Wales can expect to live longer than 50 years. English life expectancy at birth averaged about 36 years in the 17th and 18th centuries, one of the highest levels in the world although infant and child mortality remained higher than in later periods. Life expectancy was under 25 years in the early Colony of Virginia , and in seventeenth-century New England, about 40% died before reaching adulthood. During

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3224-488: The present, female human life expectancy is greater than that of males, despite females having higher morbidity rates (see health survival paradox ). There are many potential reasons for this. Traditional arguments tend to favor sociology-environmental factors: historically, men have generally consumed more tobacco , alcohol , and drugs than women in most societies, and are more likely to die from many associated diseases such as lung cancer , tuberculosis , and cirrhosis of

3286-419: The previous Scamozzina culture; this style is linked to that of the north-western alpine area in the oldest phase of the Urnfield culture . The uniform and isolated Canegrate finds do not show any trace of the preceding Polada culture and provide no evidence for a gradual Canegrate insertion into the area. The bearers of the Canegrate culture maintained its homogeneity for only a century, and it then joined

3348-479: The region of Severozapaden are predicted to live just past their 73rd birthday. This is in large part due to poor health habits, such as heavy smoking and high alcoholism in the region, and environmental actors, such as high air pollution. In 2022, the life expectancy was 77.5 in the United States , a decline from 2014, but an increase from 2021. In what has been described as a "life expectancy crisis", there were

3410-421: The relatively long lifespan of some members of a population. Maximum lifespan is the age at death for the longest-lived individual of a species. Mathematically, life expectancy is denoted e x {\displaystyle e_{x}} and is the mean number of years of life remaining at a given age x {\displaystyle x} , with a particular mortality . Because life expectancy

3472-498: The same. In people born after 1900, the death rate of 50- to 70-year-old men was double that of women of the same age. Men may be more vulnerable to cardiovascular disease than women, but this susceptibility was evident only after deaths from other causes, such as infections, started to decline. Most of the difference in life expectancy between the sexes is accounted for by differences in the rate of death by cardiovascular diseases among persons aged 50–70. The heritability of lifespan

3534-431: The simple pit type or covered with stone or stone slabs. Most of the urns do not have a lid. Some are closed by a small stone slab, while others are turned upside down in the ground. The urns often also contain the ashes of several people. The bronze furnishings deposited with the ashes (collars, pins and rings ) are not gifts to the deceased, but objects belonging to the same. The finds, in fact, have been transformed by

3596-400: The smallest premature babies (those under 2 pounds (910 grams)), females have a higher survival rate. At the other extreme, about 90% of individuals aged 110 are female. The difference in life expectancy between men and women in the United States dropped from 7.8 years in 1979 to 5.3 years in 2005, with women expected to live to age 80.1 in 2005. Data from the United Kingdom shows

3658-485: The world, females have a higher life expectancy at age 60 than males. Of 72 selected causes of death, only 6 yielded greater female than male age-adjusted death rates in 1998 in the United States. Except for birds, for almost all of the animal species studied, males have higher mortality than females. Evidence suggests that the sex mortality differential in people is due to both biological/genetic and environmental/behavioral risk and protective factors. One recent suggestion

3720-406: Was done in the 1660s by John Graunt , Christiaan Huygens , and Lodewijck Huygens . The longest verified lifespan for any human is that of Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment , who is verified as having lived to age 122 years, 164 days, between 21 February 1875 and 4 August 1997. This is referred to as the " maximum life span ", which is the upper boundary of life, the maximum number of years any human

3782-414: Was first excavated in 1926 in the area of Rione Santa Colomba, and systematic excavation occurred between March 1953 and autumn 1956, which led to the discovery of a necropolis of 165 tomb. It is one of the richer archeological sites of Northern Italy . The necropolis found in Canegrate is very similar to those realized in the same period in the north of Alps . It represents the first migratory wave of

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3844-413: Was widely available, significantly lowers LEB. For example, a society with a LEB of 40 would have relatively few people dying at exactly 40: most will die before 30 or after 55. In populations with high infant mortality rates, LEB is highly sensitive to the rate of death in the first few years of life. Because of this sensitivity, LEB can be grossly misinterpreted, leading to the belief that a population with

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