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49-457: There are fifteen leagues that are members of the CPCA, situated in twelve cities in eight out of ten Canadian provinces. The annual championship includes representatives from each city hosting member leagues, with the number of teams from any one city in a given year determined by the previous years' results. Member leagues typically hold their own playdown bonspiels to determine representatives. Toronto

98-580: A Western Cup LGBT curling bonspiel in 2003, leagues from across the country began discussing the formation of a Canadian Gay Curling League; the result of those discussions was the first Canadian Gay Curling Championships, which were hosted by Curling With Pride in Edmonton in 2006. By the time Edmonton hosted the Championships for a second time, in 2014, the bonspiel was buoyed by $ 20,000 in government support, and Canadian Olympic gold medallist Marc Kennedy threw

147-406: A flat sliding puck, a ball, and a rubber ring. Synchronized skating is a unique artistic team sport derived from figure skating . Figure skating, ice cross downhill , speed skating , and barrel jumping (a discipline of speed skating) are among the sporting disciplines for individuals. Research suggests that the earliest ice skating happened in southern Finland more than 4,000 years ago. This

196-414: A frozen body of water is falling through the ice into the freezing water underneath. Death can result from shock , hypothermia , or drowning . It is often difficult or impossible for the skater to climb out of the water, due to the weight of their ice skates and thick winter clothing, and the ice repeatedly breaking as they struggle to get back onto the surface. Also, if the skater becomes disoriented under

245-457: A little to the improvement of this elegant amusement. From this description and others, it is apparent that the form of skating practiced by club members was indeed an early form of figure skating rather than speed skating . For admission to the club, candidates had to pass a skating test where they performed a complete circle on either foot (e.g., a figure eight ), and then jumped over first one hat, then two and three, placed over each other on

294-490: A number of name changes in its history and is now known as the Ontario Tankard. Mike McEwen won a second provincial title for the club in 2023 . Ontario Scott Tournament of Hearts winners include Carol Thompson in 1982 and 1987 and Hollie Duncan in 2018 . In Senior's curling, Jim Sharples has won a number of events including 1992 & 1994 (Joe Todd Sr.), 1998 (T.E. Financial Consultants Ltd.), 1999 (CIBC Seniors), and

343-523: A recreation, a means of transport and spectator sport in The Fens in England for people from all walks of life. Racing was the preserve of workers, most of them agricultural labourers. It is not known when the first skating matches were held, but by the early nineteenth century racing was well established and the results of matches were reported in the press. Skating as a sport developed on the lakes of Scotland and

392-422: A series of ice skating trips. Albert continued to skate after their marriage and on falling through the ice was once rescued by Victoria and a lady in waiting from a stretch of water in the grounds of Buckingham Palace . Early attempts at the construction of artificial ice rinks were made during the "rink mania" of 1841–44. As the technology for the maintenance of natural ice did not exist, these early rinks used

441-459: A substitute consisting of a mixture of hog's lard and various salts. An item in the 8 May 1844 issue of Littell's 'Living Age' headed the ' Glaciarium ' reported that "This establishment, which has been removed to Grafton Street East' Tottenham Court Road , was opened on Monday afternoon. The area of artificial ice is extremely convenient for such as may be desirous of engaging in the graceful and manly pastime of skating." Skating became popular as

490-502: A variety of winter sports which generally require an enclosed area, but are also used by skaters who need ice tracks and trails for distance skating and speed skating . Man-made ice surfaces include ice rinks , ice hockey rinks , bandy fields , ice tracks required for the sport of ice cross downhill , and arenas . Various formal sports involving ice skating have emerged since the 19th century. Ice hockey , bandy , rinkball , and ringette are team sports played with, respectively,

539-742: Is home to the oldest and largest member leagues in the country; the Rotators and Riverdale leagues curl out of the Royal Canadian Curling Club in Toronto's Riverdale neighbourhood, with the former established in 1962. The next oldest league is found in Vancouver, where the Pacific Rim Curling League was founded in 1983; it began at the University of British Columbia and now operates out of

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588-428: Is known today was Jackson Haines , an American. He was the first skater to incorporate ballet and dance movements into his skating, as opposed to focusing on tracing patterns on the ice. Haines also invented the sit spin and developed a shorter, curved blade for figure skating that allowed for easier turns. He was also the first to wear blades that were permanently attached to the boot. The International Skating Union

637-541: The Edinburgh Skating Club , formed in the 1740s; some claim the club was established as early as 1642. An early contemporary reference to the club appeared in the second edition (1783) of the Encyclopædia Britannica : The metropolis of Scotland has produced more instances of elegant skaters than perhaps any country whatever: and the institution of a skating club about 40 years ago has contributed not

686-627: The House of Stuart were, among others, royal and upper-class fans of ice skating. The next skating club to be established was in London and was not founded until 1830. Members wore a silver skate hanging from their buttonhole and met on The Serpentine, Hyde Park on 27 December 1830. By the mid-19th century, ice skating was a popular pastime among the British upper and middle classes. Queen Victoria became acquainted with her future husband, Prince Albert , through

735-447: The Men's Invitational Bonspiel was created. It ran for 27 years before ending in 1964. In 2003, the event was revived. The event is held late March running from Thursday to Sunday. The 2003 event featured Ontario's venerable Ed Werenich who came a close second in the tournament to the club's own Rob MacKay. In 2009, Ed's son Ryan Werenich skipped the winning team. Other regular events include

784-643: The Qing dynasty . Ancient ice skates made of animal bones, were found at the bronze age Gaotai Ruins in north west China , and are estimated to be likely 3,500 years old. Archeologists say these ancient skates are "clear evidence for communication between China and Europe " in the Bronze Age era , as they are very similar to bone skates unearthed in Europe. In England "the London boys" had improvised butcher's bones as skates since

833-740: The Turkey Spiel in December, Curling Night in Canada in February, and the women's spiel entitled the Royal Flush . The associate Riverdale League—the oldest and largest gay curling league in Canada, founded in 1962 —also holds an annual spiel entitled Do It On The Ice . Riverdale and the Royals have twice hosted the annual Canadian Gay Curling Championship , most recently in 2015, when Toronto curler John Epping threw

882-409: The viscous frictional heating, a macroscopic layer of melt ice is in-between the ice and the skate. With this they fully explained the low friction with nothing else but macroscopic physics, whereby the frictional heat generated between skate and ice melts a layer of ice. This is a self-stabilizing mechanism of skating. If by fluctuation the friction gets high, the layer grows in thickness and lowers

931-569: The 12th century. Skating on metal skates seems to have arrived in England at the same time as the garden canal , with the English Restoration in 1660, after the king and court returned from an exile largely spent in the Netherlands. In London the ornamental "canal" in St James's Park was the main centre until the 19th century. Both Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn , the two leading diarists of

980-677: The 1990s; in Ottawa, the Rainbow Rockers league has been credited with consistently attracting beginners to the Ottawa Curling Club and its programs. Many of the leagues across Canada have been started by members moving around the country. The Loose Ends league in Halifax was founded by Curtis Cartmill, who had been a member of Pacific Rim in Vancouver; likewise in Saskatoon, where George Hall moved to

1029-630: The National Championships twice, while Saskatoon and St. John's have each hosted the bonspiel once. Royal Canadian Curling Club The Royal Canadian Curling Club is a curling club located in the Riverdale neighbourhood of Toronto , Ontario , Canada. The clubhouse on Broadview Avenue was originally built in 1907 by the Royal Canadian Bicycle Club , while the ice arena was added in 1929. In addition to cycling activities,

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1078-495: The Park, when, though the ice was broken, he would go slide upon his skates, which I did not like; but he slides very well." In 1711 Jonathan Swift still thinks the sport might be unfamiliar to his "Stella" , writing to her: "Delicate walking weather; and the Canal and Rosamund's Pond full of the rabble and with skates, if you know what that is ." The first organised skating club was

1127-635: The Tim Hortons Masters in 2000 and 2003. Bob Wood and Carol Thompson represented Ontario at the Seagram Mixed Tournament in 1977. In 1964 the club hosted the inaugural event of the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship . The first championship was won by Ernie Boushy of Winnipeg, Manitoba with a record of 9-1. The club continued hosting the event in 1965. The club is governed by a board of directors who are elected by

1176-746: The Vancouver Curling Club at the Hillcrest Centre , which was constructed ahead of the 2010 Winter Olympics and hosted the Olympic curling events . The leagues in both Toronto and Vancouver have over the years hosted teams from the United States. The 1990s saw leagues established in Alberta's two largest cities, with Apollo Curling launching in Calgary in 1991 and Curling With Pride in Edmonton in 1997. Since

1225-529: The canals of the Netherlands . In the 13th and 14th centuries wood was substituted for bone in skate blades, and in 1572 the first iron skates were manufactured. When the waters froze, skating matches were held in towns and villages all over the Fens. In these local matches men (or sometimes women or children) would compete for prizes of money, clothing, or food. The winners of local matches were invited to take part in

1274-504: The ceremonial first rock. Ice skating Ice skating is the self-propulsion and gliding of a person across an ice surface, using metal-bladed ice skates . People skate for various reasons, including recreation (fun), exercise, competitive sports, and commuting . Ice skating may be performed on naturally frozen bodies of water, such as ponds, lakes, canals, and rivers, and on human-made ice surfaces both indoors and outdoors. Natural ice surfaces used by skaters can accommodate

1323-573: The ceremonial first rock. At the 2015 event, hosted for a second time at the Royal Canadian Curling Club in Toronto, the first rock was thrown by John Epping —an openly gay curler who has skipped Ontario's Brier entry three times. Winnipeg hosted the 3rd national bonspiel in 2008 only three years after the founding of the Keystone Curling League there; it hosted again in 2016, when Olympians Kaitlyn Lawes and Jill Officer threw

1372-560: The ceremonial first rocks. By 2016, the winning team was awarded $ 1,000. After the 2021 Championship was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic , Saskatoon became the ninth city to host the bonspiel in 2022. Halifax—which had been slated to host in 2021 before the event was cancelled—hosted its second national championships in 2023 after previously hosting the first east coast edition in 2013. Altogether, Edmonton, Toronto, Winnipeg, Montreal, Calgary, Ottawa, Vancouver, and Halifax have each hosted

1421-898: The city from Vancouver before helping to launch the Prairie Lily league, and in Winnipeg, where curlers from a number of leagues helped to launch the Keystone. Many leagues host their own bonspiels throughout the year in addition to the Canadian Championships, such as the Icebreaker in Edmonton, Bison Cup in Winnipeg, the Rock the River Cup in Saskatoon, and the Over the Rainbow bonspiel in Ottawa. After Calgary hosted

1470-754: The club had featured skating , baseball , ice hockey , curling, and ten-pin bowling , until 1953, when the club decided to focus exclusively on curling activities. Known to its members as The Royals , the club hosts house league draws on evenings from Sunday to Friday as well as Tuesday afternoons. The club also hosts associate leagues including the Riverdale League, the Rotators, and the Insurance Curling League. The club has sponsored winning teams at provincial curling championships. In 1955, Andy Grant won The British Consols , southern Ontario's men's curling championship. This tournament has gone through

1519-516: The day, saw it on the "new canal" there on 1 December 1662, the first time Pepys had ever seen it ("a very pretty art"). Then it was "performed before their Majesties and others, by diverse gentlemen and others, with scheets after the manner of the Hollanders". Two weeks later, on 15 December 1662, Pepys accompanied the Duke of York, later King James II , on a skating outing: "To the Duke, and followed him in

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1568-694: The first national ice skating body in the world. The founding committee consisted of several landowners, a vicar, a fellow of Trinity College , a magistrate, two members of parliament, the mayor of Cambridge , the Lord Lieutenant of Cambridge, journalist James Drake Digby, the president of Cambridge University Skating Club, and Neville Goodman, a graduate of Peterhouse, Cambridge (and son of Potto Brown 's milling partner, Joseph Goodman). The newly formed Association held their first one-and-a-half-mile British professional championship at Thorney in December 1879. The first instructional book concerning ice skating

1617-480: The friction, and if it gets low, the layer decreases in thickness and increases the friction. The friction generated in the sheared layer of water between skate and ice grows as √V with V the velocity of the skater, such that for low velocities the friction is also low. Whatever the origin of the water layer, skating is more destructive than simply gliding. A skater leaves a visible trail behind on virgin ice and skating rinks have to be regularly resurfaced to improve

1666-400: The grand or championship matches, in which skaters from across the Fens would compete for cash prizes in front of crowds of thousands. The championship matches took the form of a Welsh main or "last man standing" contest ( single-elimination tournament ). The competitors, 16 or sometimes 32, were paired off in heats and the winner of each heat went through to the next round. A course of 660 yards

1715-433: The ice and the blade. This explanation, called " pressure melting ", originated in the 19th century. (See Regelation .) Pressure melting could not account for skating on ice temperatures lower than −3.5 °C, whereas skaters often skate on lower-temperature ice. In the 20th century, an alternative explanation, called " friction melting", proposed by Lozowski, Szilder, Le Berre, Pomeau , and others showed that because of

1764-511: The ice. On the Continent , participation in ice skating was limited to members of the upper classes. Emperor Rudolf II of the Holy Roman Empire enjoyed ice skating so much, he had a large ice carnival constructed in his court in order to popularise the sport. King Louis XVI of France brought ice skating to Paris during his reign. Madame de Pompadour , Napoleon I , Napoleon III , and

1813-419: The ice. At about −157 °C (−250 °F) the slippery layer is one molecule thick; as the temperature increases the slippery layer becomes thicker. It had long been believed that ice is slippery because the pressure of an object in contact with it causes a thin layer to melt. The hypothesis was that the blade of an ice skate, exerting pressure on the ice, melts a thin layer, providing lubrication between

1862-417: The members of the club. There are currently 6 board members. The club is member owned. New members purchase equity in the club when they start to curl. The equity is returned to the club when they resign as a member. Only active curlers are allowed to hold equity in the club. There are about 400 active curlers. The club employs a general manager, two bartenders, a full-time and a part-time ice maker. In 1938,

1911-505: The same since then, although differing greatly in the details, particularly in the method of binding and the shape and construction of the steel blades. In the Netherlands , ice skating was considered proper for all classes of people, as shown in many pictures from Dutch Golden Age painters . Ice skating was also practiced in China during the Song dynasty , and became popular among the ruling family of

1960-596: The skate steady. There were holes in the footstock for leather straps to fasten it to the foot. The metal blades were slightly higher at the back than the front. In the 1890s, fen skaters started to race in Norwegian style skates. On Saturday 1 February 1879, a number of professional ice skaters from Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire met in the Guildhall, Cambridge, to set up the National Skating Association ,

2009-416: The skater. While serious injury is rare, a number of short track speed skaters have been paralysed after a heavy fall when they collided with the boarding. A fall can be fatal if a helmet is not worn to protect against severe head injury . Accidents are rare but there is a risk of injury from collisions, particularly during hockey games or in pair skating . A significant danger when skating outdoors on

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2058-402: The skating conditions. It means that the deformation caused by the skate is plastic rather than elastic. The skate ploughs through the ice in particular due to the sharp edges. Thus another component has to be added to the friction: the "ploughing friction". The calculated frictions are of the same order as the measured frictions in real skating in a rink. The ploughing friction decreases with

2107-584: The turn of the century leagues have been established in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador. Many of the leagues have been credited with revitalizing local clubs and attracting new members and people to the sport. For example, the Pacific Rim league, which grew to be one of the largest curling leagues in British Columbia, helped revive a flagging Vancouver Curling Club in

2156-409: The velocity V , since the pressure in the water layer increases with V and lifts the skate ( aquaplaning ). As a result the sum of the water-layer friction and the ploughing friction only increases slightly with V , making skating at high speeds (>90 km/h) possible. A person's ability to ice skate depends on the roughness of the ice, the design of the ice skate, and the skill and experience of

2205-409: Was done to save energy during winter journeys. True skating emerged when a steel blade with sharpened edges was used. Skates now cut into the ice instead of gliding on top of it. The Dutch added edges to ice skates in the 13th or 14th century. These ice skates were made of steel, with sharpened edges on the bottom to aid movement. The fundamental construction of modern ice skates has stayed largely

2254-655: Was founded in 1892 as the first international ice skating organisation in Scheveningen , in the Netherlands. The Union created the first codified set of figure skating rules and governed international competition in speed and figure skating. The first Championship, known as the Championship of the Internationale Eislauf-Vereinigung, was held in Saint Petersburg in 1896. The event had four competitors and

2303-408: Was measured out on the ice, and a barrel with a flag on it placed at either end. For a one-and-a-half-mile race the skaters completed two rounds of the course, with three barrel turns. In the Fens, skates were called pattens , fen runners, or Whittlesey runners. The footstock was made of beechwood . A screw at the back was screwed into the heel of the boot, and three small spikes at the front kept

2352-483: Was published in London in 1772. The book titled The Art of Figure Skating , written by a British artillery lieutenant, Robert Jones, describes basic figure skating forms such as circles and figure eights. The book was written solely for men, as women did not normally ice skate in the late 18th century. It was with the publication of this manual that ice skating split into its two main disciplines, speed skating and figure skating. The founder of modern figure skating as it

2401-402: Was won by Gilbert Fuchs . A skate can glide over ice because there is a layer of ice molecules on the surface that are not as tightly bound as the molecules of the mass of ice beneath. These molecules are in a semiliquid state, providing lubrication. The molecules in this "quasi-fluid" or "water-like" layer are less mobile than liquid water, but are much more mobile than the molecules deeper in

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