Misplaced Pages

#244755

101-588: Canadian Presbyterian Mission was a Presbyterian Church in Canada missionary society that was involved in sending workers to countries such as Trinidad and Tobago during British rule and China during the late Qing Dynasty , the most famous of which were Jonathan Goforth and his wife, Rosalind. This article about a Christian organization is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Presbyterian Church in Canada The Canadian roots of

202-723: A Canadian Synod was erected in the newly incorporated city of Toronto , which also included congregations and at least one minister from the United Synod of the Canadas. They later started their own Toronto congregation in 1838. and a Theological College in London , Canada West in 1844. In Toronto , the United Synod of Canada congregation (formed in the Town of York in 1820), and their minister Rev. James Harris withdrew in 1834, remaining independent until 1844, when they joined with Free Church dissenters from

303-524: A Canadian and Huron militia against a much larger Iroquois force; none of the Canadians survived, although they did turn back the Iroquois invasion. In 1627, Quebec had only eighty-five French colonists and was easily overwhelmed two years later when three English privateers plundered the settlement. In 1663, New France finally became more secure when Louis XIV made it a royal province, taking control away from

404-580: A congregation in Winnipeg , and in 1881 was appointed as missions superintendent, where he provided leadership and growth to new settlers, student ministers, ordained missionaries, and congregations. Manitoba College started in Kildonan in 1871, received support from both Canadian churches prior to 1875, and at the 1883 General Assembly, their moderator, Rev. Dr. John Mark King (from St. James Square Church in Toronto )

505-616: A cross in the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of King Francis I . It was the first province of New France. The first settlement of 400 people, Fort Charlesbourg-Royal (present-day Quebec City ), was attempted in 1541 but lasted only two years. French fishing fleets continued to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River, making alliances with Canadian First Nations that became important once France began to occupy

606-411: A letter apologising for homophobia. The 2021 General Assembly agreed to adopt two parallel definitions of marriage, one exclusively heterosexual and one providing for same-gender marriages, leaving the choice to ministers and church sessions. Since 1966, the denomination has ordained women as both elders and ministers. By 2014 there were 362 female ministers and 3563 female elders representing 49.9% of

707-624: A minister, John Black, supplied from the Free Church in Canada, after he served as a missionary to the French in Canada East near Montreal. He was later joined by Rev. James Nisbet formerly of Oakville , Canada West, who then established a territorial outpost in Prince Albert (now Saskatchewan ) Northwest Territories. James Robertson, a minister from Oxford County, Ontario was first called (1873) to

808-616: A number of Church of Scotland congregations, mainly from the Maritimes, as well as St. Andrew's Montreal , and a few others in Glengarry County Ontario , that resisted this union, many of these eventually entered the PCC in the early 20th century. In 1918 the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul, Montreal was created with the merger of this prime congregation, the last so affiliated in Canada with

909-633: A second theological college, The Presbyterian College, Montreal in 1867 (charter granted 1865). Both Knox College and The Presbyterian College, Montreal remained with the Presbyterian Church in Canada after Church Union in 1925. In 1867, the Church of Scotland's bodies in the Maritimes merged to become the Synod of the Presbyterian Church of the Maritime Provinces of British North America . In 1869,

1010-407: A self-sufficient colony with a population of 24,594. Mainly due to natural increase and modest immigration from Northwest France ( Brittany , Normandy , Île-de-France , Poitou-Charentes and Pays de la Loire ) the population of Canada increased to 55,000 according to the last French census of 1754. This was an increase from 42,701 in 1730. By 1765, the population approached 70,000. By 1714,

1111-498: A slow decline. The natural abundance of furs had passed and it could no longer meet market demand. This eventually resulted in the repeal of the 25 percent sales tax that had previously aimed at curbing the administrative costs New France had accumulated. In addition, dwindling supply increased black market trading. A greater number of indigenous groups and fur traders began circumventing Montreal and New France altogether; many began trading with either British or Dutch merchants to

SECTION 10

#1732855484245

1212-721: Is located on the University of Saskatchewan campus. In 2000 these latter colleges merged administratively, while remaining in both Saskatoon and Edmonton respectively, and become known as The College of St. Andrew's and St. Stephen's . After 1925, the "rebuilding" was slowed in the 1930s by the Great Depression , and the Second World War . The period from 1945 saw expansion from urban growth and immigration, especially from Presbyterian strongholds such as Scotland and Ireland , as well as Presbyterian and Reformed Church members from

1313-464: Is now Texas . The colony was devastated by disease, and the surviving settlers were killed in 1688, in an attack by the area's indigenous population . Other parts of Louisiana were settled and developed with success, such as New Orleans and southern Illinois , leaving a strong French influence in these areas long after the Louisiana Purchase . Many strategic forts were built there, under

1414-624: Is now called Quebec City ), Trois-Rivières , and Montreal ; Hudson Bay ; Acadia in the northeast; Terre-Neuve on the island of Newfoundland ; and Louisiana . It extended from Newfoundland to the Canadian Prairies and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico , including all the Great Lakes of North America . The continent-traversing Saint Lawrence and Mississippi rivers were means of carrying French influence through much of North America. In

1515-687: Is now part of the Atlantic School of Theology . In the Canadas, the United Presbytery of the Canadas was formed in 1818, as a looser arrangement of clergy supported by other groups. By 1839 this United Synod (at one time there were three presbyteries) was absorbed by The Presbyterian Church of Canada in Connection with the Established Church of Scotland , erected into a synod by the parent church in 1831, bolstered with missionaries supplied from

1616-514: Is now part of the University of Winnipeg . In Vancouver , Westminster Hall (1908) was merged in 1927 with Ryerson College (Methodist) and the Congregational College of British Columbia to create United College, now part of Vancouver School of Theology (1971), located on the University of British Columbia (UBC) main campus. St. Andrew's Hall , part of the PCC's presence at UBC since 1956, formally joined with VST in 1984, and in 2006,

1717-670: The British Columbia colony, where he started congregations in New Westminster , Nanaimo , and in the Fraser Valley. After 1875, he joined with the Church of Scotland, until the Canadian Pacific Railway reached Burrard's Inlet (later Vancouver ) in 1885, they rejoined (along with other congregations) the Presbyterian Church in Canada, and a British Columbia Synod was formed later. The Canadian Presbyterian Church started

1818-867: The Canada Presbyterian Church was formed with the merger of the Canadian Synods of the Free Church of Scotland and the United Presbyterian Church. This became the dominant Presbyterian grouping in the Canadas, growing in cities, towns, villages, and even into the United States, including Illinois ( Chicago , a French community at St. Anne and a Gaelic-speaking congregation in Elmira) and border cities in Michigan and New York State , as well as into

1919-502: The Compagnie des Indes in 1718, once again highlighted the economic importance of the fur trade. This merchant association, like its predecessor the Compagnie des Cent Associés, regulated the fur trade to the best of its abilities imposing price points, supporting government sale taxes and combating black market practices. However, by the middle half of the 18th century the fur trade was in

2020-683: The Company of One Hundred Associates . In the same year the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal ceded its possessions to the Seminaire de Saint-Sulpice . The Crown paid for transatlantic passages and offered other incentives to those willing to move to New France as well, after which the population of New France grew to three thousand. In 1665, Louis XIV sent a French garrison, the Carignan-Salières Regiment , to Quebec. The colonial government

2121-780: The Fortress of Louisbourg . The population rose slowly but steadily. In 1754, New France's population consisted of 10,000 Acadians , 55,000 Canadiens , and about 4,000 settlers in upper and lower Louisiana ; 69,000 in total. The British expelled the Acadians in the Great Upheaval from 1755 to 1764, and their descendants are dispersed in the Maritime provinces of Canada and in Maine and Louisiana , with small populations in Chéticamp, Nova Scotia , and

SECTION 20

#1732855484245

2222-727: The Magdalen Islands . Some also went to France. After the Seven Years' War (which included the French and Indian War in America), France ceded the rest of New France to Great Britain and Spain in the Treaty of Paris of 1763 (except the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon ). Britain acquired Canada, Acadia, and French Louisiana east of the Mississippi River , except for the Île d'Orléans , which

2323-574: The Methodist Church, Canada and the Congregational Union of Ontario and Quebec to form the United Church of Canada . The terms Continuing Presbyterians and Non-Concurring Presbyterians were then used by those who did not participate in the merger, until the legal right to use the name "Presbyterian Church in Canada" was regained in 1939. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that although

2424-667: The Netherlands , Hungary , and more recently, Taiwan , Ghana , and Korea , the latter for whom two separate "Han Ca" Korean Presbyteries (East and West) were established in 1997. As with other mainline denominations in North America, the Presbyterian Church in Canada has been wrestling with social issues and, especially, with human sexuality. In 1998, the Presbyterian denomination prohibited gay and lesbian pastors and denied licenses to preach to these ministers; in 2012, however, that ban

2525-846: The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan . Fellow Oxford County native Jonathan Goforth initially went to Honan China starting the Canadian Presbyterian Mission there, Dr. John Buchannan into India , James Scarth Gale (sponsored by the YMCA ) and Robert Grierson went to Korea , Japan saw Caroline Macdonald, "The White Angel of Tokyo" ( YWCA ), and after 1927, when Luther Lisgar Young and others partnered with The Korean Christian Church of Japan. Some changes occurred after Church Union, as Goforth left Honan, to conclude his Asian Ministry in Manchuria,

2626-716: The Saint Lawrence River and Acadian Peninsula with a population around 15,000 to 16,000. The first population figures for Acadia are from 1671, which enumerated only 450 people. After the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, New France began to prosper. Industries such as fishing and farming, which had failed under Talon, began to flourish. A "King's Highway" ( Chemin du Roy ) was built between Montreal and Quebec to encourage faster trade. The shipping industry also flourished as new ports were built and old ones were upgraded. The number of colonists greatly increased. By 1720, Canada had become

2727-540: The Seven Years' War of 1756–1763 – started with a British campaign in 1758 and ended with the region being put under a British military regime between 1760 and 1763. Britain's acquisition of Canada became official with the 1763 Treaty of Paris that concluded the Seven Years' War. According to the staples thesis , the economic development of New France was marked by the emergence of successive economies based on staple commodities, each of which dictated

2828-892: The Seven Years' War . At the Plains of Abraham outside of the walled Citadelle of Quebec , there was a Scottish Battalion, the 78th Fraser Highlanders , complete with a Presbyterian chaplain, Reverend Robert MacPherson. This group became the roots of St. Andrew's Church in Quebec City . In the colony of Nova Scotia the Presbyterians were initially Reformed settlers of Germanic roots, who started St. Andrew's Church in Lunenburg in 1753; they joined Church of Scotland 's Nova Scotia Synod (which had been founded in August 1833) in 1837. In Truro, Nova Scotia , First United Church (Presbyterian until 1925)

2929-418: The 1580s, French trading companies had been set up, and ships were contracted to bring back furs. Much of what transpired between the indigenous population and their European visitors around that time is not known, for lack of historical records. Other attempts at establishing permanent settlements were also failures. In 1598, a French trading post was established on Sable Island , off the coast of Acadia, but

3030-536: The 16th century, the lands were used primarily to extract natural resources, such as furs, through trade with the various indigenous peoples. In the seventeenth century, successful settlements began in Acadia and in Quebec. In the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht , France ceded to Great Britain its claims over mainland Acadia, Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland. France established the colony of Île Royale on Cape Breton Island , where they built

3131-513: The 6,000 non-indigenous population of Louisiana by the end of French rule. Around 1523, the Florentine navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano convinced King Francis I to commission an expedition to find a western route to Cathay (China). Late that year, Verrazzano set sail in Dieppe , crossing the Atlantic on a small caravel with 50 men. After exploring the coast of the present-day Carolinas early

Canadian Presbyterian Mission - Misplaced Pages Continue

3232-528: The Acadian population had expanded to over 2,500 and to about 13,000 people by the end of the 1750s. This was mostly from natural increase rather than immigration that affected other French settlements. European population of Louisiana is estimated at 5,000 by the 1720s. This would dramatically change in the mid-1730s with the loss of 2,000 French settlers and the introduction of African slaves. Enslaved men, women and children represented approximately 65 percent of

3333-658: The Canada Presbyterian Church added another level to its growing Church structure—its Annual Synod became a General Assembly , and four smaller, regional synods were formed: Montreal, serving both Quebec and Eastern Ontario; Toronto; Hamilton; and London, with a few congregations in the USA. The first Moderator of the CPC's General Assembly, Rev. William Ormiston, then of Central C.P.C. in Hamilton, Ontario , sent out letters at

3434-584: The Canadas came first from Dutch Reformed missionaries from New York State , and later American Presbyterians from many different Presbyterian groupings. Congregations were eventually formed in many communities (initially in townships over towns), and usually after a lengthy period without any supply from clergy (in the Red River Colony in Manitoba, it took thirty years); in many cases, family worship consisted of devotions and catechisms. Two events led to

3535-695: The Canadian Northwest Territories with Rev. John Black to the Red River Colony at Kildonan , and Rev. James Nisbet to Prince Albert . Robert Jamieson was sent by the inaugural Synod of the Canada Presbyterian Church from the York Mills and Fisherville charge near Toronto (The latter Church is now located in Toronto's Black Creek Pioneer Village , adjacent to a Manse from the oldest 1817 Toronto area congregation located in Richmond Hill ) to

3636-428: The Church of Scotland's St. Andrew's Toronto (formed in 1830) to create Knox Presbyterian Church , Toronto. The unity in the Church of Scotland Canada Synod following the United Synod merger was short-lived, but provided the opportunity to establish a Theological College, Queen's College, in Kingston, Canada West in 1841; Queen's Theological College (United Church) is now part of Queen's University . In June 1844,

3737-433: The Church of Scotland; in 1932 they moved onto Sherbrooke Street, and celebrated their bicentenary in 2002. As a united group, the PCC consolidated and grew all across Canada in both the established areas, and expanded into newly settled parts. Manitoba , established as a province in 1870, had been settled in The Red River-Selkirk Settlement , and had established a congregation in Kildonan in 1818; they waited 30 years for

3838-404: The English colonies instead. The Catholic Church, and missionaries such as the Recollets and the Jesuits , became firmly established in the territory. Richelieu also introduced the seigneurial system , a semi-feudal system of farming based on ribbon farms that remained a characteristic feature of the St. Lawrence valley until the 19th century. While Richelieu's efforts did little to increase

3939-459: The English colonies. In 1627, Richelieu founded the Company of One Hundred Associates to invest in New France, promising land parcels to hundreds of new settlers and to turn Canada into an important mercantile and farming colony. He named Champlain as the Governor of New France and forbade non- Catholics to live there. Consequently, any Protestant emigrants to New France were forced to convert to Catholicism, prompting many of them to relocate to

4040-466: The Free Church in Nova Scotia and elsewhere. The formal structure of the Church of Scotland was affected there for a decade. In 1860, a year before a union occurred in the Canadas, the Presbyterian Church of the Lower Provinces was created by the merger of Free Church and United Presbyterian Church congregations in Nova Scotia, including Cape Breton, and Prince Edward Island, and in 1866, they were joined by their compatriots in New Brunswick. In June 1861,

4141-439: The French presence in New France, they did pave the way for the success of later efforts. Simultaneously, the English colonies to the south began raiding the St. Lawrence Valley, also capturing and holding Quebec until 1632. Champlain returned to Canada that year and requested that Sieur de Laviolette found another trading post at Trois-Rivières , which Laviolette did in 1634. Champlain died in 1635. On 23 September 1646, under

Canadian Presbyterian Mission - Misplaced Pages Continue

4242-423: The General Assembly approved concurrent programmes with Regent College . In Edmonton , Alberta, Robertson College (1912) named after the aforementioned missions superintendent, merged with Alberta (Methodist) College to become St Stephen's College after 1925. It is located on the University of Alberta campus. In Saskatoon , the Presbyterian College, Saskatoon (1914), became St. Andrew's College in 1925. It

4343-409: The Glasgow Missionary Society. In 1834, this group also began to receive a number of United Synod clergy and congregations, which led to the aforementioned union with the Auld Kirk by 1840. In 1831, the United Associate Synod in Scotland (after 1847, the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland ) agreed to send missionaries to the Canadas; three were appointed, and arrived in 1832. On Christmas Day 1834,

4444-407: The Maritime Provinces, colonies were set up in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and on Cape Breton Island . As in both Upper Canada and Lower Canada , there were various groups organizing congregations. The effects of the 1843 disruption in the Church of Scotland was felt in Nova Scotia; the colonial ministers were either invited back to congregations in Scotland, or they sided with

4545-499: The Maritimes, including Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , and Prince Edward Island . Some of the early Canadian Presbyterians were United Empire Loyalists of Scots descent, and others came directly from Scotland, such as in the 1773 arrival of The Hector in Pictou, Nova Scotia . Early Clergy represented many strands of reformed theology, and were educated in Scotland, Ireland, and the United States. Initial attempts at forming native Presbyteries were futile. American influences in

4646-405: The Ohio Valley, and the St. Lawrence River Valley), Acadia (the Gaspé Peninsula, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, St. John's Island , and Île Royale -Cape Breton), Hudson Bay (and James Bay ), Terre-Neuve (south Newfoundland), and Louisiana ;. The 1715 Treaty of Utrecht resulted in the relinquishing of French claims to mainland Acadia, the Hudson Bay and Newfoundland, and the establishment of

4747-651: The PCC in 1936. In the Maritimes (now the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island), the original Scots Presbyterians were from two branches of the Secessionist United Presbyterian Church of Scotland , and prior to their union in 1817 which created the Synod of Nova Scotia, there was the Associate Presbytery of Truro, erected in 1786, and the Presbytery of Pictou, erected in 1795. There were still Church of Scotland congregations and ministers who remained outside this group, before its incorporation in New Brunswick on January 30, 1833 (Synod from 1835) and in Nova Scotia. In 1811, Rev. Thomas McCulloch formed

4848-407: The Pictou Academy, the first educational school to train ministers. Some of its graduates travelled to Scotland to continue their training. This led McCulloch to Halifax to teach, where Dalhousie University was eventually formed; from another academy in West River , Pictou County, (1848), led also to Halifax as Presbyterian College (Halifax), later Pine Hill Seminary (United Church), that since 1971,

4949-407: The Presbyterian Church in Canada can be traced to both Scottish settlers and French Huguenots , and the first Presbyterian churches formed in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, following such European Protestant Reformation theologians as John Calvin and John Knox . Once the largest Christian denomination in English-speaking Canada, in 1925 some 70 percent of its congregations joined with

5050-485: The Presbyteries of Waterloo-Wellington, Calgary, and East Toronto voted in favor of an overture asking the Presbyterian Church in Canada to permit the ordination of gay pastors and the blessing of same-sex marriages. In 2015, the General Assembly heard 6 overtures in favor of same-sex marriage and 15 overtures in opposition to same-sex unions. The moderator, the Rev. Karen Horst, has issued a pastoral letter calling for gracious and open discussion that listens to both sides of

5151-513: The Synod met in Kingston, Ontario , and paralleled the situation that had affected the Scottish Assembly in 1843, when a large group also withdrew, and formed a Free Church of Scotland Canadian Synod. By the following September, most of the theological students at Queen's had joined the Free Church, proceeded to Toronto and founded Knox College ; they had merged with the aforementioned United Presbyterian Church of Scotland college in 1861, which had moved to Toronto from London, Ontario in 1853. In

SECTION 50

#1732855484245

5252-421: The actual vote remains uncertain. In Western Canada, the losses, as well as many presbyteries and congregations, and missions, included all theological colleges: In Winnipeg , Manitoba College , started in 1871 at Kildonan and moved into Winnipeg in 1874, began its theological studies with the aforementioned appointment of Dr. King in 1883. It merged with Wesley College in 1938 to become United College, and

5353-440: The aforementioned L.L. Young went from Korea into Japan . The later Pacific occupation by Japan, followed by Mao's " cultural revolution " in China , forced temporary and permanent departures from some Asian fields, including Taiwan , Japan , and Manchuria . Since 1954, Nigeria , where Mary Slessor had pioneered a generation before with a Scottish Church, and whose story was well known in many Canadian congregations, opened

5454-399: The authorization Jacques Le Neuf de la Poterie . In 1650, New France had seven hundred colonists and Montreal had only a few dozen settlers. Because the First Nations people did most of the work of beaver hunting, the company needed few French employees. The sparsely populated New France almost fell to hostile Iroquois forces completely as well. In 1660, settler Adam Dollard des Ormeaux led

5555-446: The cause of Church Union with other Protestant bodies, including Anglicans and Baptists , which culminated in the formation of the United Church of Canada with an almost unanimous grouping of the Methodist and Congregationalist Churches in Canada, on June 10, 1925. Following years of debate, and postponement over World War I , voting on Canadian Church Union took place in the late months of 1924, and into 1925. On June 9, 1925,

5656-531: The church's witness around the world. Before 1875, Atlantic Canada sent John Geddie and the Gordon Brothers (George N. and James D., both martyred) from Prince Edward Island to the New Hebrides, now called Vanuatu in the South Pacific; John Morton to Trinidad ; and later, partners into neighbouring Demerara, part of present-day Guyana . In 1871 the Canada Presbyterian Church sent George Leslie MacKay of Zorra Township , Oxford County, Ontario , to Formosa, which has been maintained to this date in connection with

5757-591: The colony of Île Royale , now called Cape Breton Island, where the French built the Fortress of Louisbourg . The European population grew slowly under French rule, thus remained relatively low as growth was largely achieved through natural births, rather than by immigration. Most of the French were farmers, and the rate of natural increase among the settlers themselves was very high. The women had about 30 per cent more children than comparable women who remained in France. Yves Landry says, "Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time." The 1666 census of New France

5858-419: The command of Pierre LeGardeur , Le Cardinal arrived to Quebec with Jules (Gilles) Trottier II and his family. Le Cardinal, commissioned by the Communauté des Habitants , had arrived from La Rochelle, France . Communauté des Habitants at the time of Trottier traded fur primarily. On 4 July 1646, by Pierre Teuleron, sieur de Repentigny, granted Trottier land in La Rochelle to build and develop New France, under

5959-415: The debate. At the 2016 General Assembly, the church referred reports on human sexuality to various committees. The Presbyteries of Calgary-Macleod, East Toronto, and Waterloo-Wellington submitted overtures asking the denomination to support same-sex unions and partnered gay and lesbian clergy. In 2017, the PCC created a committee, the "Rainbow Communion," to listen to LGBT members. The church also released

6060-417: The doctrine of Parliamentary Supremacy. Unlike the unionists, they clung to the inherited marks of Presbyterianism : the subordinate standard of the Westminster Confession of Faith , the Presbyterian polity of government by church courts and perhaps a dash of the Covenanting spirit. About 30 percent of the former Presbyterians remained separate from the United Church at the time of the divide, although

6161-471: The door for PCC service in Africa. Richard Fee, Moderator of the 130th General Assembly, held in Oshawa Ontario in June 2004, spent his early ministry in Nigeria, before assuming his Canadian role (1992–2005), first with Presbyterian World Service and Development , and now as General Secretary, Life and Mission Agency. New France New France ( French : Nouvelle-France ) was the territory colonized by France in North America , beginning with

SECTION 60

#1732855484245

6262-481: The early departure of American support of Canadian Churches: the War of 1812 (1812–14), and the 1837 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada; the latter resulted in political reform, and responsible government ; Upper Canada became Canada West, and Lower Canada became Canada East in 1841, until 1867. In southern Ontario, there was once a Stamford Presbytery; their last congregation, located near Milton, Ontario closed in 1951, and Stamford Church in Niagara Falls joined

6363-419: The economy. The fur trade itself was based on a commodity of small bulk but high value. Because of this it managed to attract increased attention and/or input capital that would otherwise be intended for other areas of the economy. The Montreal area witnessed a stagnant agricultural sector; it remained for the most part subsistence orientated with little or no trade purposes outside of the French colony . This

6464-558: The elders within the Church. The Presbyterian Church in Canada has also had an international presence; besides congregations in Newfoundland before that province's entry into Canadian Confederation in 1949, St Andrew's in Hamilton, Bermuda was affiliated with the Maritime churches from 1842 to 1963, when its presbyterial oversight was transferred to the West Toronto Presbytery, and many congregations have people from many other nations and cultures that have come to Canada. Foreign missionaries, or more recently, international partners, share

6565-444: The end of his term (he was moving to serve a Dutch Reformed Church in New York City ), for these groups to hold a conference of all strands of Presbyterianism in the new Dominion of Canada. This conference was held in Montreal in September 1870, and led these four groups to produce a basis of union, which in June 1874 saw both the Canada Presbyterian Church's General Assembly and Church of Scotland Canada Synod meet in Ottawa , where

6666-402: The exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris . A vast viceroyalty , New France consisted of five colonies at its peak in 1712, each with its own administration: Canada , the most developed colony, which was divided into the districts of Quebec (around what

6767-456: The first shot of his arquebus . This military engagement against the Iroquois solidified Champlain's status with New France's Huron and Algonquin allies, enabling him to maintain bonds essential to New France's interests in the fur trade. Champlain also arranged to have young French men live with local indigenous people, to learn their language and customs and help the French adapt to life in North America. These coureurs des bois ("runners of

6868-535: The following year, he headed north along the coast, eventually anchoring in the Narrows of New York Bay . The first European to visit the site of present-day New York, Verrazzano named it Nouvelle-Angoulême in honour of the king , the former count of Angoulême . Verrazzano's voyage convinced the king to seek to establish a colony in the newly discovered land. Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain (Mexico) and English Newfoundland. In 1534, Jacques Cartier planted

6969-411: The former Grafton Street Methodist (1869) building, acquired in their early days. After the departure of the Thirteen American Colonies from British North America , there was an increase in population within the Canadas, divided in 1791 into Upper Canada (now called Ontario) and Lower Canada (now called Quebec), including most of the previously populated areas of the New France colony, and within

7070-436: The future of their church, had come to resume the General Assembly of the "continuing" Presbyterian Church that night. They were led by Rev. Dr. David George McQueen , a former moderator (1912) and longtime minister (1887–1930) of First Church (1881) in Edmonton , Alberta , who presided as moderator, and constituted the group into the "continuing" General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada. After adjourning early in

7171-560: The good food conservation conditions during the winter; and an adequate wheat supply in most years." Consequently, colonial women bore about 30% more children than comparable women in France. Besides household duties, some women participated in the fur trade, the major source of money in New France. They worked at home alongside their husbands or fathers as merchants, clerks, and provisioners. Some were widows who took over their husbands' roles. Some even became independent and active entrepreneurs. The French extended their territorial claim to

7272-528: The group consisting of those Presbyterian congregations, and a number of minority groups which did not concur with Church Union into the United Church of Canada , met for prayer just before midnight in Knox Presbyterian Church (Toronto) ; not too far from the then- College Street Presbyterian Church , where the final sederunt of the 1925 General Assembly had concluded earlier in the day. Some 79 dissenting commissioners, and others equally concerned about

7373-534: The hours of June 10, they later reconvened as the General Assembly, and also met with others (including women's missionary groups) into a congress at St. Andrew's Church (Toronto) ; these two key Toronto congregations provided much of the input and support for the Presbyterian Church Association , in this fight against Church Union. Walter George Brown , another leading campaigner against union,

7474-488: The inhabitants of New France. In December 1627 the Company of New France was recognized and given commercial rights to the gathering and export of furs from French territories. By trading with various indigenous populations and securing the main markets its power grew steadily for the next decade. As a result, it was able to set specific price points for furs and other valuable goods, often doing so to protect its economic hegemony over other trading partners and other areas of

7575-557: The institutional Presbyterian Church in Canada may legally have merged with the Methodist Church, the United Church had effectively vacated the name and it remained available to the non-concurring Presbyterians. It also was a benefit to have support from Governor General Lord Tweedsmuir , and from Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King . In 1759, Great Britain gained control of the French colony of New France , seized during

7676-615: The land. French merchants soon realized the St. Lawrence region was full of valuable fur -bearing animals, especially the beaver , which were becoming rare in Europe . Eventually, the French crown decided to colonize the territory to secure and expand its influence in America. Acadia and Canada (New France) were inhabited by indigenous nomadic Algonquian peoples and sedentary Iroquoian peoples. These lands were full of unexploited and valuable natural resources, which attracted all of Europe. By

7777-512: The more distant fur-hunting tribes. Still, the coureurs kept thrusting outwards using the Ottawa River as their initial step upon the journey and keeping Montreal as their starting point. The Ottawa River was significant because it offered a route that was practical for Europeans, by taking the traders northward out of the territory dominated by the Iroquois . It was for this reason that Montreal and

7878-528: The nascent France's colonial empire , Louis XIV sponsored single women, virtuous, physically fit, and aged between 15 and 30 years, known as the King's Daughters , or, in French, les filles du roi , to move to New France. The King paid for their passage and granted goods or money as their dowries upon their marriage to single settlers. Approximately 800 women, primarily from the impoverished Parisian, Norman, and West-Central families, relocated during 1663–1673. By 1672,

7979-517: The new staple good that would strengthen and drive New France's economy, in particular that of Montreal , for the next century. The trading post of Ville-Marie , established on the current island of Montreal, quickly became the economic hub for the French fur trade. It achieved this in great part due to its particular location along the St. Lawrence River . From here a new economy emerged, one of size and density that provided increased economic opportunities for

8080-488: The only vestige of French rule being the tiny islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , an overseas collectivity of France , although Quebec remains predominately French-speaking. In the United States, the legacy of New France includes numerous place names as well as small pockets of French-speaking communities. New France had five colonies or territories, each with its own administration: Canada (the Great Lakes region,

8181-514: The orders of Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac . Forts were also built in the older portions of New France that had not yet been settled. Many of these forts were garrisoned by the Troupes de la Marine , the only regular soldiers in New France between 1683 and 1755. The Conquest of New France (French: La Conquête ) – the military Conquest of New France by Great Britain during

8282-498: The political and cultural settings of the time. During the 16th and early 17th centuries New France's economy was heavily centered on its Atlantic fisheries. This would change in the later half of the 17th and 18th centuries as French settlement penetrated further into the continental interior. Here French economic interests would shift and concentrate itself on the development of the North American fur trade . It would soon become

8383-486: The population had reached 355. Champlain allied himself with the Algonquin and Montagnais peoples in the area, who were at war with the Iroquois , as soon as possible. In 1609, Champlain and two French companions accompanied his Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron allies south from the St. Lawrence Valley to Lake Champlain . He participated decisively in a battle against the Iroquois there, killing two Iroquois chiefs with

8484-406: The population of New France had risen to 6,700 people, a marked increase from the population of 3,200 people in 1663. This rapid demographic growth was predicated both on the high demand for children and on the ready supply of natural resources to support them. According to Landry, "Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time. This was due to the natural abundance of meat, fish, and pure water;

8585-453: The proceedings and final preparations and delegations met in the nearby Knox (CPC) and St. Andrew's (Church of Scotland) congregations. On June 15, 1875, the four Canadian Presbyterian churches: representing many of the parallel events and controversies within the Church of Scotland joined to form The Presbyterian Church in Canada , in Montreal 's Victoria Hall . Although there were

8686-502: The seigneurial system by forcing the seigneurs to reside on their land and limiting the size of the seigneuries, intending to make more land available to new settlers. Talon's attempts failed since very few settlers arrived and the various industries he established failed to surpass the importance of the fur trade. The first settler, brought to Quebec by Champlain, was the apothecary Louis Hébert and his family of Paris. They expressly came to settle and remain in New France so as to make

8787-520: The selling of the furs, quickly promoted the growth of complementary second and tertiary sectors of the economy. For instance a small number of tanneries was established in Montreal as well as a larger number of inns, taverns and markets that would support the growing number of inhabitants whose livelihood depended on the fur trade. Already by 1683 there were well over 140 families and there may have been as many as 900 people living in Montreal. The founding of

8888-430: The settlement viable. Waves of recruits came in response to the requests for men with specific skills, e . g ., farmers, architects, and blacksmiths. At the same time, the government encouraged intermarriages with the indigenous peoples and welcomed indentured servants , or engagés sent to New France. As couples married, cash incentives to have large families were put in place and proved effective. To further strengthen

8989-427: The settlers as Acadians . In 1608, King Henry IV sponsored Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons and Samuel de Champlain as founders of the city of Quebec with 28 men. This was the second permanent French settlement in the colony of Canada . Colonization was slow and difficult. Many settlers died early because of harsh weather and diseases. In 1630, there were only 103 colonists living in the settlement, but by 1640,

9090-704: The south and to the west of the American colonies late in the 17th century, naming it for King Louis XIV, as La Louisiane . In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle explored the Ohio River Valley and the Mississippi River Valley , and he claimed the entire territory for France as far south as the Gulf of Mexico . La Salle attempted to establish the first southern colony in the new territory in 1685, but inaccurate maps and navigational issues led him to instead establish his Fort Saint Louis in what

9191-648: The south. By the end of French rule in New France in 1763, the fur trade had significantly lost its importance as the key staple good that supported much of New France's economy for more than the last century. Even so, it did serve as the fundamental force behind the establishment and vast growth of Montreal and the French colony. The coureurs des bois were responsible for starting the flow of trade from Montreal , carrying French goods into upper territories while indigenous people were bringing down their furs . The coureurs traveled with intermediate trading tribes, and found that they were anxious to prevent French access to

9292-629: The woods"), including Étienne Brûlé , extended French influence south and west to the Great Lakes and among the Huron tribes who lived there. Ultimately, for the better part of a century, the Iroquois and French clashed in a series of attacks and reprisals. During the first decades of the colony's existence, only a few hundred French people lived there, while the English colonies to the south were much more populous and wealthy. Cardinal Richelieu , adviser to Louis XIII , wished to make New France as significant as

9393-423: Was a prime example of the handicapping effect the fur trade had on its neighbouring areas of the economy . Nonetheless, by the beginning of the 1700s, the economic prosperity the fur trade stimulated slowly transformed Montreal. Economically, it was no longer a town of small traders or of fur fairs but rather a city of merchants and of bright lights. The primary sector of the fur trade , the act of acquiring and

9494-512: Was called to become their first principal. With the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway across Canada, development and settlement of the Western Canada began, from Manitoba, and by 1905, the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta were formed. In 1905, when the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were formed, separate synods for each were created: With the deaths of King (1899) and Robertson (1901), their respective successors led in

9595-482: Was elected moderator in 1931. The "continuing Presbyterians" title remained until 1939. The United Church of Canada Act expressly stipulated that the "Presbyterian Church of Canada" had ceased to exist, but the continuing Presbyterians continued to use the name and the act was amended in 1939 to recognize their right to do so. M. H. Ogilvie notes that The continuing Presbyterians after 1925 had never doubted their right to be and to be called Presbyterians, regardless of

9696-485: Was founded in 1760 by Scottish settlers. St. James Presbyterian Church was formed in 1925 by the minority that did not join the United Church. In Halifax , St. Matthew's dates back to 1749 as a "Dissenting Protestant Worship House", and adhered to Presbyterian polity at a later date; the Presbyterian Church of St. David is another 1925 "Minority Group" from within downtown Halifax congregations including St Matthew's, and celebrated its 80th anniversary in 2005, meeting in

9797-450: Was granted to Spain with the territory to the west. In 1800, Spain returned its portion of Louisiana to France under the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso , and Napoleon Bonaparte sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, permanently ending French colonial efforts on the American mainland. New France eventually became absorbed within the United States and Canada, with

9898-555: Was lifted by the assembly. According to the Social Action Handbook, "The Presbyterian Church in Canada recognizes that homosexual orientation is not a sin." "The Presbyterian Church in Canada has never limited the roles of its members on the basis of their sexual orientation. These roles include church school teachers, musicians, youth leaders, ruling elders, teaching elders and members of the Order of Diaconal Ministries." In 2014,

9999-654: Was reformed along the lines of the government of France, with the Governor General and Intendant subordinate to the French Minister of the Marine. In 1665, Jean Talon Minister of the Marine accepted an appointment from Jean-Baptiste Colbert as the first Intendant of New France. These reforms limited the power of the Bishop of Quebec , who had held the greatest amount of power after the death of Champlain. Talon tried reforming

10100-408: Was the first census conducted in North America. It was organized by Jean Talon , the first Intendant of New France , between 1665 and 1666. According to Talon's census there were 3,215 people in New France, comprising 538 separate families. The census showed a great difference in the number of men at 2,034 versus 1,181 women. By the early 1700s, the New France settlers were well established along

10201-446: Was unsuccessful. In 1600, a trading post was established at Tadoussac , but only five settlers survived the winter. In 1604, a settlement was founded at Île-Saint-Croix on Baie François ( Bay of Fundy ), which was moved to Port-Royal in 1605. It was abandoned in 1607, re-established in 1610, and destroyed in 1613, after which settlers moved to other nearby locations, creating settlements that were collectively known as Acadia , and

#244755