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102-516: The Canadian Light Source ( CLS ) (French: Centre canadien de rayonnement synchrotron – CCRS ) is Canada's national synchrotron light source facility, located on the grounds of the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan , Canada. The CLS has a third-generation 2.9 GeV storage ring, and the building occupies a footprint the size of a Canadian football field. It opened in 2004 after

204-413: A synchrotron , and then injected into a storage ring , in which they circulate, producing synchrotron radiation, but without gaining further energy. The radiation is projected at a tangent to the electron storage ring and captured by beamlines . These beamlines may originate at bending magnets, which mark the corners of the storage ring; or insertion devices , which are located in the straight sections of

306-578: A "non-traditional" user base who are not synchrotron experts. By 2007 more than 60 projects had been carried out, although in a speech in the same year, then-CLS director Bill Thomlinson said that "one of the biggest challenges for the synchrotron...is to get private users through the door", with less than 10% of time actually used by industry. In 1999 then-Saskatoon mayor Dayday stated that "the CLS will add $ 122 million to Canada's GDP during construction and $ 12 million annually after that". An economic impact study of

408-713: A 30-year campaign by the Canadian scientific community to establish a synchrotron radiation facility in Canada. It has expanded both its complement of beamlines and its building in two phases since opening. As a national synchrotron facility with over 1000 individual users, it hosts scientists from all regions of Canada and around 20 other countries. Research at the CLS has ranged from viruses to superconductors to dinosaurs, and it has also been noted for its industrial science and its high school education programs. Canadian interest in synchrotron radiation dates from 1972, when Bill McGowan of

510-559: A Canadian synchrotron light source started in 1990 with formation of the Canadian Institute for Synchrotron Radiation (CISR), initiated by Bruce Bigham of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited ( AECL ). AECL and TRIUMF showed interest in designing the ring, but the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory (SAL) at the University of Saskatchewan became prominent in the design. In 1991 CISR submitted a proposal to NSERC for

612-462: A closed path by strong magnetic fields. This is similar to a radio antenna, but with the difference that the relativistic speed changes the observed frequency due to the Doppler effect by a factor γ {\displaystyle \gamma } . Relativistic Lorentz contraction bumps the frequency by another factor of γ {\displaystyle \gamma } , thus multiplying

714-644: A final design study. This was turned down, but in later years, under President Peter Morand, NSERC became more supportive. In 1994 NSERC committee recommended a Canadian synchrotron light source and a further NSERC committee was formed to select between two bids to host such a facility, from the Universities of Saskatchewan and Western Ontario. In 1996 this committee recommended that the Canadian Light Source be built in Saskatchewan. With NSERC unable to supply

816-436: A fourth experimental hall area started. The plans progressed through various DOE Critical Decision-stages in the 2000s decade, with the final DOE acceptance in 2008 and the construction on the 12 GeV upgrade beginning in 2009. May 18, 2012 the original 6 GeV CEBAF accelerator shut down for the replacement of the accelerator components for the 12 GeV upgrade. 178 experiments were completed with the original CEBAF. In addition to

918-537: A high school group from La Loche Saskatchewan became the first to use the purpose built educational beamline IDEAS. Also in 2012 the CLS signed an agreement with the Advanced Photon Source synchrotron in the USA to allow Canadian researchers access to their facilities. An international team led by University of Calgary professor Ken Ng solved the detailed structure of RNA polymerase using X-ray crystallography at

1020-427: A much longer inelastic mean free path than those generated on a laboratory XPS instrument. The probing depth of synchrotron XPS can therefore be lengthened to several nanometers, allowing the study of buried interfaces. This method is referred to as high-energy X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES). Furthermore, the tunable nature of the synchrotron X-ray photon energies presents a wide range of depth sensitivity in

1122-481: A newly developed carbon nanostructure . The team grew nanocrystals of iron and nickel on carbon. Traditional batteries lack this structure, mixing iron and nickel with conductors more or less randomly. The result was a strong chemical bond between the materials, which the team identified and studied at the synchrotron. A team led by the Politecnico di Milano , including scientists from the University of Waterloo and

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1224-477: A sample's chemical composition or oxidation state with sub-micron resolution. Other imaging techniques include coherent diffraction imaging . Similar optics can be employed for photolithography for MEMS structures can use a synchrotron beam as part of the LIGA process. Because of the usefulness of tuneable collimated coherent X-ray radiation, efforts have been made to make smaller more economical sources of

1326-459: A small angle relative to the incident beam, which achieves total external reflection and minimizes the X-ray penetration into the material. The atomic- to nano-scale details of surfaces , interfaces, and thin films can be characterized using techniques such as X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and crystal truncation rod (CTR) analysis. X-ray standing wave (XSW) measurements can also be used to measure

1428-455: A small area is the most common requirement of a beamline. The design of the beamline will vary with the application. At the end of the beamline is the experimental end station, where samples are placed in the line of the radiation, and detectors are positioned to measure the resulting diffraction , scattering or secondary radiation. Synchrotron light is an ideal tool for many types of research in materials science , physics , and chemistry and

1530-468: A top-up mode during normal user operations, injecting every few minutes to maintain a stable ring current just below 220 mA. Prior to this change, the ring operated with a fill current of 250mA in decay mode, with two injections per day. Facility status is shown on a "machine status" webpage , and using the CLSFC account on Twitter. The CLS was the first light source to use a superconducting RF (SRF) cavity in

1632-405: A wiggler is the intensity of their magnetic field and the amplitude of the deviation from the straight line path of the electrons. There are openings in the storage ring to let the radiation exit and follow a beam line into the experimenters' vacuum chamber. A great number of such beamlines can emerge from modern third-generation synchrotron radiation sources. The electrons may be extracted from

1734-486: Is a US Department of Energy National Laboratory located in Newport News, Virginia . Since June 1, 2006, it has been operated by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC, a limited liability company created by  Southeastern Universities Research Association  and PAE Applied Technologies. Since 2021, Jefferson Science Association has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Southeastern Universities Research Association. Until 1996 TJNAF

1836-414: Is a linear accelerator , similar to SLAC at Stanford , that has been folded up to a tenth of its normal length. The design of CEBAF allows the electron beam to be continuous rather than the pulsed beam typical of ring shaped accelerators. (There is some beam structure, but the pulses are very much shorter and closer together.) The electron beam is directed onto three potential targets (see below). One of

1938-494: Is a set of software tools and recommended hardware that facilitates a data acquisition system for nuclear physics experiments. In nuclear and particle physics experiments, the particle tracks are digitized by the data acquisition system, but the detectors are capable of generating a large number of possible measurements, or "data channels". Typically, the ADC, TDC, and other digital electronics are large circuit boards with connectors at

2040-464: Is gathered and stored so that the physicist can later analyze the data and reconstruct the physics that occurred. The system of electronics and computers that perform this task is called a data acquisition system . As of June 2010 , construction began on a $ 338 million upgrade to add an end station, Hall D, on the opposite end of the accelerator from the other three halls, as well as to double beam energy to 12 GeV. Concurrently, an addition to

2142-410: Is notable for its: Synchrotron radiation may occur in accelerators either as a nuisance, causing undesired energy loss in particle physics contexts, or as a deliberately produced radiation source for numerous laboratory applications. Electrons are accelerated to high speeds in several stages to achieve a final energy that is typically in the gigaelectronvolt range. The electrons are forced to travel in

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2244-510: Is open for business in Saskatoon." The initial funding included seven beamlines, referred to as Phase I, which covered the full spectral range: two infrared beamlines, three soft X-ray beamlines and two hard X-ray beamlines. Further beamlines were built in two further phases, II (7 beamlines) and III (5 beamlines), announced in 2004 and 2006 respectively. Most of these were funded through applications to CFI by individual universities including UWO,

2346-552: Is related to Mössbauer spectroscopy . Synchrotron X-rays can be used for traditional X-ray imaging , phase-contrast X-ray imaging , and tomography . The Ångström-scale wavelength of X-rays enables imaging well below the diffraction limit of visible light, but practically the smallest resolution so far achieved is about 30 nm. Such nanoprobe sources are used for scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). Imaging can be combined with spectroscopy such as X-ray fluorescence or X-ray absorption spectroscopy in order to map

2448-510: Is the number of photons per second in the beam, σ x {\displaystyle \sigma _{x}} and σ y {\displaystyle \sigma _{y}} are the root mean square values for the size of the beam in the axes perpendicular to the beam direction, σ x ′ {\displaystyle \sigma _{x'}} and σ y ′ {\displaystyle \sigma _{y'}} are

2550-590: Is used by researchers from academic, industrial, and government laboratories. Several methods take advantage of the high intensity, tunable wavelength, collimation, and polarization of synchrotron radiation at beamlines which are designed for specific kinds of experiments. The high intensity and penetrating power of synchrotron X-rays enables experiments to be performed inside sample cells designed for specific environments. Samples may be heated, cooled, or exposed to gas, liquid, or high pressure environments. Experiments which use these environments are called in situ and allow

2652-515: Is used to study the coordination structure of atoms in materials and molecules. The synchrotron beam energy is tuned through the absorption edge of an element of interest, and modulations in the absorption are measured. Photoelectron transitions cause modulations near the absorption edge, and analysis of these modulations (called the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) or near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS)) reveals information about

2754-566: The Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Novosibirsk . Phase II added two further devices including another Budker superconducting wiggler, for the BMIT beamline. Phase III will add four more devices, filling 8 of the 9 available straight sections. Longer term development includes the replacement of two of the phase I undulators with elliptically polarizing devices. Since 2021, the ring operates in

2856-588: The University of British Columbia and Guelph University In March 2005 leading infrared researcher Tom Ellis joined the CLS from Acadia University as Director of Research. He had previously spent 16 years at the Université de Montréal . The first external user was hosted in 2005, and the first research papers with results from the CLS were published in March 2006 – one from the University of Saskatchewan on peptides and

2958-477: The University of Western Ontario (UWO) organised a workshop on its uses. At that time there were no users of synchrotron radiation in Canada. In 1973 McGowan submitted an unsuccessful proposal to the National Research Council (NRC) for a feasibility study on a possible synchrotron lightsource in Canada. In 1975 a proposal to build a dedicated synchrotron lightsource in Canada was submitted to NRC. This

3060-444: The absorption edge of a particular element of interest, the scattering from atoms of that element will be modified. These so-called resonant anomalous X-ray scattering methods can help to resolve scattering contributions from specific elements in the sample. Other scattering techniques include energy dispersive X-ray diffraction , resonant inelastic X-ray scattering , and magnetic scattering. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)

3162-640: The chemical state and local symmetry of that element. At incident beam energies which are much higher than the absorption edge, photoelectron scattering causes "ringing" modulations called the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). Fourier transformation of the EXAFS regime yields the bond lengths and number of the surrounding the absorbing atom; it is therefore useful for studying liquids and amorphous materials as well as sparse species such as impurities. A related technique, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), uses circularly polarized X-rays to measure

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3264-561: The photon energies produced. The drawback of this design was the limited number of straight sections. In 1994 a more conventional machine with 8 straight sections was proposed, again with 1.5 GeV energy. At this time more users of hard X-rays were interested and it was felt that both the energy and number of straight sections were too low. By the time funding was secured in 1999 the design had changed to 2.9 GeV, with longer straight sections to enable two insertion devices per straight, delivering beam to two independent beamlines. Construction of

3366-528: The "brightness", the "brilliance", and the "spectral brightness", with the latter term being recommended as the best choice by the Working Group on Synchrotron Nomenclature. Regardless of the name chosen, the term is a measure of the total flux of photons in a given six-dimensional phase space per unit bandwidth (BW). The spectral brightness is given by where N ˙ ph {\displaystyle {\dot {N}}_{\text{ph}}}

3468-634: The Beamlines". The injection system consists of a 250 MeV LINAC, a low energy transfer line, a 2.9 GeV booster synchrotron and a high energy transfer line. The LINAC was operated for over 30 years as part of the Saskatchewan Accelerator Lab and operates at 2856 MHz. The 78m low energy transfer line takes the electrons from the below-ground LINAC to the ground level booster in the newer CLS building, via two vertical chicanes. The full energy 2.9 GeV booster, chosen to give high orbit stability in

3570-470: The CEBAF 12 GeV Upgrade Dedication Ceremony took place. As of December 2018 , the CEBAF accelerator delivered electron beams to all four experimental halls simultaneously for physics-quality production running. A technical full description of the accelerator upgrade and subsequent performance appeared in 2024. Jefferson Lab conducts a broad program of research using the electromagnetic interaction to probe

3672-506: The CLS in November 2000 during an election campaign stop in Saskatoon. He gave a speech on the mezzanine level of the building following his tour of the facility, praising the project for helping to reverse the brain drain of scientists from Canada. In August 2010 then- Governor General Michaëlle Jean visited the CLS as part of a two-day tour of Saskatchewan. In April 2012 the CLS was "visited" remotely by Governor General David Johnston . He

3774-650: The CLS. This enzyme replicates itself as the Norwalk virus spreads through the body, and has been linked to other superviruses such as hepatitis C , West Nile virus and the common cold . Its duplication is responsible for the onset of such viruses. CLS scientist Luca Quaroni and University of Saskatchewan professor Alan Casson used infrared microscopy to identify biomarkers inside individual cells from tissue associated with Barrett's esophagus . This disease can lead to an aggressive form of cancer known as esophageal adenocarcinoma . Researchers from Lakehead University and

3876-461: The Canadian Light Source received $ 14 Million in funding to investigate the feasibility of using an electron LINAC to produce molybdenum-99 , the parent isotope of technetium-99. As part of this project a 35MeV LINAC has been installed in an unused underground experimental hall previously used for photonuclear experiments with the SAL LINAC. First irradiations are planned for late summer 2012, with

3978-690: The Compact Light Source (CLS) ). However, a relatively low cross-section of collision can be obtained in this manner, and the repetition rate of the lasers is limited to a few hertz rather than the megahertz repetition rates naturally arising in normal storage ring emission. Another method is to use plasma acceleration to reduce the distance required to accelerate electrons from rest to the energies required for UV or X-ray emission within magnetic devices. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility ( TJNAF ), commonly called Jefferson Lab or JLab ,

4080-584: The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility delivered the first batch of 12 GeV electrons (12.065 Giga electron Volts) to its newest experimental hall complex, Hall D. In September 2017, the official notification from the DOE of the formal approval of the 12 GeV upgrade project completion and start of operations was issued. By spring 2018, all fours research areas were successfully receiving beam and performing experiments. On 2 May 2018

4182-566: The Electron Ion Collider at Brookhaven National laboratory. Jefferson builds superconducting accelerator and helium refrigeration systems for DOE accelerators around the national laboratory complex. The laboratory's main research facility is the CEBAF accelerator, which consists of a polarized electron source and injector and a pair of superconducting RF linear accelerators that are 1400 m (7/8-mile) in length and connected to each other by two arc sections that contain steering magnets. As

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4284-512: The RMS values for the beam solid angle in the x and y dimensions, and d ω ω {\textstyle {\frac {d\omega }{\omega }}} is the relative bandwidth, or spread in beam frequency around the central frequency. The customary value for bandwidth is 0.1%. Spectral brightness has units of time ⋅distance ⋅angle ⋅(% bandwidth) . Especially when artificially produced, synchrotron radiation

4386-490: The Southeastern Universities Research Association; the name was changed to Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in 1996. The full funding for construction was appropriated by US Congress in 1986 and on February 13, 1987, the construction of the main component, the CEBAF accelerator began. The first beam was delivered to the experimental area on 1 July 1994. The design energy of 4 GeV for

4488-509: The Test Lab, (where the SRF cavities used in CEBAF and other accelerators used worldwide are manufactured) was constructed. As of May 2014 , the upgrade achieved a new record for beam energy, at 10.5 GeV, delivering beam to Hall D. As of December 2016 , the CEBAF accelerator delivered full-energy electrons as part of commissioning activities for the ongoing 12 GeV Upgrade project. Operators of

4590-637: The University of British Columbia, found the first experimental evidence that a charge density wave instability competes with superconductivity in high-temperature superconductors . They used four synchrotrons including the REIXS beamline at CLS. Using the X-ray spectromicroscopy beamline, a research team led by scientists from the State University of New York, Buffalo produced images of graphene showing how folds and ripples act as speed bumps for electrons, affecting its conductivity . This has implications for

4692-484: The University of Saskatchewan used the CLS to investigate the deaths of Royal Navy sailors buried in Antigua in the late 1700s. They used X-ray fluorescence to look for trace elements such as lead and strontium in bones from a recently excavated naval cemetery Scientists from Stanford University worked with CLS scientists to design a cleaner, faster battery . The new battery charges in less than two minutes, thanks to

4794-667: The University, CLSI had the legal and organizational freedom suitable for this responsibility. UMA, an experienced engineering firm, now part of AECOM , with extensive experience managing large technical and civil construction projects, was hired as project managers . The new building – attached to the existing SAL building, and measuring 84m by 83m in area with a maximum height of 23m – was completed in early 2001. Bancroft's appointment ended in October 2001 and he returned to UWO, with Mark de Jong appointed acting director. Bancroft remained as acting Scientific Director until 2004. The SAL LINAC

4896-456: The accelerator proper and stored in an ultrahigh vacuum auxiliary magnetic storage ring where they may circle a large number of times. The magnets in the ring also need to repeatedly recompress the beam against Coulomb ( space charge ) forces tending to disrupt the electron bunches. The change of direction is a form of acceleration and thus the electrons emit radiation at GeV energies. At a synchrotron facility, electrons are usually accelerated by

4998-601: The accelerator, the laboratory has housed and continues to house a free-electron laser (FEL) instrument. The construction of the FEL started June 11, 1996. It achieved first light on June 17, 1998. Since then, the FEL has been upgraded numerous times, increasing its power and capabilities substantially. Jefferson Lab was also involved in the construction of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) in Oak Ridge and its upgrade, and

5100-418: The beam was achieved during the year 1995. The laboratory dedication took place on May 24, 1996 (at this event the name was also changed). Full initial operations with all three initial experiment areas online at the design energy was achieved on June 19, 1998. On August 6, 2000, the CEBAF reached "enhanced design energy" of 6 GeV. In 2001, plans for an energy upgrade to 12 GeV electron beam and plans to construct

5202-697: The cavity as compared to roughly 40% for normal-conducting (copper) cavities. However, a large portion of this power saving - about 160 kW out of the 250 kW saved - is needed to power the cryogenic plant required to supply liquid helium to the cavity. The SRF cavity at CLS is fed with RF from a 310 kW Thales klystron. 52°08′12.5″N 106°37′52.5″W  /  52.136806°N 106.631250°W  / 52.136806; -106.631250 Synchrotron light source The major applications of synchrotron light are in condensed matter physics , materials science , biology and medicine . A large fraction of experiments using synchrotron light involve probing

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5304-514: The characterization of atomic- to nano-scale phenomena which are inaccessible to most other characterization tools. In operando measurements are designed to mimic the real working conditions of a material as closely as possible. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scattering experiments are performed at synchrotrons for the structural analysis of crystalline and amorphous materials. These measurements may be performed on powders , single crystals , or thin films . The high resolution and intensity of

5406-448: The distinguishing features of Jefferson Lab is the continuous nature of the electron beam, with a bunch length of less than 1 picosecond . Another is Jefferson Lab's use of superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) technology, which uses liquid helium to cool niobium to approximately 4 K (−452.5 °F), removing electrical resistance and allowing the most efficient transfer of energy to an electron. To achieve this, Jefferson Lab houses

5508-489: The electron beam makes up to five successive orbits, its energy is increased up to a maximum of 6  GeV (the original CEBAF machine worked first in 1995 at the design energy of 4 GeV before reaching "enhanced design energy" of 6 GeV in 2000; since then the facility has been upgraded into 12 GeV energy). This leads to a design that appears similar to a racetrack when compared to the classical ring-shaped accelerators found at sites such as CERN or Fermilab . Effectively, CEBAF

5610-575: The ends of the linacs. The electrons make up to five passes through the linear accelerators. When a nucleus in the target is hit by an electron from the beam, an "interaction", or "event", occurs, scattering particles into the hall. Each hall contains an array of particle detectors that track the physical properties of the particles produced by the event. The detectors generate electrical pulses that are converted into digital values by analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), time to digital converters (TDCs) and pulse counters (scalers). This digital data

5712-494: The environment on such animals. From inception, the CLS showed a "strong commitment to industrial users and private/public partnerships", with then-director Bancroft reporting "more than 40 letters of support from industry indicating that [the CLS] is important for what they do". The CLS has an industrial group, within the larger experimental facilities division, with industrial liaison scientists who make synchrotron techniques available to

5814-497: The era of 12 GeV beams at Jefferson Lab, the Hall B program has been restructured to include a new detector called CLAS12, as well as several other experiments using more specialized hardware. Multiple spectrometers and specialized equipment has been used to study, for example, parity-violating electron scattering to measure the weak charge of the proton and hypernuclear production with the electromagnetic interaction. This experimental hall

5916-664: The examples in textbooks that have been done thousands of times." Students from six provinces as well as the Northwest Territories have been directly involved in experiments, some of which have yielded publishable-quality research. In 2012 the CLS was awarded the Canadian Nuclear Society 's Education and Communication Award "in recognition of its commitment to community outreach, increasing public awareness of synchrotron science, and developing innovative and outstanding secondary educational programs such as Students on

6018-399: The front edge that provide input and output for digital signals, and a connector at the back that plugs into a backplane . A group of boards is plugged into a chassis , or " crate ", that provides physical support, power, and cooling for the boards and backplane. This arrangement allows electronics capable of digitizing many hundreds of channels to be compressed into a single chassis. In

6120-432: The gigahertz frequency of the resonant cavity that accelerates the electrons into the X-ray range. Another dramatic effect of relativity is that the radiation pattern is distorted from the isotropic dipole pattern expected from non-relativistic theory into an extremely forward-pointing cone of radiation. This makes synchrotron radiation sources the most brilliant known sources of X-rays. The planar acceleration geometry makes

6222-411: The head of the CLS should be a researcher who specializes in using such a facility. His successor was Mike Bancroft At the start of the project, all staff members with the former SAL were transferred into a new not-for-profit corporation, Canadian Light Source Inc., CLSI, which had primary responsibility for the technical design, construction and operation of the facility. As a separate corporation from

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6324-438: The head of the medical research group. The 1991 proposal to NSERC envisioned a 1.5 GeV storage ring, since at this time the interest of the user community was mainly in the soft X-ray range. The ring was a racetrack layout of four to six bend regions surrounding straights with extra quadrupoles to allow for variable functions in the straights. The design contemplated the use of superconducting bends in some locations to boost

6426-580: The landscape, where trees used to grow, there's none growing anymore. They're pretty concerned because wildlife is disappearing. Like, here there used to be rabbits and now there's none". In May 2012 three student groups were at the CLS simultaneously, with the La Loche students as the first to use the IDEAS beamline. "The aim for the students," according to CLS education and outreach coordinator Tracy Walker, "is to get an authentic scientific inquiry that's different from

6528-437: The light produced by synchrotrons. The aim is to make such sources available within a research laboratory for cost and convenience reasons; at present, researchers have to travel to a facility to perform experiments. One method of making a compact light source is to use the energy shift from Compton scattering near-visible laser photons from electrons stored at relatively low energies of tens of megaelectronvolts (see for example

6630-573: The magnetic properties of an element. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can be performed at beamlines equipped with a photoelectron analyzer . Traditional XPS is typically limited to probing the top few nanometers of a material under vacuum. However, the high intensity of synchrotron light enables XPS measurements of surfaces at near-ambient pressures of gas. Ambient pressure XPS (AP-XPS) can be used to measure chemical phenomena under simulated catalytic or liquid conditions. Using high-energy photons yields high kinetic energy photoelectrons which have

6732-440: The number of publications had passed 500. From 2009–2012 several key metrics doubled, including the number of users and the number of publications, with more than 190 papers published in 2011. More than 400 proposals were received for beam time in 2012, with approximately a 50% oversubscription rate averaged over the operational beamlines. By 2012 the user community spanned all regions of Canada and around 20 other countries. That year

6834-565: The order of 2-50 nm. This allows for probing of samples at greater depths and for non destructive depth-profiling experiments. Material composition can be quantitatively analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). XRF detection is also used in several other techniques, such as XAS and XSW, in which it is necessary to measure the change in absorption of a particular element. Other spectroscopy techniques include angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), soft X-ray emission spectroscopy , and nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy , which

6936-445: The other from the University of Western Ontario on materials for organic light-emitting diodes . A committee was set up in 2006 to peer review proposals for beamtime, under the chairmanship of Adam Hitchcock of McMaster University . By 2007 more than 150 external users had used the CLS, and all seven of the initial beamlines had achieved significant results. The CLS building was also expanded in two phases. A glass and steel expansion

7038-591: The outset to produce brilliant X-rays. Fourth-generation sources that will include different concepts for producing ultrabrilliant, pulsed time-structured X-rays for extremely demanding and also probably yet-to-be-conceived experiments are under consideration. Bending electromagnets in accelerators were first used to generate this radiation, but to generate stronger radiation, other specialized devices – insertion devices – are sometimes employed. Current (third-generation) synchrotron radiation sources are typically reliant upon these insertion devices, where straight sections of

7140-409: The position of atoms at or near surfaces; these measurements require high-resolution optics capable of resolving dynamical diffraction phenomena. Amorphous materials, including liquids and melts, as well as crystalline materials with local disorder, can be examined using X-ray pair distribution function analysis, which requires high energy X-ray scattering data. By tuning the beam energy through

7242-449: The products of collisions between the electron beam or with real photons and a stationary target. This allows physicists to study the structure of the atomic nucleus , specifically the interaction of the quarks that make up protons and neutrons of the nucleus. With each revolution around the accelerator, the beam passes through each of the two LINAC accelerators, but through a different set of bending magnets in semi-circular arcs at

7344-405: The radiation linearly polarized when observed in the orbital plane, and circularly polarized when observed at a small angle to that plane. The advantages of using synchrotron radiation for spectroscopy and diffraction have been realized by an ever-growing scientific community, beginning in the 1960s and 1970s. In the beginning, accelerators were built for particle physics, and synchrotron radiation

7446-721: The required funds it was not clear where funding would come from. In 1997 the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) was created to fund large scientific projects, possibly to provide a mechanism to fund the CLS. In 1998 a University of Saskatchewan team led by Dennis Skopik , the SAL director, submitted a proposal to CFI. The proposal was to fund 40% of the construction costs, with remaining money having to come from elsewhere. Assembling these required matching funds has been called "an unprecedented level of collaboration among governments, universities, and industry in Canada" and Bancroft – leader of

7548-579: The results to be evaluated by the Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre . This project lead to the founding a spin-off company — Canadian Isotope Innovations Corporation (CIIC), which was described as part of CEO Rob Lamb's 'legacy of accomplishment' when he departed the facility in 2021. The CIIC declared bankruptcy in 2024. The CLS has an education program – "Students on the Beamlines" – funded by NSERC Promoscience. This outreach program for science allows high school students to fully experience

7650-569: The rival UWO bid – anckowledged the "Herculean" efforts of the Saskatchewan team in obtaining funds from the University, the City of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Power , NRC, the Provincial Government of Saskatchewan, and Western Economic Diversification . At a late hour CFI told the proponents that it would not accept the SAL LINAC as part of the proposal, and the resulting shortfall was met in part by

7752-479: The spontaneous announcement by the Saskatoon city council and then Mayor Henry Dayday that they would double their contribution as long as other partners would. On 31 March 1999 the success of the CFI proposal was announced. The following month Skopik took a position at Jefferson Lab in the USA. He decided not to stay on as director of the Saskatoon facility because his expertise was in subatomic particles, and, he argued,

7854-530: The storage ring from the beginning of operations. The niobium cavity is based on the 500 MHz design used at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) which allows potentially beam-perturbing high order modes to propagate out of the cavity where they can be very effectively damped. The superconducting nature of the niobium cavity means only 0.02% of the RF power put into the cavity is wasted in heating

7956-460: The storage ring incorporate periodic magnetic structures (comprising many magnets in a pattern of alternating N and S poles – see diagram above) which force the electrons into a sinusoidal or helical path. Thus, instead of a single bend, many tens or hundreds of "wiggles" at precisely calculated positions add up or multiply the total intensity of the beam. These devices are called wigglers or undulators . The main difference between an undulator and

8058-649: The storage ring was completed in August 2003 and commissioning began the following month. Although beam could be stored, in March 2004 a large obstruction was found across the center of the chamber. Commissioning proceeded quickly after this was removed, and by June 2004 currents of 100mA could be achieved . On 22 October 2004 the CLS officially opened, with an opening ceremony attended by federal and provincial dignitaries, including then-Federal Minister of Finance Ralph Goodale and then- Saskatchewan Premier Lorne Calvert , university presidents and leading scientists. October 2004

8160-471: The storage ring, operates at 1 Hz, with an RF frequency of 500 MHz, unsynchronised with the LINAC. This results in significant beam loss at the extraction energy. The storage ring cell structure has a fairly compact lattice with twelve straight sections available for injection, RF cavities and 9 sections available for insertion devices. Each cell has two bending magnets detuned to allow some dispersion in

8262-407: The storage ring. The spectrum and energy of X-rays differ between the two types. The beamline includes X-ray optical devices which control the bandwidth , photon flux, beam dimensions, focus, and collimation of the rays. The optical devices include slits, attenuators, crystal monochromators , and mirrors. The mirrors may be bent into curves or toroidal shapes to focus the beam. A high photon flux in

8364-451: The straights – the so-called double-bend achromat structure – and thus reduce the overall beam size. As well as the two bend magnets each cell has three families of quadrupole magnets and two families of sextupole magnets . The ring circumference is 171m, with a straight section length of 5.2m. The CLS is the smallest of the newer synchrotron facilities, which results in a relatively high horizontal beam emittance of 18.2 nm-rad. The CLS

8466-630: The structure of matter from the sub- nanometer level of electronic structure to the micrometer and millimeter levels important in medical imaging . An example of a practical industrial application is the manufacturing of microstructures by the LIGA process. Synchrotron is one of the most expensive kinds of light source known, but it is practically the only viable luminous source of wide-band radiation in far infrared wavelength range for some applications, such as far-infrared absorption spectrometry. The primary figure of merit used to compare different sources of synchrotron radiation has been referred to as

8568-523: The structure of the ribosome ; this work earned the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009 . The size and shape of nanoparticles are characterized using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Nano-sized features on surfaces are measured with a similar technique, grazing-incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). In this and other methods, surface sensitivity is achieved by placing the crystal surface at

8670-773: The structure of the nucleon (protons and neutrons), the production and decay of light mesons, and aspects of the interactions of nucleons in the atomic nucleus. The main tools are the scattering of electrons and the creation and use of high energy real photons. In addition, both electron and photon beams can be made highly polarized, allowing exploration of so-called spin degrees of freedom in investigations. The four experimental halls have distinct but overlapping research goals, but with instrumentation unique to each. Matching high resolution spectrometers (HRS) have been used to study deep-inelastic electron scattering. Using very well controlled polarized electron beams, parity violation in electron scattering has been studied. The CLAS detector

8772-439: The synchrotron beam enables the measurement of scattering from dilute phases or the analysis of residual stress . Materials can be studied at high pressure using diamond anvil cells to simulate extreme geologic environments or to create exotic forms of matter. X-ray crystallography of proteins and other macromolecules (PX or MX) are routinely performed. Synchrotron-based crystallography experiments were integral to solving

8874-576: The two financial years 2009/10 and 10/11 showed the CLS had added $ 45 million per year to the Canadian GDP, or about $ 3 for every $ 1 of operating funding. The CLS has stated that "the primary means of accessing the CLS is through a system of peer review, which ensures that the proposed science is of the highest quality and permits access to the facility to any interested researcher, regardless of regional, national, academic, industrial or governmental affiliation." Then-Prime Minister Jean Chrétien visited

8976-475: The use of graphene in a variety of future products. A collaboration between the University of Regina and the Royal Saskatchewan Museum has been investigating dinosaur fossils at the CLS, including "Scotty," a Tyrannosaurus found in Saskatchewan in 1991, one of the most complete and largest T-rex skeletons ever found. They looked at the concentration of elements in bones to study the impact of

9078-534: The work of a scientist, in addition to having the chance to use the CLS beamlines. "The program allows students the development of active research, a very rare phenomena in schools and provides direct access to the use of a particle accelerator, something even rarer!" said teacher Steve Desfosses form College Saint-Bernard, Drummondville , Quebec. Dene students from La Loche, Saskatchewan have taken part in this program twice, looking at effects of acid rain . Student Jontae DesRoches commented "Elders have noticed that

9180-464: The world's largest liquid helium refrigerator, and it was one of the first large-scale implementations of SRF technology. The accelerator is built 8 meters below the Earth's surface, or approximately 25 feet, and the walls of the accelerator tunnels are 2 feet thick. The beam ends in four experimental halls, labelled Hall A, Hall B , Hall C, and Hall D. Each hall contains specialized spectrometers to record

9282-424: Was also one of the first facilities to chicane two undulators in one straight section, to maximize the number of insertion device beamlines. All five of the phase I X-ray beamlines use insertion devices. Four use permanent magnet undulators designed and assembled at the CLS, including one in-vacuum undulator and one elliptically polarized undulator (EPU). The HXMA beamline uses a superconducting wiggler built by

9384-529: Was also unsuccessful. In 1977 Mike Bancroft , also of UWO, submitted a proposal to NRC to build a Canadian beamline , as the Canadian Synchrotron Radiation Facility (CSRF), at the existing Synchrotron Radiation Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison , USA, and in 1978 newly created NSERC awarded capital funding. CSRF, owned and operated by NRC, grew from the initial beamline to a total of three by 1998. A further push towards

9486-406: Was announced as the new director. Science fiction author Robert J. Sawyer was writer-in-residence for two months in 2009 in what he called a "once in a lifetime opportunity to hang out with working scientists" While there he wrote most of the novel "Wonder", which won the 2012 Prix Aurora Award for best novel." By the end of 2010 more than 1000 individual researchers had used the facility, and

9588-490: Was built for the beginning of the 12 GeV beam-energy program starting in 2014. This hall houses the GlueX experiment, which is designed to map out the light unflavored meson spectrum in detail in the search for explicit gluonic excitations in mesons. JLab houses the world's most powerful tunable free electron laser , with an output of over 14 kilowatts . Since CEBAF has three complementary experiments running simultaneously, it

9690-548: Was completed in 2007 to house the phase II medical imaging beamline BMIT, and construction on the expansion needed to house the phase III Brockhouse beamline started in July 2011 and is still ongoing as of July 2012. Bill Thomlinson retired in 2008, and in May of that year physics professor Josef Hormes of the University of Bonn , former director of the CAMD synchrotron at Louisiana State University

9792-473: Was decided that the three data acquisition systems should be as similar as possible, so that physicists moving from one experiment to another would find a familiar environment. To that end, a group of specialist physicists was hired to form a data acquisition development group to develop a common system for all three halls. CODA , the CEBAF Online Data Acquisition system , was the result. CODA

9894-480: Was declared "Synchrotron Month" by the city of Saskatoon and the Saskatchewan government. Peter Mansbridge broadcast the CBC 's nightly newscast The National from the top of the storage ring the day before the official opening. In parliament local MP Lynne Yelich said "There were many challenges to overcome, but thanks to the vision, dedication and persistence of its supporters, the Canadian Light Source synchrotron

9996-587: Was known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF); commonly, this name is still used for the main accelerator. Founded in 1984, Jefferson Lab employs more than 750 people, and more than 2,000 scientists from around the world have conducted research using the facility. The facility was established in 1984 (first initial funding by the Department of Energy ) as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) by

10098-504: Was refurbished and placed back into service in 2002 while the booster and storage rings were still under construction. First turn was achieved in the booster ring in July 2002 with full booster commissioning completed by September 2002. New director Bill Thomlinson, an expert in synchrotron medical imaging, arrived in November 2002. He was recruited from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility where he had been

10200-438: Was the mainstay of the Hall B experimental program from 1998 to 2012. Physics Working Groups in the areas of Deep-Inelastic Interactions, Hadron Spectroscopy, and Nuclear Interactions exist. See the article related to the spectrometer itself and physics program at the link CLAS . Polarized real photons and electron beams were used. Physics targets included liquid hydrogen and deuterium, as well as massive nuclear materials. In

10302-609: Was used in "parasitic mode" when bending magnet radiation had to be extracted by drilling extra holes in the beam pipes. The first storage ring commissioned as a synchrotron light source was Tantalus, at the Synchrotron Radiation Center , first operational in 1968. As accelerator synchrotron radiation became more intense and its applications more promising, devices that enhanced the intensity of synchrotron radiation were built into existing rings. Third-generation synchrotron radiation sources were conceived and optimized from

10404-634: Was visiting the LNLS synchrotron in Brazil , during a live link-up, by video chat and remote control software, between the two facilities. January 18, 2017 Canadian Science Minister Kirsty Duncan toured the complex. With the NRU reactor at the Chalk River Laboratories due to close in 2016, there was a need to find alternative sources of the medical isotope technetium-99m , a mainstay of nuclear medicine . In 2011

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