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28-438: Along with providing online public access to millions of collections records, CHIN offers collections management resources to Canada's museum community; more specifically, it assists museums in documenting, managing , and sharing information about their collections, thereby ensuring the accessibility of such information. CHIN provides bilingual information for all its resources. CHIN has three core areas of activity: CHIN

56-463: A library's electronic information resources. Information retrieval Information retrieval ( IR ) in computing and information science is the task of identifying and retrieving information system resources that are relevant to an information need . The information need can be specified in the form of a search query. In the case of document retrieval, queries can be based on full-text or other content-based indexing. Information retrieval

84-458: A number of applications aimed at managing documents, photographs, and other digitized or born-digital items such as Digital Commons and DSpace . Particularly in academic libraries, these systems (often known as digital library systems or institutional repository systems) assist with efforts to preserve documents created by faculty and students. Electronic resource management helps librarians to track selection, acquisition, and licensing of

112-463: A number of systems that share much in common with library catalogs, but have traditionally been distinguished from them. Libraries utilize these systems to search for items not traditionally covered by a library catalog, although these systems are sometimes integrated into a more comprehensive discovery system . Bibliographic databases —such as Medline , ERIC , PsycINFO , and many others—index journal articles and other research data. There are also

140-422: A rate of 120 words a minute The idea of using computers to search for relevant pieces of information was popularized in the article As We May Think by Vannevar Bush in 1945. It would appear that Bush was inspired by patents for a 'statistical machine' – filed by Emanuel Goldberg in the 1920s and 1930s – that searched for documents stored on film. The first description of a computer searching for information

168-419: Is North America's most extensively used "museum classification and controlled vocabulary for historical and ethnological collections." The Canadian Heritage Information Network was established in 1972 as Canada's National Inventory Programme , originally to create a data bank , accessed through a computerized national network, and to help museums construct computerized inventories of their collections. In

196-518: Is an online database of materials held by a library or group of libraries . Online catalogs have largely replaced the analog card catalogs previously used in libraries. Although a handful of experimental systems existed as early as the 1960s, the first large-scale online catalogs were developed at Ohio State University in 1975 and the Dallas Public Library in 1978. These and other early online catalog systems tended to closely reflect

224-445: Is an entity that is represented by information in a content collection or database . User queries are matched against the database information. However, as opposed to classical SQL queries of a database, in information retrieval the results returned may or may not match the query, so results are typically ranked. This ranking of results is a key difference of information retrieval searching compared to database searching. Depending on

252-474: Is the science of searching for information in a document, searching for documents themselves, and also searching for the metadata that describes data, and for databases of texts, images or sounds. Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called information overload . An IR system is a software system that provides access to books, journals and other documents; it also stores and manages those documents. Web search engines are

280-423: Is the process of assessing how well a system meets the information needs of its users. In general, measurement considers a collection of documents to be searched and a search query. Traditional evaluation metrics, designed for Boolean retrieval or top-k retrieval, include precision and recall . All measures assume a ground truth notion of relevance: every document is known to be either relevant or non-relevant to

308-507: The application the data objects may be, for example, text documents, images, audio, mind maps or videos. Often the documents themselves are not kept or stored directly in the IR system, but are instead represented in the system by document surrogates or metadata . Most IR systems compute a numeric score on how well each object in the database matches the query, and rank the objects according to this value. The top ranking objects are then shown to

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336-404: The card catalogs that they were intended to replace. Using a dedicated terminal or telnet client, users could search a handful of pre-coordinate indexes and browse the resulting display in much the same way they had previously navigated the card catalog. Throughout the 1980s, the number and sophistication of online catalogs grew. The first commercial systems appeared, and would by the end of

364-501: The 1990s, CHIN began maintaining a website where the museum community of Canada could find resources to improve the online visibility of their collections. In the 2010s, Rowman & Littlefield agreed to allow CHIN to create an online version to supplement the published version of Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging 4.0. The site was launched in 2018. Online public access catalog The online public access catalog ( OPAC ), now frequently synonymous with library catalog ,

392-781: The Cranfield collection (several thousand documents). Large-scale retrieval systems, such as the Lockheed Dialog system, came into use early in the 1970s. In 1992, the US Department of Defense along with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), cosponsored the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) as part of the TIPSTER text program. The aim of this was to look into the information retrieval community by supplying

420-561: The decade largely replace systems built by libraries themselves. Library catalogs began providing improved search mechanisms, including Boolean and keyword searching, as well as ancillary functions, such as the ability to place holds on items that had been checked-out. At the same time, libraries began to develop applications to automate the purchase, cataloging, and circulation of books and other library materials. These applications, collectively known as an integrated library system (ILS) or library management system, included an online catalog as

448-399: The development of newer (often termed 'next-generation') catalogs. Newer generations of library catalog systems, typically called discovery systems (or a discovery layer ), are distinguished from earlier OPACs by their use of more sophisticated search technologies, including relevancy ranking and faceted search , as well as features aimed at greater user interaction and participation with

476-425: The documents are typically transformed into a suitable representation. Each retrieval strategy incorporates a specific model for its document representation purposes. The picture on the right illustrates the relationship of some common models. In the picture, the models are categorized according to two dimensions: the mathematical basis and the properties of the model. The evaluation of an information retrieval system'

504-439: The holdings of a single library, they can also contain the holdings of a group or consortium of libraries. These systems, known as union catalogs , are usually designed to aid the borrowing of books and other materials among the member institutions via interlibrary loan . Examples of this type of catalogs include COPAC , SUNCAT , NLA Trove , and WorldCat —the latter catalogs the collections of libraries worldwide. There are

532-581: The infrastructure that was needed for evaluation of text retrieval methodologies on a very large text collection. This catalyzed research on methods that scale to huge corpora. The introduction of web search engines has boosted the need for very large scale retrieval systems even further. Areas where information retrieval techniques are employed include (the entries are in alphabetical order within each category): Methods/Techniques in which information retrieval techniques are employed include: In order to effectively retrieve relevant documents by IR strategies,

560-422: The most visible IR applications. An information retrieval process begins when a user enters a query into the system. Queries are formal statements of information needs, for example search strings in web search engines. In information retrieval, a query does not uniquely identify a single object in the collection. Instead, several objects may match the query, perhaps with different degrees of relevance . An object

588-418: The online catalog was often the first information retrieval system library users ever encountered. Now accustomed to web search engines, newer generations of library users have grown increasingly dissatisfied with the complex (and often arcane) search mechanisms of older online catalog systems. This has, in turn, led to vocal criticisms of these systems within the library community itself, and in recent years to

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616-463: The public interface to the system's inventory. Most library catalogs are closely tied to their underlying ILS system. The 1990s saw a relative stagnation in the development of online catalogs. Although the earlier character-based interfaces were replaced with ones for the Web, both the design and the underlying search technology of most systems did not advance much beyond that developed in the late 1980s. At

644-400: The public—to research Canadian cultural collections. CHIN also manages the online database for Rowman & Littlefield 's Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging , a structured and controlled list of object terms organized in a classification system in order to "provide a basis for indexing and cataloging collections of human-made objects." First published in 1978 (launching online in 2018), it

672-451: The same time, organizations outside of libraries began developing more sophisticated information retrieval systems. Web search engines like Google and popular e-commerce websites such as Amazon.com provided simpler to use (yet more powerful) systems that could provide relevancy ranked search results using probabilistic and vector-based queries. Prior to the widespread use of the Internet,

700-670: The system, including tagging and reviews. These new features rely heavily on existing metadata which may be poor or inconsistent, particularly for older records. Newer catalog platforms may be independent of the organization's integrated library system (ILS), instead providing drivers that allow for the synchronization of data between the two systems. While the original online catalog interfaces were almost exclusively built by ILS vendors, libraries have increasingly sought next-generation catalogs built by enterprise search companies and open-source software projects, often led by libraries themselves. Although library catalogs typically reflect

728-478: The user. The process may then be iterated if the user wishes to refine the query. there is ... a machine called the Univac ... whereby letters and figures are coded as a pattern of magnetic spots on a long steel tape. By this means the text of a document, preceded by its subject code symbol, can be recorded ... the machine ... automatically selects and types out those references which have been coded in any desired way at

756-490: Was described by Holmstrom in 1948, detailing an early mention of the Univac computer. Automated information retrieval systems were introduced in the 1950s: one even featured in the 1957 romantic comedy, Desk Set . In the 1960s, the first large information retrieval research group was formed by Gerard Salton at Cornell. By the 1970s several different retrieval techniques had been shown to perform well on small text corpora such as

784-458: Was the first national organization to participate in the Virtual Library museums pages (VLmp) online museums directory, later supported by ICOM . Moreover, the agency oversees Artefacts Canada , a national inventory of museum collections that provides access to several million records and images from Canadian museums. It used by national and international heritage professionals—as well as by

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