73-574: Canada Clause may refer to: Article 2 of the North Atlantic Treaty , 1949 Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , 1982 A clause in the proposed Charlottetown Accord , 1992 Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Canada Clause . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
146-753: A 2017 poll, 60% of French people viewed NATO favorably, and 34% unfavorably. During the conversations leading to the German reunification , the Soviet Union sought to move the union of West Germany (in NATO) and East Germany (in the Warsaw Pact) into neutrality and de-nuclearization. However, West German chancellor Helmut Kohl and American president George H. W. Bush wanted the united Germany to remain in NATO in spite of less than 20% of West Germans wanting to remain in NATO after
219-589: A Party one year after its notice of denunciation has been given to the Government of the United States of America, which will inform the Governments of the other Parties of the deposit of each notice of denunciation. This means that after 20 years since the signing of the treaty which was in 1949, thus 1969, any member state that wishes to leave just has to inform the United States that it wants to leave, and then after
292-736: A joint decision or action (logistic, military, or otherwise) on behalf of the Alliance. It has been officially invoked seven times since the alliance's creation. [REDACTED] Lithuania [REDACTED] Poland Denunciation of the attack and reassessment of NATO assets in Turkey . [REDACTED] Czech Republic [REDACTED] Estonia [REDACTED] Latvia [REDACTED] Lithuania [REDACTED] Poland [REDACTED] Romania [REDACTED] Slovakia Defensive build-up, matériel support to Ukraine , and activation of
365-572: A major cyberattack on 15 July 2022 targeting critical and government infrastructure, widely believed to have been carried out on behalf of Iran by state–affiliated cybercriminals. Article 6 states that Article 5 covers only member states' territories in Europe, North America, Turkey, and islands in the Atlantic north of the Tropic of Cancer . A clarification regarding the territories to which Article 5 applies
438-586: A manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered, and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations." Members seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area through preservation of peace and security in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations . Article 2 of
511-438: A member nation is to instead withdraw from NATO's military command structure, but not from NATO entirely. This happened with France in 1966 , which rejoined in 2009; and with Greece in 1974 , which rejoined in 1980 after the new Turkish military government ended its objections to Greek re-entry. Article 14 notes the official languages of NATO as English and French, and that the United States government shall promulgate copies of
584-612: A number of former dependencies of NATO members have never applied for membership subsequent to their becoming independent states. Article 13 of the North Atlantic Treaty, is the article that member states use for informing other members or parties that it wishes to leave the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. It states the following: After the Treaty has been in force for twenty years, any Party may cease to be
657-415: A one-year notice by the member nation to the U.S. government in its role as the treaty depositary , which then promulgates the notice to the other member nations. This has been contemplated by a number of member nations, but so far has not happened aside from withdrawals due to independence of former territories or dependencies (namely, Algeria, Malta, and Cyprus). Otherwise, the next closest option for
730-590: A plurality of those surveyed, 47% said NATO does too little globally. In further polling in 2019 on the eve of the 70th anniversary of NATO's founding, 77% of Americans say being a member of NATO is good for the United States. While both major parties support NATO membership, all the major third parties including the Green Party , the Libertarian Party , and the Constitution Party support withdrawing
803-467: A poll in 2017 indicating that 62% of British people have a favourable view of NATO, compared with only 19% having unfavourable view of the Alliance. The situation with whether an independent Scotland should join NATO if it ever achieves independence, has been fraught within supporters of an independent Scotland. Originally the Scottish National Party was against NATO membership, much of this
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#1732852716508876-522: A product of the US' desire to avoid overextension at the end of World War II, and consequently pursue multilateralism in Europe. It is part of the US' collective defense arrangement with Western European powers, following a long and deliberative process. The treaty was created with an armed attack by the Soviet Union against Western Europe in mind, although the mutual self-defense clause was never invoked during
949-548: A self-governing crown colony of the United Kingdom. Dependent territories like Malta had the international memberships of their mother country, so the island was part of NATO. In fact, the headquarters of the Allied Forces Mediterranean was based in the town of Floriana between 1952 and 1965. When Malta gained independence in 1964, the country did not apply to join NATO, due to the relations between NATO and
1022-525: A set of action plans which an aspiring nation must follow in order to become a member, including the Membership Action Plan (MAP) mechanism and Intensified Dialogue formula. Article 11 indicated the process of the initial ratification of the treaty. Each signatory nation was required to ratify the treaty through their respective constitutional processes. In order to come into force, the treaty had to be ratified by Belgium, Canada, France, Luxembourg,
1095-482: A standing army , and its defence forces consist of a militarised coastguard and a paramilitary peacekeeping force . Iceland's strong pacifist history has led to considerable opposition to NATO membership in Iceland. Nevertheless, the country was a host to the notable United States Navy base at Keflavík airport , near the country's capital Reykjavík . The country's main nonpartisan pressure group for Iceland leaving NATO
1168-473: A victory for these parties for the first time in thirty years. However, these parties did not formally pursue withdrawal upon taking office. The left-wing Levica party, supports for the withdrawal of North Macedonia from NATO. The general consensus about the foreign and defence policy of the Netherlands is being a member of the alliance. Its membership is supported by all five main establishment parties in
1241-404: A year it formally leaves. The far-right Revival party, supports Bulgaria Withdrawal from NATO. In 2019 the Green Party advocated a review of Canadian membership of the alliance. The position of the social-democratic New Democratic Party is complicated; while there is general support for NATO membership within the party, including from former party leaders Jack Layton and Tom Mulcair ,
1314-604: Is Samtök hernaðarandstæðinga [ is ] , which is a branch of War Resisters' International . In 2019, during a visit by the Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg to Iceland, Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir spoke of her support for withdrawing Iceland from NATO. Her party, the Left-Green Movement , is the senior partner of the Icelandic government, which also supports withdrawing, but there
1387-458: Is completely opposed to NATO membership and supports withdrawal from the alliance if Welsh independence is achieved. Instead the party advocates a defence position of non-alignment similar to that of Ireland . The leader of Plaid Cymru at the time, Leanne Wood criticized her Scottish counterparts in an interview. Among the parties in Northern Ireland , NATO policy tends to follow along
1460-478: Is generally considered the starting point for major NATO operations, and therefore is intended for either emergencies or situations of urgency. It officially calls for consultation over military matters when "the territorial integrity, political independence or security of any of the parties is threatened." Upon its invocation, the issue is discussed in the North Atlantic Council , and can formally lead into
1533-1017: Is necessary". Chair of the Defence Select Committee of the United Kingdom Tobias Ellwood said that any deliberate attack against the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine that could cause radiation leaks would be a breach of Article 5. This statement was released over fears that a nuclear catastrophe could occur in the Russian-occupied plant during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . The next day, American congressman Adam Kinzinger said that any radiation leak into NATO countries would kill people, which would be an automatic activation of Article 5. Albanian prime minister Edi Rama revealed that his government had considered invoking Article 5 in response to
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#17328527165081606-702: Is not a majority in the Icelandic parliament for withdrawing. As of May 2022 , she continues to oppose Icelandic membership in NATO. A Gallup poll taken in March 2022 showed that 75% of Icelanders supported the country's NATO membership, 9% were opposed to it, and 16% were unsure. Several political parties in Montenegro, including New Serb Democracy and the Democratic People's Party , oppose NATO membership. The 2020 Montenegrin parliamentary election resulted in
1679-493: Is sometimes referred to as the Canada Clause after Pearson pushed for its inclusion in the treaty. This included proposals for a trade council, cultural program, technological sharing, and an information program. Of those, only the latter two were passed. Nonetheless, it has been brought up by observers commenting on trade disputes between members. Article 3 of the treaty states that "In order more effectively to achieve
1752-524: The 2014 Wales summit . It has also been used as a core concept for a mandate to strengthen member resilience: the ability to resist and recover from major disasters, failures in infrastructure, or traditional armed attack. This commitment was first accepted during the 2016 Warsaw summit , and further reiterated and clarified due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. In accordance with NATO documents, this has been understood to include seven key areas: Article 4
1825-501: The Belarusian migrant crisis , but it was not formally requested. The key section of the treaty is Article 5. Its commitment clause defines the casus foederis . It commits each member state to consider an armed attack against one member state, in the areas defined by Article 6, to be an armed attack against them all. Upon such attack, each member state is to assist by taking "such action as [the member state] deems necessary, including
1898-649: The Canadian Parliament that support NATO membership include the governing left-of-centre Liberal Party , the opposition right-of-centre Conservative Party , and the Quebec sovereigntist Bloc Québécois . In 1966, due to souring relations between Washington and Paris because of the refusal to integrate France's nuclear deterrent with other North Atlantic powers, or to accept any collective form of control over its army, French president Charles de Gaulle downgraded France 's membership in NATO and withdrew France from
1971-594: The Cold War . By signing the North Atlantic Treaty, parties are "determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilization of the peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law." The following twelve states signed the treaty and thus became the founding members of NATO. The following leaders signed the agreement as plenipotentiaries of their countries in Washington, D.C. , on 4 April 1949: The following four states joined
2044-501: The House of Commons , only the Green Party was against NATO membership and advocated leaving the alliance. However, this changed during their 2023 spring conference, when a motion was passed changing the party's viewpoint by abandoning its opposition to NATO. This was done in a review of the party's policies on security and defence, in light of the invasion of Ukraine by Russia . However, there are individual Members of Parliament who support
2117-622: The Incirlik Air Base to NATO, the Republican People's Party would also support it. The established consensus of the United Kingdom's defence and foreign policy framework includes full membership and participation of NATO. Membership is supported by both major parties in the UK (The Conservatives and Labour ) and the Liberal Democrats . Originally out of the nationwide parties in
2190-574: The NATO Military Command Structure to pursue more independent defense options. However, he also stated that France would remain in the alliance even after the end of the 20-year commitment period in 1969, unless the "fundamental elements of the relations between East and West" changed. In 2009, France rejoined the NATO Military Command Structure. The reversal was announced by President Nicolas Sarkozy and backed by
2263-592: The NATO Response Force . There have also been instances where Article 4 was not formally invoked, but instead threatened. In fact, this was viewed as one of the original intentions for Article 4: as a means to elevate issues and provide member nations a means of deterrence. For example, in November 2021, the Polish foreign ministry—along with Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia—briefly considered triggering Article 4 due to
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2336-544: The NDP Socialist Caucus advocates revoking Canada's membership. Some of the reasons for opposition to membership of the alliance include membership being incompatible to the Canadian tradition of peacekeeping and concerns of Canadian sovereignty over its defence forces . As of 2022 , the general consensus of the Canadian government is to support NATO membership as part of national defense policy. Parties that exist in
2409-736: The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 , enacted on December 22, 2023, prohibits the President from unilaterally withdrawing from NATO without approval of a two-third Senate super-majority or an act of Congress. The bill provision came amidst then-presidential candidate Donald Trump 's mixed messages on NATO. Polling conducted by Pew Research Center in 2017, said that 62% of Americans are favorable to NATO compared to 23% who are not favorable. In terms of voters, over three-quarters of Democrats are favorable with just 48% of Republicans favorable. Also they said that
2482-611: The North Atlantic Treaty , and thus the country in question ceases to be a member of NATO. The formal process is stated in article 13 of the Treaty. This says that any country that wants to leave must send the United States (as the depositary state) a "notice of denunciation" , which the U.S. would then pass on to the other Allies. After a one-year waiting period, the country that wants to leave would be out. As of 2024, no member state has rescinded their membership, although it has been considered by several countries. Notwithstanding,
2555-530: The Parliament of France . Currently, of the noted political parties in France; those advocating withdrawal from NATO include the souverainist Popular Republican Union , together with the left wing La France Insoumise and the far left French Communist Party . The right-wing Gaullist Debout la France and the nationalist National Rally advocate reversing the 2009 decision for France returning to NATO command. In
2628-483: The Staten-General ; the conservative-liberal VVD , the social-democratic PvdA , the christian-democrat CDA , right-wing populist PVV , and social-liberal D66 . Other parties are supportive but would like to reform the alliance such as the green-socialist GroenLinks . While the far-right populist Forum voor Democratie supports NATO membership, it was reported by the investigative show Zembla that privately
2701-708: The Washington Treaty , forms the legal basis of, and is implemented by, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C. , on 4 April 1949. The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949 by a committee which was chaired by US diplomat Theodore Achilles . Earlier secret talks had been held at the Pentagon between 22 March and 1 April 1948, of which Achilles said: The talks lasted about two weeks and by
2774-622: The unionist - nationalist axis using the basis of the UK's membership and Ireland's non-alignment . All the main parties that support Northern Ireland being part of the United Kingdom including the Ulster Unionists and the Democratic Unionist parties, support NATO membership. Meanwhile, the parties that advocate unification of Northern Ireland with the Republic of Ireland , including SDLP and Sinn Féin , support Irish neutrality. Among
2847-683: The British Royal Navy left its base in Malta Dockyard . In 1995, Malta joined the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council multilateral defence forum and NATO's Partnership for Peace defence program. However, it withdrew its membership from both organisations a year later in 1996 by the newly elected Labour government. Maltese foreign policy changed notably in 2004, with the country joining the European Union and it re-joined
2920-574: The EAPC and PfP programs in 2008, pointing to a change in the island's foreign relations . Over time, Malta has been building its relations with NATO and getting involved in wider projects including the PfP Planning and Review Process and the NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme. Membership of NATO is not supported by any of the country's political parties including the current governing Labour and
2993-493: The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Article 12 states the process by which the treaty may be amended, provided such amendments still affect the North Atlantic area and do not violate the Charter of the United Nations. In practice, this has only been used to clearly delineate which territories are under the purview of NATO . Article 13 delimits the process by which a member leaves NATO, which simply consists of
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3066-710: The SNP to leave the party, including John Finnie and Jean Urquhart . During the Russo-Ukrainian crisis the SNP's defence spokesmen Stewart McDonald reconfirmed the SNP's support for NATO. Other independence parties including the Scottish Socialist Party and the Scottish Greens as well as some in the SNP (mainly on the left) do not support Scotland's membership and would not want to join if Scotland becomes independent. The Welsh nationalist party Plaid Cymru
3139-515: The Southern Mediterranean, over threats of invasion of Cyprus by fellow NATO member Turkey. Later in 1974 due to the invasion of Cyprus by Turkish forces , Greece withdrew from NATO military command. Notwithstanding, the country did not withdraw entirely from the organisation, but became significantly less active. In 1980, the Greek foreign minister Konstantinos Mitsotakis made remarks about
3212-510: The Soviet Union thereafter until the end of the Cold War. Since 2000, Algeria has participated in NATO's Mediterranean Dialogue forum and various training with NATO member countries and military cooperation in the defense industry, especially with Germany. At the time of the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949, the Mediterranean island of Malta was a dependent territory in a form of
3285-761: The Spanish North African cities but this take has not been tested in practice. This is also why events such as the Balyun airstrikes did not trigger Article 5, as the Turkish troops that were attacked were in Syria, not Turkey. On 16 April 2003, NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan , which includes troops from 42 countries. The decision came at
3358-416: The UK withdrawing from NATO, such as Jeremy Corbyn . In October 2017, the youth wing of Labour, Young Labour , passed a motion at their annual conference which called for Britain to withdraw from NATO, stating it was a tool of American imperialism . They reconfirmed their withdrawment position during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine by Russia on Twitter. Support for NATO is high in the United Kingdom with
3431-705: The United States from NATO. At the time of the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949, many parts of the world were either overseas or dependent territories of countries such as France and the United Kingdom. As such, these regions, which are today independent states such as Algeria and Malta, were then part of NATO. However, the treaty limits involvement to no lower than the Atlantic region of Tropic of Cancer , and thus de facto limits membership to those in North America and Europe as stated in Articles V & VI. This means that once those overseas territories gained independence, those outside that area could not rejoin as full members. When France joined NATO in 1949,
3504-404: The alliance, there have been calls for Turkey to leave or be thrown out of NATO. Inside Turkey, politicians like the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) leader Devlet Bahçeli suggested that Turkey leaving NATO should be considered an option. In May 2022, opposition leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu said that if the Justice and Development Party and the Nationalist Movement Party decided to close
3577-601: The exception of the United Nations, which by Article 7 supersedes NATO), or in military conflict of two NATO members, Article 8 comes into force. This is most important in cases should one member engage in military action against another member, upon which the offending members would be held in abeyance of the treaty and thereby NATO protection as a whole. This has not occurred yet, but there have been several militarised disputes between NATO allies that have threatened this: If an intra-NATO conflict were to occur, there exist intra-NATO alliances which would be triggered instead in
3650-401: The general form, and a good bit of the language of my first draft, but with a number of important differences. According to Achilles, another important author of the treaty was John D. Hickerson : More than any human being Jack was responsible for the nature, content, and form of the Treaty...It was a one-man Hickerson treaty. As a fundamental component of NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty is
3723-553: The instance of the abeyance. The following is a list of such active, intra-NATO military alliances. Establishes the North Atlantic Council , and is the only NATO body that derives its authority directly from the treaty. Its primary objectives as stated in the treaty is the enforcement of Article 3 and Article 5. Article 10 dictates the process by which other countries may join NATO, which is by unanimous agreement by current NATO members. Further, new NATO members can only consist of other European nations. In practice, this has turned into
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#17328527165083796-429: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_Clause&oldid=1081116919 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages North Atlantic Treaty#Article 2 The North Atlantic Treaty , also known as
3869-450: The non-sectarian parties which are parties are neither unionist nor nationalist; the Alliance Party supports NATO membership, while the Green Party is ambiguous in its viewpoint. Among British non-governmental organisations , both the pacifist Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the Stop the War Coalition advocates British withdrawal from the alliance. The United States has maintained longstanding support to NATO. Most recently,
3942-454: The northern African territory of Algeria was part of Metropolitan France . By virtue of this, Algeria was part of NATO since its inception. In fact, Article VI clearly states that an armed attack on Algeria would be considered an attack on NATO. When Algeria gained its independence from France in 1962, its membership was ceased and the Article VI clause was no longer applicable. Like many Maghreb and Arab countries , it aligned itself with
4015-407: The objectives of this Treaty, the Parties, separately and jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack." This was interpreted in 2022 as the basis for the target for a 2% GDP expenditure rule, which was established as a loose guideline in 2006. This metric was confirmed again during
4088-434: The opposition Nationalists . Polling done by the island-nation's Ministry of Foreign Affairs found in February 2022 (before the Russian invasion of Ukraine) that nearly two-thirds support the island's neutral position, and only 6% are against it. NATO's secretary-general Stoltenberg says the alliance fully respects Malta's position of neutrality, and put no pressure for the country to join the alliance. Like Malta, Cyprus
4161-435: The party's leader Thierry Baudet would like the Netherlands to leave NATO and align the country's foreign policy with Russia. Some minor political parties in Romania oppose Romanian membership in NATO. One of them is Noua Dreaptă , which is also against the European Union . The left-wing electoral alliance Unidas Podemos supported Spanish withdrawal from NATO. The far-right Republic Movement party advocates for
4234-401: The prime minister George Borg Olivier at the time, but nevertheless supported the alliance. This changed in 1971, when the Labour 's Dom Mintoff was elected as prime minister and stated that Malta is neutral in its foreign policy, a position which was later enacted into the country's constitution in 1974. Later the country joined the Non-Aligned Movement in 1979, at the same time when
4307-418: The request of Germany and the Netherlands, the two states leading ISAF at the time of the agreement, and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August, and marked the first time in NATO's history that it took charge of a mission outside of the area delineated by Article 6. In the case of any contradiction with other international obligations (with
4380-404: The reunification. Mikhail Gorbachev finally removed the Soviet objection and the new eastern territories of Germany became covered by NATO on the condition that no foreign forces or weapons of mass destruction were to be located on them. The Left Party opposes military alliances, including NATO membership. In 1974 due to the Cyprus crisis , Greece withdrew military units from NATO forces in
4453-420: The situation where he could see Greece fully withdrawing from the organisation. However, later diplomatic pressure from the United States led to Greece fully re-integrating with the alliance. According to a poll conducted in 2022 NATO remains popular among the Greek public with 78% wanting to remain in the alliance and only 18% wanting to leave. Iceland is unique amongst NATO members in that it does not have
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#17328527165084526-474: The terms of the North Atlantic Treaty. The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the 9/11 attacks included Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour , a naval operation in the Mediterranean which was designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction, as well as enhancing the security of shipping in general. Active Endeavour began on 4 October 2001. The downing of an "unarmed" Turkish military jet which
4599-550: The time they finished, it had been secretly agreed that there would be a treaty, and I had a draft of one in the bottom drawer of my safe. It was never shown to anyone except Jack [ Hickerson ]. I wish I had kept it, but when I left the Department in 1950, I dutifully left it in the safe and I have never been able to trace it in the archives. It drew heavily on the Rio Treaty , and a bit of the Brussels Treaty , which had not yet been signed, but of which we were being kept heavily supplied with drafts. The eventual North Atlantic Treaty had
4672-458: The treaty after the 12 founding states, but before the dissolution of the Soviet Union: The following 16 states joined the treaty after the dissolution of the Soviet Union: No state has rescinded its membership but some dependencies of member states have not requested membership after becoming independent: Article 1 of the treaty states that member parties "settle any international disputes in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such
4745-492: The treaty stipulates that "The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them." This
4818-423: The treaty to the other member nations. Three official footnotes have been released to reflect the changes made since the treaty was written: Regarding Article 6: Regarding Article 6: Regarding Article 11: Withdrawal from NATO Withdrawal from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) is the legal and political process whereby a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation withdraws from
4891-407: The use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area." The article has only been invoked once, but considered in a number of other cases. Article 5 has been invoked only once in NATO history, after the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001. The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001, when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under
4964-424: The withdrawal of Slovakia out of NATO. Since the 2016 attempted coup d'état , the 2019 Turkish Offensive into North–Eastern Syria , the deterioration of relations between Turkey and the United States , the deterioration of relations between Greece and Turkey , warming relations between Turkey and Russia , and opposition towards Finland and Sweden in their membership bids in 2022 which led to delays in joining
5037-517: Was "13 sea miles" from Syria over "international waters" on a "solo mission to test domestic radar systems". On 25 June, the Turkish Deputy Prime Minister said that he intended to raise Article 5. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated that "The tomb of Suleyman Shah [in Syria] and the land surrounding it is our territory. We cannot ignore any unfavorable act against that monument, as it would be an attack on our territory, as well as an attack on NATO land... Everyone knows his duty, and will continue to do what
5110-528: Was a crown colony at the time of the United Kingdom until it gained independence in 1960. As such, Cyprus was also a member of the NATO under the British crown. However, the reason for Cyprus' non-membership is due to the 1974 Cyprus conflict and relations between Greece and Turkey . This reason even extends to Cyprus' non-participation in the Partnership for Peace program and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council multilateral defence forum. In May 2022, Cyprus Defence Minister, Charalambos Petrides, confirmed that
5183-420: Was due to the party's non-nuclear stance with Scotland hosting the Trident nuclear programme at the Clyde Naval Base . This changed in 2012, when the SNP under the leadership of Alex Salmond changed its manifesto saying that it would support NATO membership and would join NATO if Scotland ever becomes independent, provided the alliance respect Scotland's non-nuclear stance. This led to some senior members of
5256-549: Was issued by Article 2 of the Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the accession of Greece and Turkey signed on 22 October 1951. Subsequent expansions, such as to West Germany in 1955, were treated in the same way. In 1954, following India's annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli , the Portuguese government was precluded from invoking Article 5 due to Article 6, but it was understood at the time that Article 4 could be invoked. It
5329-670: Was the opinion in August 1965 of the US State Department, the US Defense Department, and the legal division of NATO that an attack on the U.S. state of Hawaii would not trigger the treaty, but an attack on the other 49 would. The Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the North African shore are thus not under NATO protection in spite of Moroccan claims to them . Legal experts have interpreted that other articles could cover
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