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60-645: A second railway company, the Canada Central Railway ( CCR ), was first chartered in May 1861. The Act authorized the company to build from a point on Lake Huron to a point on the Ottawa River, a very generous geographical provision to say the least. Even more generous and unusual was a land grant of 12,000 acres for every mile completed by September 1870. This legislated land grant would prove highly contentious as well as potentially valuable. Bolckow and Vaughan acquired

120-677: A hedge . Some cultivars are used in bonsai . Cultivars have been selected for small to dwarf mature forms, and foliage color characteristics. They include: Smaller specimens are popular as live Christmas trees . Eastern white pines are noted for holding their needles well, even long after being harvested. They also are well suited for people with allergies, as they give little to no aroma. A standard 1.8-meter (6 ft) tree takes around 6 to 8 years to grow in ideal conditions. Sheared varieties are usually desired because of their stereotypical Christmas tree conical shape, as naturally grown ones can be sparse, or grow bushy in texture. The branches of

180-574: A dwelling. Of light weight, it has borne transportation to the farms of the west, where it is used for building purposes in dwellings, barns, and corn cribs, while as a fencing material it has no superior. Aside from those conditions which demand a dense strong timber, such as ship-building or in wagon-making, white pine has been found adaptable to all the economic uses in which lumber is required, not excluding its use in coarser articles of furniture. No wood has found greater favor or entered more fully into supplying all those wants of man which could be found in

240-420: A number of quite efficient antimicrobials. Generally, a wet pulp from the inner bark, or pine tar mixed with beeswax or butter was applied to wounds and used as a salve to prevent infection. P. strobus is cultivated by plant nurseries as an ornamental tree , for planting in gardens and parks. The species is low-maintenance and rapid-growing as a specimen tree. With regular shearing, it can also be trained as

300-423: A role in rich color development. This wood is also favored by patternmakers for its easy working. Cottontail, snowshoe rabbits, porcupines, can eat the bark. Red squirrels can eat the cones by extracting the seeds. Seeds are eaten by crossbills, pine siskin, and white tailed deer. Eastern white pine needles exceed the amount of vitamin C of lemons and oranges and make an excellent herbal tea . The cambium

360-400: A rounded apex and slightly reflexed tip, often resinous. The seeds are 4–5 mm ( 5 ⁄ 32 – 3 ⁄ 16  in) long, with a slender 15–20 mm ( 5 ⁄ 8 – 3 ⁄ 4  in) wing, and are dispersed by wind. Cone production peaks every 3 to 5 years. The branches are spaced about every 18 inches on the trunk with five or six branches appearing like spokes on

420-541: A song called "Mattawa" on their 2013 album In Our Nature . Mattawa is also mentioned in the Stompin' Tom Connors song " Big Joe Mufferaw ", which references a Canadian folk hero named Big Joe Mufferaw who supposedly "paddled into Mattawa, all the way from Ottawa in just one day." Mattawa is the 16th location (of 90) mentioned in the North American version of Geoff Mack 's country song I've Been Everywhere . Mattawa

480-674: A trail which begins at the Quebec end of the railroad bridge which crosses the Ottawa. Mattawa provides access to numerous dropping off points for canoeing or boating on the Ottawa River. The river acts as a natural border between the hills of the province of Quebec and Ontario. The Mattawa River flows through the Canadian Shield, and wildlife can often be seen and heard. The area offers fishing, camping, and hiking. There are numerous motels, campgrounds, and retreat centres in and around Mattawa. Just west

540-466: A wagon wheel. Eastern white pine is self-fertile, but seeds produced this way tend to result in weak, stunted, and malformed seedlings. Mature trees are often 200–250 years old, and some live over 400 years. A tree growing near Syracuse, New York , was dated to 458 years old in the late 1980s and trees in Michigan and Wisconsin were dated to roughly 500 years old. The eastern white pine has been described as

600-704: Is Samuel de Champlain Provincial Park , on the Mattawa River. The park is also home of the Canadian Ecology Centre , an eco-friendly retreat centre that is facilitated to accommodate business retreats. Algonquin Provincial Park can be accessed from the north side in Kiosk or the east side in Brent . The town and nearby area contain over 200 kilometres (120 mi) of year-round ATV and snowmobile trails, known as

660-539: Is 51.54 m (169 ft 1 in) tall. The NTS maintains precise measurements of it. A private property in Claremont, New Hampshire , has approximately 60 specimens that are 45 m (148 ft) tall. Diameters of the larger pines range from 1.0–1.6 m (3 ft 3 in – 5 ft 3 in), which translates to a circumference (girth) range of 3.1–5.0 m (10 ft 2 in – 16 ft 5 in). However, single-trunked white pines in both

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720-421: Is edible. It is also a source of resveratrol . Linnaeus noted in the 18th century that cattle and pigs fed pine bark bread grew well, but he personally did not like the taste. Pine tar is produced by slowly burning pine roots, branches, or small trunks in a partially smothered flame. Pine tar mixed with beer can be used to remove tapeworms (flat worms) or nematodes (round worms). Pine tar mixed with sulfur

780-908: Is now naturalizing in the Outer Western Carpathians subdivision of the Carpathian Mountains in Czech Republic and southern Poland. It has spread from specimens planted as ornamental trees . Like most members of the white pine group , Pinus subgenus Strobus , the leaves ("needles") are coniferous, occurring in fascicles (bundles) of five, or rarely three or four, with a deciduous sheath . The leaves are flexible, bluish-green, finely serrated , and 5–13 cm (2–5 in) long. The seed cones are slender, 8–16 cm ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 6 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) long (rarely longer than that) and 4–5 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 –2 in) broad when open, and have scales with

840-405: Is served by two low-power AM repeaters of Greater Sudbury 's CBC Radio stations, including one FM radio station CJTK-FM: The town is otherwise served by radio stations from North Bay . Mattawa's weekly newspaper The Mattawa Recorder has been in publication since 1972. It is owned and published by Tom and Heather Edwards. Eastern White Pine Pinus strobus , commonly called

900-409: Is somewhat resistant to fire, mature survivors are able to reseed burned areas. In pure stands, mature trees usually have no branches on the lower half of their trunks. The white pine weevil ( Pissodes strobi ) and white pine blister rust ( Cronartium ribicola ), an introduced fungus, can damage or kill these trees. Mortality from white pine blister rust in mature pine groves was often 50–80% during

960-423: Is the site of many large wooden statues depicting local historical figures, such as Champlain, Pierre-Esprit Radisson , Médard des Groseilliers , and others. The Mattawa District Museum prominently features a 17 ft (5.2 m) statue of Big Joe Mufferaw , a regional folk hero. The statues are placed widely throughout Mattawa, and in two locations outside the town on nearby Highway 17 . Three crosses are on

1020-464: Is useful to treat dandruff, and marketed in present-day products. Pine tar can also be processed to make turpentine . The name "Adirondack", an Iroquois word that means tree-eater, referred to their neighbors (more commonly known as the Algonquians ) who collected the inner bark of P. strobus , Picea rubens , and others during times of winter starvation. The white, soft inner bark (cambial layer)

1080-421: Is yellowish white or a pale straw color, but pine wood which has aged many years tends to darken to a deep, rich, golden tan. Occasionally, one can find light brown pine boards with unusual yellowish-golden or reddish-brown hues. This is the famous "pumpkin pine". Slow growing pines in old-growth forests are thought to accumulate colored products in the heartwood, but genetic factors and soil conditions may also play

1140-725: The CP Brockville Sub ) until November 2015, when Via Rail acquired this section for its Ottawa - Toronto service. This Canadian rail transport related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mattawa, Ontario Mattawa is a town in northeastern Ontario , Canada at the confluence of the Mattawa and Ottawa Rivers in Nipissing District . The first Europeans to pass through this area were Étienne Brûlé and Samuel de Champlain . In 1610, Étienne Brûlé and in 1615, Samuel de Champlain were

1200-902: The Linville Gorge Wilderness in North Carolina , United States. Small groves or individual specimens of old-growth eastern white pines are found across the range of the species in the USA, including in Ordway Grove, Maine ; Ice Glen , Massachusetts ; and Adirondack Park , New York. Many sites with conspicuously large specimens represent advanced old-field ecological succession . The tall stands in Mohawk Trail State Forest and William Cullen Bryant Homestead in Massachusetts are examples. As an introduced species , P. strobus

1260-612: The Native Tree Society (NTS). Prior to their exploitation, it was common for white pines in northern Wisconsin to reach heights of over 61 m (200 ft). Three locations in the Southeastern United States and one site in the Northeastern United States have trees that are 55 m (180 ft) tall. Common height of 80 feet or more. The southern Appalachian Mountains have the most locations and

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1320-649: The U.S. Civil War , the wood is soft and tends to cup over time with wear. George Washington opted for the much harder southern yellow pine at Mount Vernon, instead. During the 17th and 18th centuries, tall white pines in the Thirteen Colonies became known as " mast pines". Marked by agents of the Crown with the broad arrow , a mast pine was reserved for the British Royal Navy . Special barge-like vessels were built to ship tall white pines to England. The wood

1380-685: The Upper Peninsula of Michigan , United States; Hartwick Pines State Park in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan ; Menominee Indian Reservation in Wisconsin ; Lost 40 Scientific and Natural Area (SNA) and Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness in Minnesota ; White Pines State Park , Illinois ; Cook Forest State Park , Hearts Content Scenic Area , and Anders Run Natural Area in Pennsylvania ; and

1440-883: The Wolastoqewiyik and Peskotomuhkatiyik call it kuw or kuwes , and the Abenaki use the term kowa . It is known as the "Weymouth pine" in the United Kingdom, after Captain George Weymouth of the British Royal Navy , who brought its seeds to England from Maine in 1605. P. strobus is found in the nearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome of eastern North America. It prefers well-drained or sandy soils and humid climates, but can also grow in boggy areas and rocky highlands. In mixed forests, this dominant tree towers over many others, including some of

1500-525: The eastern white pine , northern white pine , white pine , Weymouth pine (British), and soft pine is a large pine native to eastern North America. It occurs from Newfoundland , Canada, west through the Great Lakes region to southeastern Manitoba and Minnesota , United States, and south along the Appalachian Mountains and upper Piedmont to northernmost Georgia and very rare in some of

1560-765: The old-growth forests remain after the extensive logging operations from the 18th century to early 20th century. Old-growth forests, or virgin stands, are protected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Other protected areas with known virgin forests, as confirmed by the Eastern Native Tree Society, include Algonquin Provincial Park , Quetico Provincial Park , Algoma Highlands in Ontario , and Sainte-Marguerite River Old Forest in Quebec, Canada; Estivant Pines , Huron Mountains , Porcupine Mountains State Park, and Sylvania Wilderness Area in

1620-580: The 19th century, the harvesting of Midwestern white pine forests played a major role in America's westward expansion through the Great Plains . A quarter-million white pines were harvested and sent to lumber yards in Chicago in a single year. The white pine had aesthetic appeal to contemporary naturalists such as Henry David Thoreau ("There is no finer tree.") Beyond that, it had commercial applications . It

1680-516: The Conseil Scolaire de District Catholique Franco-Nord. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Mattawa had a population of 1,881 living in 857 of its 929 total private dwellings, a change of -5.6% from its 2016 population of 1,993 . With a land area of 3.67 km (1.42 sq mi), it had a population density of 512.5/km (1,327.5/sq mi) in 2021. 34% of Mattawanians are Francophone . Mattawa

1740-609: The Museum on Explorer's Point, with many other events and attractions around town. Some of the events include a regional talent night, car show , lumberjack competition, and canoe race . Live music is a large part of the Festival, and has in the past included such notable Canadian musicians as April Wine , Trooper , Saga , Loverboy , Honeymoon Suite , Chuck Labelle , David Wilcox , Peter Frampton , Heart , Tom Cochrane and as well as Survivor . Up-and-coming artists from inside and outside

1800-591: The NTS. Before Hurricane Opal broke its top in October 1995, Boogerman Pine was 63 m (207 ft) tall, as determined by Will Blozan and Robert Leverett using ground-based measurements. The tallest specimens in Hartwick Pines State Park in Michigan are 45–48 m (148–157 ft) tall. In the northeastern USA, eight sites in four states currently have trees over 48 m (157 ft) tall, as confirmed by

1860-617: The NTS. The Cook Forest State Park of Pennsylvania has the most numerous collection of 45 m (148 ft) eastern white pines in the Northeast, with 110 trees measuring that height or more. The park's "Longfellow Pine" is the tallest presently living eastern white pine in the Northeast, at 55.96 m (183 ft 7 in) tall, as determined by tape drop. The Mohawk Trail State Forest of Massachusetts has 83 trees measuring 45 m (148 ft) or more tall, of which six exceed 48.8 m (160 ft). The "Jake Swamp Tree" located there

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1920-422: The Northeast and Southeast with diameters over 1.45 m (4 ft 9 in) are exceedingly rare. Notable big pine sites of 40 ha (99 acres) or less often have no more than two or three trees in the 1.2- to 1.4-m-diameter class. Common diameter of 2-3 feet. Unconfirmed reports from the colonial era gave diameters of virgin white pines of up to 2.4 m (8 ft). Because the eastern white pine tree

1980-860: The Pine Tree Tavern, he was attacked and nearly killed by an angry mob of colonists. This act of rebellion, later to become known as the Pine Tree Riot , may have fueled the Boston Tea Party in 1773. After the Revolutionary War, the fledgling United States used large white pines to build out its own navy. The masts of the USS Constitution were originally made of eastern white pine. The original masts were single trees, but were later replaced by laminated spars to better withstand cannonballs. In colonial times, an unusually large, lone, white pine

2040-665: The United States. An American National Natural Landmark, Cook Forest State Park in Pennsylvania, contains the tallest known tree in the Northeastern United States, a white pine named Longfellow Pine. Some white pines in Wisconsin are over 200 years old. Although widely planted as a landscape tree in the Midwestern states, native White pine is listed as "rare or uncommon" in Indiana . In

2100-618: The Voyageur Multi Use Trail System (VMUTS). In 2007, Mattawa and the townships of Bonfield , Papineau-Cameron , Mattawan and Calvin were rebranded as a single Mattawa Voyageur Country tourist region, in order to promote the area. Every summer since 1997, the Mattawa Voyageur Days Festival is held the last weekend (Thursday-Sunday) of July. It is organized by the Town of Mattawa. Concerts take place behind

2160-492: The area and use the Mattawa River to transport logs to sawmills. In 1881, the railroad was built to Mattawa. It was mostly built by French Canadian labourers. After the railroad's completion, some of these labourers and their families settled in Mattawa (and surrounding areas), bringing with them their culture and heritage. Logging is still an important industry in this region, and nearby provincial parks and wilderness support

2220-516: The arrival of the telegraph in 1871 and the railroad in 1880, it became the headquarters of the Timiskaming District . As the fur trade diminished and the population grew, the post became a general store, trading merchandise to supply lumbermen. It closed in the early 20th century (1908 or 1912, depending on source). In the 19th century, Mattawa became a hub for the logging industry, which would harvest large untouched stands of white pine in

2280-540: The camping/hunting/fishing tourism industry in Mattawa today. Mattawa is located on the Canadian Pacific Railway Chalk River subdivision, connecting Smiths Falls and North Bay, with an additional connection to Témiscaming , Quebec . Mattawa elected Canada's first-ever Black mayor, Firmin Monestime , in 1963. He served until his death in 1977. In April 2010, the old Mattawa hospital (visible as

2340-521: The early 20th century. The fungus must spend part of its lifecycle on alternate hosts of the genus Ribes , the native gooseberry or wild currant. Foresters proposed that if all the alternate host plants were removed, white pine blister rust might be eliminated. A very determined campaign was mounted, and all land owners in commercial pine-growing regions were encouraged to uproot and kill all native gooseberry and wild currant plants. The ramifications for wildlife and habitat ecology were of less concern at

2400-844: The first Europeans to travel through the Mattawa area. For some 200 years thereafter, it was a link in the important water route leading from Montreal west to Lake Superior . Canoes travelling west up the Ottawa turned left at "the Forks" (the mouth of the Mattawa) to enter the " Petite Rivière " ("Small River", as compared to the Ottawa), before continuing on to Lake Nipissing . Other notable travellers who passed by Mattawa include: Jean Nicolet in 1620, Jean de Brébeuf in 1626, Gabriel Lallemant in 1648, Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers in 1658, La Verendrye in 1731, Alexander MacKenzie in 1794, and David Thompson in 1812. The Mattawa House

2460-517: The forest growths. The species was imported in 1620 to England by Captain George Weymouth , who planted it for a timber crop, but had little success because of white pine blister rust disease. Old-growth pine in the Americas, of various Pinus species, was a highly desired wood since huge, knot-free boards were the rule rather than the exception. Pine was common and easy to cut, thus many colonial homes used pine for paneling, floors, and furniture. Pine

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2520-625: The higher elevations in northeastern Alabama . It is considered rare in Indiana . The Haudenosaunee maintain the tree as the central symbol of their multinational confederation, calling it the " Tree of Peace ", where the Seneca use the name o’sóä’ and the Kanienʼkehá:ka call it onerahtase'ko:wa . Within the Wabanaki Confederacy , the Mi'kmaq use the term guow to name the tree, both

2580-617: The hub of pine logging and shipping. Portsmouth shipped 199 masts to England that year. In all, about 4500 masts were sent to England. The eastern white pine played a significant role in the events leading to the American Revolution . Marking of large white pines by the Crown had become controversial in the colonies by the first third of the 18th century. In 1734, the King's men were assaulted and beaten in Exeter, New Hampshire , in what

2640-627: The lapsing CCR charter in 1865 in the belief that the land claim attached to that railway had value, and had the Legislature of the Province of Canada extend the time for completion by five years to 1870. The two companies were later merged under the Canada Central name, and continued to push northward to Mattawa . The line was leased by the Canadian Pacific Railway and merged in 1881, and

2700-580: The large broadleaf hardwoods. It provides food and shelter for numerous forest birds, such as the red crossbill , and small mammals such as squirrels. Fossilized white pine leaves and pollen have been discovered by Brian Axsmith , a paleobotanist at the University of South Alabama , in the Gulf Coastal Plain , where the tree no longer occurs. Eastern white pine forests originally covered much of north-central and northeastern North America. Only 1% of

2760-549: The largest specimens are around 28 m (990 cu ft), with some past giants possibly reaching 37 to 40 m (1,300 to 1,400 cu ft). Photographic analysis of giants suggests volumes closer to 34 m (1,200 cu ft). P. strobus grows about 1 m (3.3 ft) annually between the ages of 15 and 45 years, with slower height increments before and after that age range. The tallest presently living specimens are 50–57.55 m (164 ft 1 in – 188 ft 10 in) tall, as determined by

2820-470: The mountain on the east side of the Ottawa River, immediately opposite the mouth of the Mattawa River. In 1686, the Chevalier de Troyes had three crosses erected while leading an expedition to attack English trading posts on James Bay . This let voyageurs more easily spot the entrance to the Mattawa and thereby access the upper Great Lakes. The crosses have been replaced several times. They are accessible via

2880-422: The red building in the adjacent image) was demolished amid controversy, since the building was a local landmark for which heritage status was considered. A new Mattawa Hospital had been in service for about a year. The area is also served by the regional hospital in nearby North Bay. The old hospital site is expected to be used for the construction of a new secondary school, funded by the Province of Ontario through

2940-604: The region take the stage on the Thursday night. On the Sunday night, at dusk, there is a traditional choreographed fireworks show. Mattawa Voyageur Days celebrated its 10th anniversary in July 2007, selling out of its 7,000 admission wristbands before the event had begun. In 2008, Festivals and Events Ontario listed Mattawa Voyageur Days as one of the Top 100 Ontario Festivals. Blue Rodeo released

3000-568: The tallest tree in eastern North America, perhaps sharing the prize with the deciduous tulip tree whose range overlaps with eastern white pine in a few areas. In natural precolonial stands, the pine is reported to have grown as tall as 70 m (230 ft). No means exist for accurately documenting the height of trees from these times, but eastern white pine may have reached this height on rare occasions. Even greater heights have been reported in popular, but unverifiable, accounts such as Robert Pike's Tall Trees, Tough Men . Total trunk volumes of

3060-611: The tallest trees in the present range of P. strobus . One survivor is a specimen known as the "Boogerman Pine" in the Cataloochee Valley of Great Smoky Mountains National Park . At 57.55 m (188 ft 10 in) tall, it is the tallest accurately measured tree in North America east of the Rocky Mountains , though this conflicts with citations for Liriodendron tulipifera . It has been climbed and measured by tape drop by

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3120-450: The time than timber-industry protection. Today, native wild currants are relatively rare plants in New England, and planting wild currants or wild gooseberries is strongly discouraged, or even illegal in some jurisdictions. As an alternative, new strains of commercial currants have been developed that are highly resistant to white pine blister rust. Mortality in white pines from rust is only about 3% today. Old white pines are treasured in

3180-439: Was also a favorite tree of loggers, since pine logs can still be processed in a lumber mill a year or more after being cut down. In contrast, most hardwood trees such as cherry, maple, oak, and ash must be cut into 1" thick boards immediately after felling, or else large cracks will develop in the trunk which can render the wood worthless. Although eastern white pine was frequently used for flooring in buildings constructed before

3240-609: Was carefully separated from the hard, dark brown bark and dried. When pounded, this product can be used as flour or added to stretch other starchy products. The young staminate cones were stewed by the Ojibwe Indians with meat, and were said to be sweet and not pitchy. In addition, the seeds are sweet and nutritious, but not as tasty as those of some of the western nut pines. Pine resin (sap) has been used by various tribes to waterproof baskets, pails, and boats. The Ojibwe also used pine resin to successfully treat infections and even gangrenous wounds, because pine resin apparently has

3300-436: Was considered "the most sought and most widely utilized of the various forest growths of the northwest ." Descriptions of its uses are quoted below from a 19th-century source: Being of a soft texture and easily worked, taking paint better than almost any other variety of wood, it has been found adaptable to all the uses demanded in the building art, from the manufacture of packing cases to the bearing timber and finer finish of

3360-450: Was established by the Northwest Company in 1784. In the 1820s and 1830s, the Hudson's Bay Company (after it had merged with the Northwest Company) sent canoe brigades from their Fort Coulonge Post to the Mattawa River junction in order to trade furs . In 1837, a permanent post was established, but was moved to a new site in the centre of present-day Mattawa in 1843. It was subordinate to Fort Témiscamingue and Fort Coulonge, but after

3420-631: Was found in coastal South Carolina along the Black River , far east of its southernmost normal range. The king's mark was carved into it, giving rise to the town of Kingstree . Eastern white pine is now widely grown in plantation forestry within its native area. Eastern white pine has often been used for timber frames, and is available in large sizes. Eastern white pine timbers are not particularly strong, so timbers increase in size to handle loads applied. This species accepts stains better than most, but it has little rot resistance, so should be used only in dry conditions. Freshly cut eastern white pine

3480-427: Was later extended to North Bay and Sudbury . CP used the original CC routing as their primary access to Ottawa, joining it to the Ontario and Quebec Railway (O&Q) at Perth . The O&Q was later abandoned and replaced by a new line running through Belleville . Much of the original B&O and CCR routes remain in active use. CP maintained ownership of the tracks between Smiths Falls and Brockville (known as

3540-439: Was often squared to better fit in the holds of these ships. A 30-metre (100 ft) mast was about 0.91 m × 0.91 m (3 ft × 3 ft) at the butt and 0.61 m × 0.61 m (2 ft × 2 ft) at the top, while a 37-metre (120 ft) mast was 1.2 m × 1.2 m (4 ft × 4 ft) by 0.76 m (30 in) on its ends. By 1719, Portsmouth, New Hampshire , had become

3600-409: Was to be called the Mast Tree Riot . Colonel David Dunbar had been in the town investigating a stock pile of white pine in a pond and the ownership of the local timber mill before caning two townspeople. In 1772, the sheriff of Hillsborough County, New Hampshire , was sent to the town of Weare to arrest mill owners for the illegal possession of large white pines. That night, as the sheriff slept at

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