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83-731: The Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment (CanX) program is the first Canadian nanosatellite program, and the only one of its kind at present. It is operated by teachers and graduate students at the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies , Space Flight Laboratory (UTIAS/SFL). The program was established in 2001 by Dr. Robert E. Zee, manager of UTIAS/SFL, and is based on the CubeSat program started by Stanford University and California Polytechnic State University . Its projects include CanX-1, CanX-2, CanX-3 (BRITE), and CanX-4&5. The program's objectives are to involve graduate students in

166-435: A formation . The generic term "small satellite" or "smallsat" is also sometimes used, as is "satlet". Examples: Astrid-1 and Astrid-2, as well as the set of satellites currently announced for LauncherOne (below) In 2018, the two Mars Cube One microsats—massing just 13.5 kg (30 lb) each—became the first CubeSats to leave Earth orbit for use in interplanetary space. They flew on their way to Mars alongside

249-438: A "Yeowoman" was fictitious, neither a real word nor having any historical merit. In 2003, after conducting an extensive internal study, the university replaced both names with the "Lions", as part of a larger renaming effort, and a new logo, now a white and red lion, was brought into line with the university's new visual scheme. The name change also brought York University in line with the 92% of other Canadian universities which use

332-512: A 10 cm cube, and operates on less than 2 watts. CanX-1 was completed in 22 months and was launched, along with the Microvariability and Oscillations of STars telescope , on June 30, 2003 at 14:15 UTC by Eurockot Launch Services from Plesetsk , Russia . It lost contact with Earth after launch. The operation modes of CanX-1 are: In each mode, the OBC is always collecting telemetry data from

415-464: A 10 kg (22 lb) payload into a 250 km (160 mi) orbit to an even-more-capable clustered "20/450 Nano/Micro Satellite Launch Vehicle" (NMSLV) capable of delivering 20 kg (44 lb) payloads into 450 km (280 mi) circular orbits . The Boeing Small Launch Vehicle is an air-launched three-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle concept aimed to launch small payloads of 45 kg (100 lb) into low Earth orbit. The program

498-519: A GPS radio occultation experiment to characterize the upper atmosphere, an atmospheric spectrometer to measure greenhouse gases (Argus) developed by York University , and a network communications experiment. It will also carry out several space materials experiments. CanX-2 was launched on 28 April 2008 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR) as part of the NLS-4 group of satellites, aboard

581-580: A circulation of one space craft by the other (termed a projected circular orbit), an orbit where one satellite trails the other (termed an along track orbit), and a maneuver to move from the projected circular to along track formation. The CanX-4 & 5 launch took place on 30 June 2014 on the Indian Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The dual spacecraft mission were the first nanosattelites to demonstrate autonomous formation flights with centimetre-level positional control. CanX-6

664-435: A larger "mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers or for launching and docking with picosatellites. Picosatellites are emerging as a new alternative for do-it-yourself kitbuilders. Picosatellites are currently commercially available across the full range of 0.1–1 kg (0.22–2.2 lb). Launch opportunities are now available for $ 12,000 to $ 18,000 for sub-1 kg picosat payloads that are approximately

747-425: A market value estimated at US$ 7.4 billion . By mid-2015, many more launch options had become available for smallsats, and rides as secondary payloads had become both greater in quantity and easier to schedule on shorter notice. In a surprising turn of events, the U.S. Department of Defense , which had for decades procured heavy satellites on decade-long procurement cycles, is making a transition to smallsats in

830-433: A mass of no more than 1.33 kilograms (2.9 lb) per unit. The CubeSat concept was first developed in 1999 by a collaborative team of California Polytechnic State University and Stanford University , and the specifications, for use by anyone planning to launch a CubeSat-style nanosatellite, are maintained by this group. With continued advances in the miniaturization and capability increase of electronic technology and

913-427: A narrow-angle lens was for testing the feasibility of taking star, moon, and horizon pictures which could then be used for attitude determination and control. CanX-1 had a COTS magnetometer along with three custom-built magnetorquer coil systems as part of the active magnetic attitude control system (ACS). The magnetic ACS is for detumbling the satellite to assure that any images taken by CanX-1 are not blurred due to

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996-474: A number of companies began development of launch vehicles specifically targeted at the smallsat market. In particular, with larger numbers of smallsats flying, the secondary payload paradigm does not provide the specificity required for many small satellites that have unique orbital and launch-timing requirements. Some USA-based private companies that at some point in time have launched smallsat launch vehicles commercially: The term "microsatellite" or "microsat"

1079-471: A number of joint programs with Seneca College The York University library has a number of branches. The Scott Library has materials in humanities, social sciences, fine arts, and environmental studies. The business library is the Peter F. Bronfman Business Library. The university also offers the opportunity for students to earn credits towards their degree while studying abroad through international internships,

1162-505: A number of technologies qualified on CanX-2. A preliminary design for BRITE has been completed with the support of ETech, and the components to be integrated into the nanosatellite are currently being evaluated at UTIAS/SFL. CanX-4 & 5 are a two satellite pair that will be utilized to demonstrate formation flying using nanosatellite scale technology. These two satellites will be launched together, commissioned together, and then separated in orbit. Formations that will be examined include:

1245-556: A proposal to construct a third campus in the City of Markham . The Government of Ontario supported to partially fund the construction and was announced by premier Doug Ford on July 23, 2020. The Markham Campus was due to open for the spring 2024 term, but officially opened in September 2024. While most of the Schulich School of Business and Osgoode Hall Law School programs are offered at

1328-771: A relatively central location within the built-up Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and in particular, near the Jane and Finch neighbourhood. Its master plan envisages a denser on-campus environment commensurate with that location. Students occupied the university's administration offices in March 1997, protesting escalating tuition hikes. In June 2014, the university announced that a new campus would be constructed in Markham, Ontario . The campus will be built near Highway 407, between Kennedy Road and Warden Avenue in partnership with Seneca College . The new campus would house approximately 4,200 students and

1411-534: A senate (faculty), responsible for academic policy, and a board of governors (citizens) exercising exclusive control over financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership. In the fall of 1961, York moved to its first campus, Glendon College , and began to emphasize liberal arts and part-time adult education. York became independent in 1965, after an initial period of affiliation with

1494-401: A total of 76 students. The policy of university education initiated in the 1960s responded to population pressure and the belief that higher education was a key to social justice and economic productivity for individuals and for society. The governance was modelled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906, which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of

1577-491: A vision shared by Prime Minister Lester Pearson , who formally opened Glendon College in 1966. The first Canadian undergraduate program in dance opened at York University in 1970. In 1972, Canada Post featured the nascent institution on 8¢ stamps, entitled York University Campus, North York, Ont. The first Canadian PhD program in women's studies opened with five candidates in January 1992. Its bilingual mandate and focus on

1660-509: Is a public research university in Toronto , Ontario , Canada. It is Canada's third-largest university, and it has approximately 53,500 students, 7,000 faculty and staff, and over 375,000 alumni worldwide. It has 11 faculties, including the Lassonde School of Engineering , Schulich School of Business , Osgoode Hall Law School , Glendon College , and 32 research centres. York University

1743-544: Is a satellite of low mass and size, usually under 1,200 kg (2,600 lb). While all such satellites can be referred to as "small", different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass . Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of launch vehicles and the costs associated with construction. Miniature satellites, especially in large numbers, may be more useful than fewer, larger ones for some purposes – for example, gathering of scientific data and radio relay . Technical challenges in

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1826-428: Is anticipated to accommodate up to 10,000 students in future phases. On May 20, 2015, the provincial government announced it will provide financial contribution to this new project. On October 24, 2018, the provincial government announced it would pull its funding for the campus, along with funding for the planned satellite campuses of Laurier University and Ryerson University . After this cancellation of funding for

1909-848: Is billed as an eco campus next to Las Nubes Forest Reserve in Costa Rica . The Schulich School of Business operates a co-campus with GMR School of Business at Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad, India . In 2024, the Government of Ontario provided $ 9 million initial start-up funding to establish the York University School of Medicine that will be located in the Vaughan Healthcare Centre Precinct (VHCP) adjacent to Cortellucci Vaughan Hospital in Vaughan . York will be

1992-681: Is designed to form a quantum communication network as well as communicate with Earth through an optical ground station. The term "small satellite", or sometimes "minisatellite", often refers to an artificial satellite with a wet mass (including fuel) between 100 and 500 kg (220 and 1,100 lb), but in other usage has come to mean any satellite under 500 kg (1,100 lb). Small satellite examples include Demeter , Essaim , Parasol , Picard , MICROSCOPE , TARANIS , ELISA , SSOT , SMART-1 , Spirale-A and -B , and Starlink satellites. Although smallsats have traditionally been launched as secondary payloads on larger launch vehicles,

2075-510: Is geared for the future of the profession. The Osgoode Hall Law School moved from a downtown location to the York campus in 1969, following the requirement that every law school affiliate with a university. Osgoode Hall offers a number of joint and combined programs. York University is home to 32 organized research units that provide research development beyond the traditional academic units and faculties: The Art Gallery of York University houses

2158-465: Is hoped that this formation flying technology will allow larger missions for high resolution Earth observation and interferometric imaging that can also be used for space astronomy. The technologies to be tested on the CanX-2 nanosatellite included: In addition to evaluating these technologies, the satellite will also perform experiments for other university researchers across Canada. These experiments include

2241-517: Is proposed to drive down launch costs for U.S. military small satellites to as low as US$ 300,000 per launch ($ 7,000/kg) and, if the development program was funded, as of 2012 could be operational by 2020. The Swiss company Swiss Space Systems (S3) has announced plans in 2013 to develop a suborbital spaceplane named SOAR that would launch a microsat launch vehicle capable of putting a payload of up to 250 kg (550 lb) into low Earth orbit. The Spanish company PLD Space born in 2011 with

2324-695: Is the opportunity to enable missions that a larger satellite could not accomplish, such as: The nanosatellite and microsatellite segments of the satellite launch industry have been growing rapidly in the 2010s. Development activity in the 1–50 kg (2.2–110.2 lb) range has been significantly exceeding that in the 50–100 kg (110–220 lb) range. In the 1–50 kg range alone, fewer than 15 satellites were launched annually in 2000 to 2005, 34 in 2006, then fewer than 30 launches annually during 2007 to 2011. This rose to 34 launched in 2012 and 92 launched in 2013. European analyst Euroconsult projects more than 500 smallsats being launched in 2015–2019 with

2407-422: Is usually applied to the name of an artificial satellite with a wet mass between 10 and 100 kg (22 and 220 lb). However, this is not an official convention and sometimes those terms can refer to satellites larger than that, or smaller than that (e.g., 1–50 kg (2.2–110.2 lb)). Sometimes, designs or proposed designs from some satellites of these types have microsatellites working together or in

2490-481: The PicoSAT series of microsatellites) is usually applied to artificial satellites with a wet mass between 0.1 and 1 kg (0.22 and 2.2 lb), although it is sometimes used to refer to any satellite that is under 1 kg in launch mass. Again, designs and proposed designs of these types usually have multiple picosatellites working together or in formation (sometimes the term "swarm" is applied). Some designs require

2573-684: The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) C-9. According to the manufacturer of the reaction wheel used on CanX-2, "The wheel has been turned on and spun [and] is performing properly on orbit." CanX-3, also known as the BRIght Target Explorer ( BRITE ), is a nanosatellite planned to make photometric observations of some of the brightest stars in the sky in order to examine them for variability. These observations should be about ten times more precise than any ground-based observations. The satellites are 20 cm cube which uses

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2656-752: The Times Higher Education Impact Rankings for Sustainable Development . The 2024 Academic Ranking of World Universities ranking placed York in the 401-500 global bracket and tied for 17th in Canada. In the 2024–25 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking , the university ranked 466th in the world, and 17th in Canada. The Canadian-based Maclean's magazine ranked York University 4th in their 2024 Canadian comprehensive university category. The university's research performance has been noted in several bibliometric university rankings, which uses citation analysis to evaluates

2739-512: The University of Toronto (U of T), under the York University Act , 1965. Its main campus on the northern outskirts of Toronto opened in 1965. Murray Ross, who continues to be honoured today at the university in several ways – including the Murray G. Ross Award – was still vice-president of U of T when he was approached to become York University's new president. At the time, York University

2822-455: The YU Free Press was formed as an alternative campus newspaper. Existere is magazine published by students of the university's professional writing program. The magazine was first published in 1978. YorkU Magazine (est. 2003) is the official magazine of York University. It is published 3 times a year in both a print and digital format. The university is represented in U Sports by

2905-554: The York Lions . Beginning in 1968 York's sporting teams were known as the " Yeomen ", after the Yeomen Warders , the guardians of the fortress and palace at the Tower of London , otherwise known as Beefeaters. Later, the name "Yeowomen" was introduced to encourage women to participate in sports. Popular sentiment ran against this name scheme, however, as many students were fond of noting that

2988-649: The York University Faculty Association . Contract faculty, teaching assistants, and graduate assistants are represented by CUPE Local 3903. York University has over 120 undergraduate programs with 17 degree types (BA, iBA, BHS, BSc, iBSc, BBA, iBBA, BEng, BES, BDes, BPA, BFA, BCom, BEd, BDEM, BHRM, BScN, BSW) and offers over 170 degree options. They admit to 30 international degrees offering international language study and opportunities to study abroad at more than 100 international universities. Its international students represent over 150 countries around

3071-531: The impact a university has on academic publications. The 2019 Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities ranked the university 488th in the world, and 19th in Canada, whereas the University Ranking by Academic Performance placed the university 488th in the world, and 19th in Canada. York University has also been featured in rankings that evaluates the employment prospects of its graduates. In QS's 2022 graduate employability ranking,

3154-481: The "Discover India" program operated between York and FLAME University , and student exchange programs. The university has student exchange agreements with over 120 institutions in 40 countries. York has nine undergraduate residential colleges : (1970) (1965) (1966) (1968) (2009) (1972) (1969) (1965) (1967) York University is home to over 350 student clubs. A number of larger student organizations are supported by student levy fees. These include

3237-545: The 2020s. The office of space acquisition and integration said in January 2023 that "the era of massive satellites needs to be in the rear view mirror for the Department of Defense" with small satellites being procured for DoD needs in all orbital regimes, regardless of "whether it's LEO MEO or GEO " while aiming for procurements in under three years. The smaller satellites are deemed to be harder for an enemy to target, as well as providing more resilience through redundancy in

3320-517: The DARPA SeeMe program that intended to release a " constellation of 24 micro-satellites (~20 kg (44 lb) range) each with 1-m imaging resolution ." The program was cancelled in December 2015. In April 2013, Garvey Spacecraft was awarded a US$ 200,000 contract to evolve their Prospector 18 suborbital launch vehicle technology into an orbital nanosat launch vehicle capable of delivering

3403-454: The ISS external platform Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE-8) for testing. In April 2014, the nanosatellite KickSat was launched aboard a Falcon 9 rocket with the intention of releasing 104 femtosatellite-sized chipsats, or "Sprites". In the event, they were unable to complete the deployment on time due to a failure of an onboard clock and the deployment mechanism reentered

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3486-648: The Keele Campus, both of them maintain satellite facilities in downtown Toronto. Schulich operates the Miles S. Nadal Management Centre at 222 Bay Street ( Ernst & Young Tower within the Toronto-Dominion Centre ), while Osgoode Hall has a Professional Development Centre at One Dundas West Tower within the Toronto Eaton Centre . Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change The Lillian Meighen Wright Centre

3569-593: The Keele campus. York University station is a Toronto subway station located on Keele campus. Other transit infrastructure located on or near Keele campus includes the York University Busway and the former York University GO Station . Glendon College is a bilingual liberal arts faculty and separate campus of York University. Glendon College is home to the Leslie Frost library. In 2018, York University announced

3652-657: The Markham project, York University and its partners planned to seek alternative funding. In July 2020, the provincial government allowed plans for the university to go through. The Markham Campus which began accepting student for Fall session in September 2024. The Keele Campus is the main campus of York University and is located in northern Toronto bordering York Region. Most of the university's faculties reside here, including Liberal Arts, Fine Arts, Business, Law, Environmental Studies, Science and Engineering, Education, and Health. All together, nearly 50,000 students attend classes on

3735-552: The Schulich School of Business, and the Faculty of Science. York University's Film Department houses Canada's oldest film school and has been ranked one of the best in Canada, with an acceptance rate comparable to that of USC School of Cinematic Arts and Tisch School of the Arts . The Faculty of Environmental & Urban Change is the oldest and largest environmental studies faculty in Canada. From 1999 to 2018, York University offered

3818-467: The area has had a large amount of attention particularly for large parties hosted by students, including the annual Battle of the Village kegger held in March. There have also been many reports of the level of noise pollution from late-night parties from students living in the area. Safety has also been a pressing issue. Excalibur has been the university's autonomous student newspaper since 1966. In 2008,

3901-924: The atmosphere and burned up. Small satellites usually require innovative propulsion, attitude control , communication and computation systems. Larger satellites usually use monopropellants or bipropellant combustion systems for propulsion and attitude control; these systems are complex and require a minimal amount of volume to surface area to dissipate heat. These systems may be used on larger small satellites, while other micro/nanosats have to use electric propulsion, compressed gas, vaporizable liquids such as butane or carbon dioxide or other innovative propulsion systems that are simple, cheap and scalable. Small satellites can use conventional radio systems in UHF, VHF, S-band and X-band, although often miniaturized using more up-to-date technology as compared to larger satellites. Tiny satellites such as nanosats and small microsats may lack

3984-595: The atmosphere on 14 May 2014, without having deployed any of the 5-gram femtosats. ThumbSat is another project intending to launch femtosatellites in the late 2010s. ThumbSat announced a launch agreement with CubeCat in 2017 to launch up to 1000 of the very small satellites. In March 2019, the CubeSat KickSat-2 deployed 105 femtosats called "ChipSats" into Earth orbit. Each of the ChipSats weighed 4 grams. The satellites were tested for 3 days, and they then reentered

4067-478: The climate. In the last two decades, the campus has been intensified with new buildings, including a dedicated student centre and new fine arts, computer science and business administration buildings, a small shopping mall, and a hockey arena . The Aviva Centre tennis stadium, built in 2004, is a perennial host of the Canada Masters tennis tournament. As Toronto has spread further out, York has found itself in

4150-649: The construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient power storage or of room for a propulsion system . One rationale for miniaturizing satellites is to reduce the cost; heavier satellites require larger rockets with greater thrust that also have greater cost to finance. In contrast, smaller and lighter satellites require smaller and cheaper launch vehicles and can sometimes be launched in multiples. They can also be launched 'piggyback', using excess capacity on larger launch vehicles. Miniaturized satellites allow for cheaper designs and ease of mass production. Another major reason for developing small satellites

4233-655: The design of LauncherOne". Virgin Orbit has been working on the LauncherOne concept since late 2008, and as of 2015 , is making it a larger part of Virgin's core business plan as the Virgin human spaceflight program has experienced multiple delays and a fatal accident in 2014. In December 2012, DARPA announced that the Airborne Launch Assist Space Access program would provide the microsatellite rocket booster for

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4316-645: The design of a large distributed network of satellite assets . In 2021, the first autonomous nanosatellites , part of the Adelis-SAMSON mission, designed and developed by the Technion and Rafael in Israel were launched into space. In 2023, SpaceX launched a 20cm quantum communication nano satellite developed by the Tel Aviv University , it is the world's first quantum communication satellite. TAU's nanosatellite

4399-428: The emergence of the technological advances of miniaturization and increased capital to support private spaceflight initiatives in the 2010s, several startups have been formed to pursue opportunities with developing a variety of small-payload Nanosatellite Launch Vehicle (NLV) technologies. NLVs proposed or under development include: Actual NS launches: The term "picosatellite" or "picosat" (not to be confused with

4482-511: The first and largest graphic design program in Ontario York/Sheridan Design (YSDN) . It was a four-year University degree delivered jointly by the two leading educational institutions of design in Canada (York University and Sheridan College ). The joint program has been discontinued and beginning with the class entering in 2019, four-year design students will enrol in a new Bachelor of Design offered by York University, one which

4565-521: The ground operator whenever it is not performing any missions or experiment for a long period of time. CanX-1 only switches into the detumbling/torquing mode when it is instructed to do so. It is for reducing the tumbling rate of the nanosatellite so that any images taken are not blurred as a result of CanX-1's motion. This mode can also be used to increase the tumbling rate of CanX-1 so that images can be taken in multiple directions without long delays. It uses maximum power when all three magnetorquers and

4648-414: The ground operators. The CanX-1 mission was intended to demonstrate a highly capable spacecraft, and it incorporates a number of payloads and experimental subsystems. These include: The imager payload aboard CanX-1 consists of two Agilent CMOS imagers. The color imager in conjunction with a wide-angle lens was intended primarily for taking photographs of Earth, and the monochrome imager in conjunction with

4731-473: The liberal arts continue to shape Glendon's special status within York University. The new Keele Campus was regarded as somewhat isolated, in a generally industrialized part of the city. Petrol storage facilities are still across the street. Some of the early architecture was unpopular with many, not only for the brutalist designs, but the vast expanses between buildings, which was not viewed as suitable for

4814-407: The local chapters of the social justice group OPIRG , and Regenesis , an environmental organization on campus that runs farmers' markets at the Keele and Glendon campuses, a free store , a community bike centre and a borrowing centre . The Village at York University off-campus student housing area has become a popular area of accommodation for many upper-year and post-graduate students, and

4897-431: The magnetometer are on simultaneously, and all payloads are switched off because sufficient power may not be available. Payload Active is the normal operation mode of CanX-1. The picosatellite switches to this mode whenever it is instructed to do so. While in payload active mode all payloads are switched on, and CanX-1 transmits a beacon pulse every minute until it is instructed to send all collected telemetry and images to

4980-482: The objective of developing low cost launch vehicles called Miura 1 and Miura 5 with the capacity to place up to 150 kg (330 lb) into orbit. The term "nanosatellite" or "nanosat" is applied to an artificial satellite with a wet mass between 1 and 10 kg (2.2 and 22.0 lb). Designs and proposed designs of these types may be launched individually, or they may have multiple nanosatellites working together or in formation, in which case, sometimes

5063-741: The opportunity to test new hardware with reduced expense in testing. Furthermore, since the overall cost risk in the mission is much lower, more up-to-date but less space-proven technology can be incorporated into micro and nanosats than can be used in much larger, more expensive missions with less appetite for risk. Small satellites are difficult to track with ground-based radar, so it is difficult to predict if they will collide with other satellites or human-occupied spacecraft. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission has rejected at least one small satellite launch request on these safety grounds. York University York University ( French : Université York ), also known as YorkU or simply YU ,

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5146-471: The permanent art collections. The collection of 1500 objects includes Canadian, American, Inuit, and European mixed media, multimedia, installations, painting, photography, prints, drawings, sculpture, sketchbooks, film and video. The School of the Arts, Media, Performance and Design (AMPD, formerly the Faculty of Fine Arts), offers programmes such as design, ethnomusicology , cultural studies , visual arts, music, dance, and theatre. York's Jazz Department

5229-514: The power supply or mass for large conventional radio transponders , and various miniaturized or innovative communications systems have been proposed, such as laser receivers, antenna arrays and satellite-to-satellite communication networks. Few of these have been demonstrated in practice. Electronics need to be rigorously tested and modified to be "space hardened" or resistant to the outer space environment (vacuum, microgravity, thermal extremes, and radiation exposure). Miniaturized satellites allow for

5312-411: The process of spacecraft development, and to provide relatively low cost access to space for scientific research and the testing of nanoscale devices in orbital space. In March 2009 CanX-2 completed its first year in orbit. The Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment 1 ( CanX-1 , COSPAR 2003-031H) is Canada's first nanosatellite and a one unit CubeSat . ; it has a mass of under 1 kg, fits in

5395-472: The rotation of the picosatellite. Also, CanX-1 was scheduled to perform active coarse pointing. A commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) GPS receiver was also aboard CanX-1. Connected to two antennas for omni-directional coverage, the picosatellite was meant to test the functionality of the GPS receiver in space in order to determine whether the receiver could be used to help determine the orbital position of CanX-1. CanX-1

5478-929: The same mission cost, with significantly increased revisit times: every area of the globe can be imaged every 3.5 hours rather than the once per 24 hours with the RapidEye constellation. More rapid revisit times are a significant improvement for nations performing disaster response, which was the purpose of the RapidEye constellation. Additionally, the nanosat option would allow more nations to own their own satellite for off-peak (non-disaster) imaging data collection. As costs lower and production times shorten, nanosatellites are becoming increasingly feasible ventures for companies. Example nanosatellites: ExoCube (CP-10) , ArduSat , SPROUT Nanosatellite developers and manufacturers include EnduroSat , GomSpace , NanoAvionics , NanoSpace, Spire , Surrey Satellite Technology , NovaWurks , Dauria Aerospace , Planet Labs and Reaktor . In

5561-552: The school's chapter of Hillel International and academics affiliated with the school being accused of hateful behaviour. York University was established in 1959 as a non-denominational institution by the York University Act , which received Royal Assent in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario on 26 March of that year. Its first class was held in September 1960 in Falconer Hall on the University of Toronto campus with

5644-690: The secondary payload paradigm does not provide the specificity required for many increasingly sophisticated small satellites that have unique orbital and launch-timing requirements. In July 2012, Virgin Orbit announced LauncherOne , an orbital launch vehicle designed to launch "smallsat" primary payloads of 100 kg (220 lb) into low Earth orbit , with launches projected to begin in 2016. Several commercial customers have already contracted for launches, including GeoOptics , Skybox Imaging , Spaceflight Industries , and Planetary Resources . Both Surrey Satellite Technology and Sierra Nevada Space Systems are developing satellite buses "optimized to

5727-525: The size of a soda can. The term "femtosatellite" or "femtosat" is usually applied to artificial satellites with a wet mass below 100 g (3.5 oz). Like picosatellites, some designs require a larger "mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers. Three prototype "chip satellites" were launched to the ISS on Space Shuttle Endeavour on its final mission in May 2011. They were attached to

5810-608: The successful Mars InSight lander mission. The two microsats accomplished a flyby of Mars in November 2018, and both continued communicating with ground stations on Earth through late December. Both went silent by early January 2019. A number of commercial and military-contractor companies are currently developing microsatellite launch vehicles to perform the increasingly targeted launch requirements of microsatellites. While microsatellites have been carried to space for many years as secondary payloads aboard larger launchers ,

5893-591: The temperature, voltage, and current sensors present on every solar panel and interior circuit board. In Safe-Hold mode, the OBC maintains minimum power and the radio is in receive mode. If there is sufficient power available, the radio will transmit a beacon pulse just under once per minute. All payloads, magnetorquers and the magnetometer are switched off. CanX-1 switches into safe-hold mode in any emergency situation, and it stays in this mode until instructed to resume normal operations after any required fixes are implemented. It can also be placed in safe-hold mode by

5976-564: The ten years of nanosat launches prior to 2014, only 75 nanosats were launched. Launch rates picked up substantially when in the three-month period from November 2013–January 2014 94 nanosats were launched. One challenge of using nanosats has been the economic delivery of such small satellites to anywhere beyond low Earth orbit . By late 2014, proposals were being developed for larger spacecraft specifically designed to deliver swarms of nanosats to trajectories that are beyond Earth orbit for applications such as exploring distant asteroids. With

6059-417: The term "satellite swarm" or " fractionated spacecraft " may be applied. Some designs require a larger "mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers or for launching and docking with nanosatellites. Over 2300 nanosatellites have been launched as of December 2023. A CubeSat is a common type of nanosatellite, built in cube form based on multiples of 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm, with

6142-635: The third medical school in the Greater Toronto Area , joining Toronto Metropolitan University (Renamed from Ryerson University in 2023) and the University of Toronto . In April 2024, it was announced that the York University School of Medicine will accept 80 undergraduate students and 102 postgraduate residents at doors open in 2028, expanding to 240 undergraduate students and 293 postgraduate residents across all years, once operating at full capacity. York's approximately 1500 full-time faculty and academic librarians and archivists are represented by

6225-536: The university ranked 301–500 in the world, and 10–17 in Canada. York University currently has 11 faculties: the School of Arts, Media, Performance & Design, the Faculty of Education, the Faculty of Environmental & Urban Change, Glendon College, the Faculty of Graduate Studies, the Faculty of Health, the Lassonde School of Engineering, the Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies, Osgoode Hall Law School,

6308-414: The use of satellite constellations , nanosatellites are increasingly capable of performing commercial missions that previously required microsatellites. For example, a 6U CubeSat standard has been proposed to enable a satellite constellation of thirty five 8 kg (18 lb) Earth-imaging satellites to replace a constellation of five 156 kg (344 lb) RapidEye Earth-imaging satellites, at

6391-436: The world. York University's Film Department houses Canada's oldest film school . York University has been ranked in a number of post-secondary rankings . The 2025 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 362rd in the world, and 16th in Canada. The 2025 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked York 401–500 in the world, and 18th in Canada. In 2024, York ranked 35th Globally and 9th in Canada in

6474-557: Was a follow-up nanosattelite demonstration for the University of Toronto and Institute for Aerospace Studies . CanX-6 was started in October 2007, and was developed to demonstrate key aspects of the COM DEV spaceborne Automatic Identification System. CanX-7 (COSPAR 2016-059F, SATCAT 41788) was launched 26 September 2016 and decayed from orbit 21 April 2022. Nanosatellite A small satellite , miniaturized satellite , or smallsat

6557-565: Was envisaged as a feeder campus to U of T, until Ross's powerful vision led it to become a completely separate institution. In 1965, the university opened a second campus, the Keele Campus , in North York , in the Jane and Finch community. The Glendon campus became a bilingual liberal arts college led by Escott Reid , who envisaged it as a national institution to educate Canada's future leaders,

6640-423: Was established in 1959 as a non-denominational institution by the York University Act , which received royal assent in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario on 26 March of that year. Its first class was held in September 1960 in Falconer Hall on the University of Toronto campus with a total of 76 students. In the fall of 1961, York moved to its first campus at Glendon Hall (now part of Glendon College ), which

6723-504: Was launched with a custom designed On-Board Computer (OBC) based on the low-power ARM7 core, which operates on up to 40 MHz. The functionality of this OBC was to be monitored throughout the entire lifetime of CanX-1. The mission of the CanX-2 nanosatellite, weighing 3.5 kilograms, is to evaluate new technologies that will be used on the CanX-4/CanX-5 dual satellite mission in 2009 to demonstrate controlled formation flying in space. It

6806-598: Was leased from U of T, and began to emphasize liberal arts and part-time adult education. In 1965, the university opened a second campus, the Keele Campus , in North York , within the neighbourhood community now called York University Heights . Over the last twenty years, York has become a centre for labour strife with several faculty and other strikes occurring, including the longest university strike in Canadian history in 2018 . The university has also faced challenges in handling antisemitism on campus , such as attacks on

6889-449: Was once overseen by Oscar Peterson . York also has a joint Bachelor of Design program with Sheridan College . York's Departments of Film, Theatre and Creative Writing (which is not affiliated with the Faculty of Fine Arts) offers programmes in film production/directing, acting, and writing respectively, producing many award-winning graduates. The Keele campus is host to a satellite facility of Seneca College , and York University offers

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