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49-538: It is an enclosure for bull races , musical concerts, fairs, exhibitions and other events, with a capacity of around 10.000 people bearing 6.848 seats. The bullfighting agenda usually happens in the Summer and Spring seasons. In various countries mythological gods can show up with the appearance or elements that refer to the bull. This animal has been seen by various peoples as a symbol of procreation, genetic strength, invincibility, leadership, fertility, abundance, but also with

98-653: A Braga court and bullfighting was permitted again in the municipality. In June 2018, the Póvoa de Varzim municipality announced a bullfighting ban starting January 1, 2019; pro-bullfighting groups interceded against this prohibition and in September 2019, a court in Porto ruled that the ban was unconstitutional. The city of Póvoa de Varzim has approved the demolition of the Póvoa de Varzim Bullfighting Arena , its municipal bullfighting ring. In July 2018, animalist party PAN presented

147-466: A Property of Public Interest, by Decree of 24 January 1983. Constructed in visible solid brick from the outside, the Campo Pequeno square would come to be a target of a deep restoration work in the beginning of the 21st century. This square was inaugurated in 1892, with inspiration from Madrid's bullfight arena and projected in a neo-Arabic revivalist architecture. The museum integrates and evokes both

196-457: A bullfight ring there, more rudimental, constructed in wood and because Campo Pequeno was considered to be a public address. It is relevant to note that Campo Pequeno was, before urban planning, a very rural space, only with a couple farms, a factory and one building – the Galveias Palace . In the 19th century, Lisbon was smaller and concentrated close to the river, but in 1885 a new city plan

245-406: A great destructive capacity. These characteristics can be at the origin of this need to show how they can beat the animal. People who could fight bulls were seen as possessing the same characteristics of bravery, power and strength attributed to the bull. As so, bullfighting has been described to be a form of affirmation within different people and communities. The history of bullfighting comes back to

294-550: A part of the old museum's assets and the Sector 1 bullfighting group. To this collection, other pieces were added, like the donations made by José Samuel Lupi, Francisco Mascarenhas and Joaquim Bastinhas. The space aims to create a memorial space of the Portuguese bullfighting tradition, as well as the publicity of the bullfighting culture in general to the public, valuing the immaterial heritage of it. According to Diário de Notícias, since

343-408: A private company for 90 years. After those years, the building should then be delivered back to the institution without any charges. The cost of the arena was 161 200$ 000 réis, paid by a group of Portuguese shareholders, who kept the property rights and the right to organise races for the referred period under the condition of paying Casa Pia an annual rent of 3500$ 000 réis. The building is classified as

392-652: A proposal at the Portuguese Parliament to abolish all types of bullfighting in the country. Left-wing party Left Bloc voted in favour of the proposal but criticised its lack of solutions to the foreseen consequences of the abolition. The proposal was however categorically rejected by all other parties, that cited freedom of choice and respect for tradition as arguments against it. Galveias Palace 38°44′29.2″N 9°8′37.2″W  /  38.741444°N 9.143667°W  / 38.741444; -9.143667 Galveias Palace ( Portuguese : Palácio das Galveias)

441-458: A way that will not present any sharp points. This practice is believed to have been introduced in the 1700s by King Joseph I of Portugal , presiding at Salvaterra de Magos , after having witnessed a tragic accident during a bullfight; the son (and heir) of the Marquis of Marialva IV was fighting a bull on horseback when the animal wounded his horse, causing the young man to fall to the arena floor. He

490-661: Is a Portuguese palace located in Lisbon , Portugal , in Avenidas Novas freguesia . The palace dates back to the mid-17th century, when it was built as a country house for the Marquis of Távora . In 1759, due to the Távora affair , the entire Távora family was executed and the palace was confiscated by the Crown. The name of the palace comes from its acquisition, in 1801, by D. João de Almeida de Melo e Castro, 5th Count of Galveias . In 1928,

539-491: Is built of brick, with the roofs in metal domes and topped by decorative stepped battlements. The spans are either arched or traversed, accentuating the neo-Moorish character. Inside, there is an arena for shows, which is transformed into an arena with a removable roof, and at the base of the arena, a commercial gallery, all of recent execution. It is the most expressive building of the so-called neo-Arab style to be built in Lisbon in

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588-424: Is considered the most relevant, as it states that “ no animal shall be exploited for the amusement of man ” and that all “ exhibitions and spectacles involving animals are incompatible with their dignity ”. The commands of UDAW would be enough to put the staging of bullfighting shows, in the context of European and Portuguese legal systems, into crisis; the Portuguese state has adhered to the political orientations of

637-436: Is formed in the same way. We could just think of Lisbon and its seven hills. The urban environment has potential for attracting this type of tourism, as the vast majority of the population lives in urban centres and the heritage value of something that is physically close has more meaning to ordinary people than something that is hundreds of miles away in a remote place with difficult access. The urban dimension creates in people

686-534: Is one of the main names behind the construction of this square, alongside Henrique Sabino dos Santos and the French contractor Emile Boussard. The construction of the square went according to Dias da Silva's project, using mainly brick but also metal (mainly on the domes), giving it a more modern and innovative look. The domes also had inspiration in the Byzantine, Russian and Hindo-Islamic architecture, having similarities with

735-399: Is some resistance in the country to this practice which can be a double edged knife. In one hand the square is the place that is most representative of the bullfight tradition in Lisbon and, on the other, it's the place chosen by protestors to riot the defence of animal rights and raise awareness for this issue. Campo Pequeno will remain to be on of the most important stages in the fight towards

784-547: The Portuguese bullfight history and national traditions. The bullring had its first ring structurally altered from the original brick arcs to solid brick. The exterior ring stood unaltered on a structural level, only being target of reparations and reinforcements. The most significant change was to the removable cover, that turns the square into a more versatile space, making it possible to use all year for different purposes. The former Portuguese bullfighter Rui Bento Vasques directs

833-601: The St Mark's Basilica in Venice and with the S. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow. The cultural and recreational architecture of the space is mostly inspired by the neo-Arab revivalist tendencies. The circular plan spectacle building has several turrets that boost the exterior, creating a counter-curve plan and helping, thus, to strengthen the stirrup arches that support the benches, between which there are dependencies and circulation corridors. It

882-562: The United Nations in the areas of education, social sciences and culture as it is an instrument of soft law . However, the UDAW does not function as an imperative set of rules in-relation to its member states. It is, therefore, impossible to impose legal consequences or sanctions on a state that denies its ethical and political commitment. Under the provisions of article 8 of the Constitution of

931-585: The National Association of Portuguese Municipalities (ANMP); others have implicitly or explicitly refused to do so. RTP has historically shown bullfights in prime-time; the practice has been widely criticized, with left-wing parties proposing legislation to prevent bullfighting being shown on the public broadcasting network or changing the rating of the show to an adults-only classification. RTP ceased to broadcast bullfights since 2021. Queen Maria II of Portugal prohibited bullfighting in 1836 with

980-557: The Portuguese Central Bank. The Renovation Society of Campo Pequeno was declared bankrupt in the same year. In 2019, the businessman Álvaro Covões and the Horizon fund, from Pires de Lima and Sérgio Monteiro, won the selling contest and paid 37 million for the arena. Álvaro Covões is the concerts and shows promoter and Horizon fund is specialised in infrastructure management. The museum of Campo Pequeno reopened in 2015, integrating

1029-475: The Portuguese Republic the rules and principles of common international law are an integrated part of the Portuguese law. However, Portuguese legislators still have a very anthropocentric and reluctant vision when confronted with the possibility of being compelled to abandon ancient traditions inherited from the past. It then contributes to the persistence of idiosyncrasies which are difficult to solve under

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1078-652: The Portuguese variety of bullfighting, as well as the participation of horsewomen ( cavaleiras ) in the routines. Most Portuguese bullfights ( corridas de touros ) are held in two phases: the spectacle of the cavaleiro , followed by the pega . In Portugal, the main stars of bullfighting are the cavaleiros , as opposed to Spain, where the matadores are the most prominent bullfighters. Nevertheless, bullfights with matadores are frequent, notably with Portuguese matadores who practice their trade in Spain and who, when in Portugal, replace

1127-531: The Real Palace of Mafra dated from 1741, the first references to bull's races in Portugal were in Campo Pequeno's square. That's where was built a tiny square made out of wood with a reduced capacity for the public. The current bullring of Campo Pequeno succeeded the one existing in Campo de Santana . This one existed from 1831 until 1888 following an inspection that interdicted the building due to security issues related to

1176-425: The abolition of bullfights. The general idea is that, from the new bylaws of animals, the abolition of bull shows seems now closer than ever. Portuguese-style bullfighting Portuguese-style bullfighting differs in many aspects from Spanish-style bullfighting , most notably in the fact that the bull is not killed in front of an audience in the arena. The cavaleiros and the forcados are unique to

1225-446: The argument that it was unbefitting for a civilised nation. The ban was lifted in 1921, but in 1928 a law was passed that forbade the killing of the bull during a fight. In 2001, matador Pedrito de Portugal controversially killed a bull at the end of a fight after spectators encouraged him to do so by chanting "Kill the bull! Kill the bull!" The crowds gave Pedrito a standing ovation, hoisted him on their shoulders and paraded him through

1274-445: The bullfighting activities since the opening of the square in 2006. There is a commercial gallery in the underground area of the square, today known as the Campo Pequeno shopping centre, as well as some commercial spaces on the ground floor, like bars and restaurants. The financing of the investment turned out to be too heavy for the exploration conditions of this space. In 2014, the debt was over 100 million euros, where 90 million were to

1323-489: The bulls themselves. The Azorean style involves a group of people vying in a tug-of-war with a young bull by holding fast to a long stout rope tied around the bull's neck. This is called the tourada à corda (bull-on-a-rope 'game'). Portuguese immigrants from the Azores also practice "tourada a corda" in the city of Brampton , southern Ontario , Canada . In Portugal, some bulls have their horns trimmed, or simply covered, in

1372-476: The bulls) as opposed to bull-baiting or fighting. In the country’s northern regions, bullfighting has a much lower prevalence, except for Póvoa de Varzim , where bullfighting arenas have been known to exist in several areas since ca. the 18th century. Some Portuguese municipalities have declared bullfighting “immaterial cultural heritage”, becoming members of the Section of Municipalities with Tauromachic Activities of

1421-503: The current legal status, animals hold today a different position, which pushes us to redefine the relationship that human beings establish and want to establish with animals. The Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare (UDAW), approved by UNESCO in 1978, establishes, in its 1st article, that “ all animals are born with an equal claim on life and the same rights to existence ” and that “ no animal shall be ill-treated or shall be subject to cruel acts ” (point b, article 3). Article 10, though,

1470-517: The desire for an escape from daily stress and, as a result, those who live in large population centres tend to travel more, as a way of getting away from it all and release the stress that comes with urban life. The Lisbon subway is divided into 4 different lines - the Green, Red, Blue and Yellow. The Yellow Line where Campo Pequeno is located could almost be called the Stone line. That's where are located three of

1519-460: The destination site, with special attention given to sites of geological interest, the so-called geosites or cultural georesources. It is a touristic activity that tends to attract tourists of greater wealth, because it is practised on a smaller scale, is more flexible and therefore less invasive and more beneficial to local populations. Any place can have potential for Geotourism, since all places have their own history of geological formation and none

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1568-464: The empty spaces still existing in the 19th century and turning them into cosmopolitan areas. In 1889, the Lisbon's City Council approved the construction of the square, which would integrate the construction plan of the New Avenues neighbourhood, a project that aimed to expand the city of Lisbon up north. The purpose of these developments was to relieve the pressure of the 200.000 inhabitants that occupied

1617-414: The end of the corrida , leading oxen are let into the arena and two campinos on foot herd the bull along them back to its pen. After the fight the bull may be either killed by a professional butcher or, after a good performance, restored to health and released to pasture for breeding. Nevertheless, tradition was so strong at the small frontier town of Barrancos , where the bull was illegally killed, that

1666-415: The exceptionality of the architecture as well as to enrich Lisbon and turn it into a more cosmopolitan city. Today, the New Avenues neighbourhood is a very accessible area, with valued houses and a great diversity of commerce, making it one of the most attractive neighbourhoods for Lisbon residents. Geotourism can be defined as a micro-niche of the tourism market focused on the geological diversity  of

1715-499: The government was forced to relent and permit the town to follow its ancient matador tradition and kill the bull. There are other forms of traditional bullfighting in Portugal, some differing markedly from the version described above. In the Azores , bullfighting is often reminiscent of the running of the bulls in Pamplona , Spain, in the respect that those most at risk are human beings, not

1764-421: The inauguration and until February 2016, 11 thousand people from 94 different countries visited the museum. The visitors were mostly Portuguese and French people followed by German, Brazilian, Italian and Spanish visitors. There were also visitors from Iraq, Uganda and New Zealand, aged between 25 and 45 years old. The Campo Pequeno square was projected with an aim to improve the city of Lisbon, taking advantage of

1813-452: The late 19th century. Being a monochromatic building, the movement is given by the rhythm of the forms of the great number of openings in outdated arches and re-entrant frames, inspired by the vanished Plaza de Toros of Madrid (by Emilio Rodriguez Ayuso) which accentuates the Spanish neo-mudéjar revivalism. It is also important to note that this innovative project aimed to attract investments, by

1862-438: The legal status of the country. Bullraces are one of these traditions where there is a collision of different values which give-rise to political conflicts, both in society and in politics. The Campo Pequeno square has been the site of public demonstrations against and in-support-of bullfights, though their scale and purpose varies. This shows that the square can also be seen as a relevant space for public discussion and that there

1911-506: The light brought up to the surrounding spaces was only possible with the construction of the new avenues and a policy of dynamization always present in Ressano Garcia's thinking. The first project for the bullfight square is inspired by the one in Madrid, with a neo-mudéjar style. It was projected with an architectural Arabic style, like the one in Madrid. The Portuguese architect Dias da Silva

1960-400: The most important stations in terms of richness, diversity and artistic work in natural stone: Campo Pequeno , Saldanha and Entrecampos . Here, art and geological heritage are intertwined and have the power to dazzle visitors with their beauty, richness and techniques of stone work visible in the inlays from Campo Pequeno's metropolitan station. As subjects of law and multiple rights, under

2009-465: The place up to Passeio Público, the current Restauradores Square.This new area would urbanise and connect different points of the city, with a progressive architectural plan and an eclectic style based on the creation of long avenues. These plans would make the biggest change in the city of Lisbon since the earthquake that devastated the city in 1755. The choice to make the bullfight ring in this square has historical reasons, since there had been previously

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2058-484: The poor conservation status of the building. In the aftermath, on 19 February 1889 the Lisbon Town Hall conceded a piece of land to Casa Pia for the building of a new bull races space in Campo Pequeno. Casa Pia is the institution still responsible for the organisation of bull races in Lisbon. At the time though, due to financial complications, Casa Pia conceded the right of construction and exploration of that space to

2107-415: The second stage, called the pega , the forcados , a group of eight men, challenge the bull directly without any protection or weapon of defense. The front man provokes the bull into a charge to perform a pega de cara or pega de caras (face catch). The front man secures the animal's head and is quickly aided by his fellows who surround and secure the animal until he is subdued. The bull is not killed, at

2156-456: The streets. Hours later the police arrested him and charged him with a fine, but they released him after crowds of angry fans surrounded the police station. A long court case ensued, finally resulting in Pedrito's conviction in 2007 with a fine of €100,000. In 2002, after a national referendum, the Portuguese government gave Barrancos a dispensation from the 1928 ban. In 2014, the same exception

2205-399: The sword in their final strike with a bandarilha , a small type of spear. Examples of famous Portuguese matadores are Vítor Mendes and Pedrito de Portugal . The spectacle starts with the cavaleiro , a horseman on a Lusitano specially trained for the fights, fighting the bull from horseback. The purpose of this fight is to stab three or four bandeirilhas in the back of the bull. In

2254-535: The time where some kings were enthusiasts about this activity by facing the bull in public squares, either on horses or by feet. In the 16th century, in 1578 the, at the time, King Sebastian of Portugal ordered the erection of the first known bullring in Lisbon, in Xabregas. The other bullrings existing at the time in Lisbon were built in the 18th century in Junqueira, Belém, Anunciada and Salitre. According to documents of

2303-472: Was adopted, deciding to expand the city up north, where Campo Pequeno is located. Today Campo Pequeno is not just a bullring, it is a city square. It is a gardened place, a shopping centre surrounded by residential buildings, offices, a library, university and banks, which brought to the square a very current Lisbon city life environment. All this environment created around the Campo Pequeno Square, all

2352-416: Was granted to Reguengos de Monsaraz , where a festivity featuring the killing of bulls took place every year despite the ban; the annual event was then recognised as a tradition by a Beja Court, which guaranteed access to the exception. In 2009, the northern city of Viana do Castelo prohibited bullfighting in all instances when a municipality's permit was required. This decision was contested in 2012 by

2401-530: Was then trampled and kicked to death. The Marquis himself, then around 70 years of age, leapt down from the royal seats that he shared with the King, drawing his sword and killing the bull, albeit several seconds too late. Some southern and central regions of Portugal (such as Ribatejo and parts of the Alentejo ), including Terceira Island , Azores , are traditionally more interested in the corrida de touros (running of

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