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80-544: In British English, a campsite is an area, usually divided into a number of camping pitches , where people can camp overnight using tents , campervans or caravans . In the US , the expression used is campground and not campsite . In American English, the term campsite generally means an area where an individual, family, group, or military unit can pitch a tent or park a camper; a campground may contain many campsites. There are two types of campsites ( US ) or pitches ( UK ): one,

160-537: A "right to dry" movement. Many homeowners' associations and other communities in the United States prohibit residents from using a clothesline outdoors, or limit such use to locations that are not visible from the street or to certain times of day. Other communities, however, expressly prohibit rules that prevent the use of clotheslines. Some organizations have been campaigning against legislation which has outlawed line-drying of clothing in public places, especially given

240-580: A 2007 voluntary energy conservation bill, introduced by Senator Dick McCormack . Legislation making it possible for thousands of American families to start using clotheslines in communities where they were formerly banned was passed in Colorado in 2008. In 2009, clothesline legislation was debated in the states of Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, Maine, New Hampshire, Nebraska, Oregon, Virginia, and Vermont. Similar measures have been introduced in Canada - in particular,

320-424: A certain distance of water sources or developed areas. Camping may also be prohibited in certain ‘special areas’ of national forests containing unusual landforms or vegetation. And if conditions allow campfires, a campfire permit is required for campfires outside of developed campsites. In Britain, it is more commonly known as wild camping , and is mostly illegal. However, Scotland has a relaxed view and wild camping

400-501: A chemical solvent other than water. The solvent used is typically tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), which the industry calls "perc". It is used to clean delicate fabrics that cannot withstand the rough and tumble of a washing machine and clothes dryer ; it can also obviate labor-intensive hand washing. In some parts of the world, including North America, apartment buildings and dormitories often have laundry rooms, where residents share washing machines and dryers. Usually

480-494: A collapsible tent with provisions for air conditioning and heating. Camping is a popular form of recreation which often involves the use of tents. A tent is economical and practical because of its portability and low environmental impact. These qualities are necessary when used in the wilderness or backcountry. Tents are often used in humanitarian emergencies, such as war , earthquakes and fire . The primary choice of tents in humanitarian emergencies are canvas tents, because

560-469: A communal setting. Villages across Europe that could afford it built a wash-house, sometimes known by the French name of lavoir . Water was channelled from a stream or spring and fed into a building, possibly just a roof with no walls. This wash-house usually contained two basins – one for washing and the other for rinsing – through which the water was constantly flowing, as well as a stone lip inclined towards

640-609: A cotton canvas tent allows functional breathability while serving the purpose of temporary shelter. Tents distributed by organisations such as UNHCR are made by various manufacturers, depending on the region where the tents are deployed, as well as depending on the purpose. At times, however, these temporary shelters become a permanent or semi-permanent home, especially for displaced people living in refugee camps or shanty towns who can not return to their former home and for whom no replacement homes are made available. Tents have been increasingly used as shelter for homeless people in

720-402: A designated area set aside for camping, often requiring a user fee. Campsites typically feature a few (but sometimes no) improvements. Dedicated campsites, known as campgrounds , usually have some amenities. Common amenities include, listed roughly in order from most to least common: Campgrounds may include further amenities: Camping outside a designated campsite may be forbidden by law. It

800-448: A designated area with various facilities; or two, an impromptu area (as one might decide to stop while backpacking or hiking , or simply adjacent to a road through the wilderness). The term 'camp' comes from the Latin word campus , meaning "field". Therefore, a campground typically consists of open areas where a camper can pitch a tent or park a camper . More specifically, a campsite is

880-582: A frame of poles or a supporting rope . While smaller tents may be free-standing or attached to the ground, large tents are usually anchored using guy ropes tied to stakes or tent pegs . First used as portable homes by nomads , tents are now more often used for recreational camping and as temporary shelters. Tents range in size from " bivouac " structures, just big enough for one person to sleep in, up to huge circus tents capable of seating thousands of people. Tents for recreational camping fall into two categories. Tents intended to be carried by backpackers are

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960-411: A lesser degree than wool). Some clothes are "pre-shrunk" to avoid this problem. Another common problem is color bleeding from dyed articles to white or pale-colored ones. Many laundry guides suggest washing whites separately from colored items. Sometimes only similar colors are washed together to avoid this problem, which is lessened by cold water and repeated washings. Sometimes this blending of colors

1040-407: A long-term basis from the land owner and the lease's own mobile home placed on the pitch. Permanent sites owners lease includes the provision by the land owner of water, sewerage and general site and grounds maintenance. Some holiday parks includes a small campsite for those touring the area, where they can pay to pitch tents or site touring caravans and motorhomes. Touring campsites have full access to

1120-657: A nominal fee for the privilege of camping there, to cover expenses, and in the case of an independent campground, to make a profit. However, there are some in North America that do not charge a use fee and rely on sources such as donations and tax dollars. Staying the night in a big-box store parking lot is also common (called " boondocking "), and some retailers welcome RVs to their parking lots. Frequently confused with campsites, campgrounds and RV parks, trailer parks are made up of long term or semi-permanent residents occupying mobile homes, park trailers or RVs. The holiday park

1200-500: A one-way loop leading to individual parking spurs next to each campsite. Although he would later continue to write of the effect of campers on nature, submitting a memorandum to the National Forest Service in 1935 entitled “The Trailer Menace,” he had established the basic design for campgrounds still used today. Tent A tent is a shelter consisting of sheets of fabric or other material draped over, attached to

1280-535: A perforated double tub, which spun out the excess water in a spin cycle. Laundry drying was also mechanized, with clothes dryers . Dryers were also spinning perforated tubs, but they blew heated air rather than water. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Chinese immigrants to the United States and to Canada were well represented as laundry workers. Discrimination, lack of English-language skills, and lack of capital kept Chinese immigrants out of most desirable careers. Around 1900, one in four ethnic Chinese men in

1360-646: A permit, which may be free, obtainable at visitor centers and ranger stations. Backcountry camping in other areas may not require a permit. Canadians refer to it as crownland camping, or rough camping. Canadian citizens and people who have lived in Canada for at least seven months of the preceding 12-month period can camp for free up to 21 days on any one site in a calendar year. This ensures sites are available to others and helps reduce environmental impacts. The Crownland Atlas (map) provides usage designations and several web pages (map) or blogs provide more details about specific sites. As with camping, campgrounds predated

1440-534: A shared laundry facility such as a tvättstuga . A stand-alone business is referred to as a self-service laundry (launderette in British English or laundromat in North American English ). Laundry was first done in watercourses, letting the water carry away the materials which could cause stains and smells. Laundry is still done this way in the rural regions of poor countries. Agitation helps remove

1520-472: A similar length of time. Some very specialised tents have spring-loaded poles and can be pitched in seconds, but take somewhat longer to strike (take down and pack). Over the past decade, tents have also been increasingly linked with homelessness crises in the United States , Canada , and other regions. Places of multiple homeless people living in tents closely pitched or plotted near each other are often referred to as tent cities . A form of tent called

1600-450: A slow chemical breakdown caused by ultraviolet light. The most common treatments to make fabric waterproof are silicone impregnation or polyurethane coating. Since stitching makes tiny holes in a fabric seams are often sealed or taped to block these holes and maintain waterproofness, though in practice a carefully sewn seam can be waterproof. Rain resistance is measured and expressed as hydrostatic head in millimetres (mm). This indicates

1680-664: A standard house. A standard lodge uses similar materials as a standard caravan such as wood, gypsum board and plywood where the main difference being the extra width. Lodges and Parkhomes can come in sizes up to 22 feet wide and 45 feet long, making them a popular choice with big families and large groups. Holiday homes can be rented on an ad-hoc basis or purchased – caravans can be purchased from around £30,000 while park homes and lodges can cost between £100,000 and £500,000. Once purchased, holiday homes have various ongoing costs including insurance, site fees, local authority rates, utility charges, winterisation and depreciation. Depending on

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1760-800: A teepee or tipi , noted for its cone shape and peak smoke hole , was also used by Native American tribes and Aboriginal Canadians of the Plains Indians since ancient times, variously estimated from 10,000 to 4,000 years BC. Tents were used at least as far back as the early Iron Age . They are mentioned in the Bible ; for example, in Genesis 4:20 Jabal is described as "the first to live in tents and raise sheep and goats ". The Roman Army used leather tents, copies of which have been used successfully by modern re-enactors. Various styles developed over time, some derived from traditional nomadic tents, such as

1840-570: A tub. A related implement called a washing dolly is "a wooden stick or mallet with an attached cluster of legs or pegs" that moves the cloth through the water. The Industrial Revolution completely transformed laundry technology. Christina Hardyment , in her history from the Great Exhibition of 1851, argues that it was the development of domestic machinery that led to women's liberation . The mangle (or "wringer" in American English )

1920-698: A very limited number of suppliers. Much like a bicycle tube and tire, airbeams are often composed of a highly dimensionally stable (i.e. no stretch) fabric sleeve and an air-holding inner bladder. However, other airbeam constructions consist of coated fabrics that are cut and manufactured to its intended shape by a method such as thermal welding. Depending on the desired tent size, airbeams can be anywhere from 2-40 inches in diameter, inflated to different pressures. High pressure airbeams (40-80 psi) that are filled by compressors are most often used in larger shelters, whereas low pressure beams (5-7 psi) are preferred for recreational use. The relatively low pressure enables

2000-404: A water supply were gradually replaced by portable rub boards, eventually factory-made corrugated glass or metal washboards . Once clean, the clothes were wrung out — twisted to remove most of the water. Then they were hung up on poles or clothes lines to air dry, or sometimes just spread out on clean grass, bushes, or trees. Before the advent of the washing machine , laundry was often done in

2080-456: Is a United Kingdom version of the North American trailer park. Created to allow coastal resorts to enable temporary and high-income accommodation to be easily created, under UK planning laws , no residents are permanent, and the park must be wholly shut to all for at least two months each year. All of the mobile homes are either available for rent from the land owner, or pitches are leased on

2160-409: Is a single unit, built to a maximum of 14 feet wide. Other types of mobile home include Lodges and Park Homes which are more expensive than caravans and offer more luxurious features. Higher end Lodges can be built using some of the same methods as traditional bricks and mortar buildings and include familiar materials like plasterboard and tongue and groove walls for an end result that's very similar to

2240-471: Is a waterproof layer which extends down to the ground all round. One or more 'inner tents' provide sleeping areas. The outer tent may be just a little larger than the inner tent, or it may be a lot larger and provide a covered living area separate from the sleeping area(s). An inner tent is not waterproof, but allows water vapour to pass through so that condensation occurs only on the exterior side. The double layer may also provide some thermal insulation . Either

2320-411: Is legal in most of Scotland. In many parts of Canada, "roughing it" or "dormir a la belle etoile" (French) is considered to be wilderness camping on government owned, public land known as crown land and commonly called "the bush". There are no amenities of any kind and typically no development except for possibly logging roads or ATV trails, and few rules beyond the requirement in some provinces to move

2400-431: Is seen as a selling point , as with madras cloth . Laundry symbols are included on many clothes to help consumers avoid these problems. Synthetic fibers in laundry can also contribute to microplastic pollution. The word laundry comes from Middle English lavendrye, laundry, from Old French lavanderie , from lavandier. In Homer 's Odyssey , Princess Nausicaa and her handmaidens are washing laundry by

2480-644: Is the operative word. Experience indicates that camping may be more comfortable if the actual number of occupants is one or even two less than the manufacturer's suggestion, though different manufacturers have different standards for space requirement and there is no accepted standard. Tent used in areas with biting insects often have their vent and door openings covered with fine-mesh netting . Tents can be improvised using waterproof fabric, string, and sticks. There are three basic configurations of tents, each of which may appear with many variations: Single skin (USA: single wall) : Only one waterproof layer of fabric

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2560-564: Is the washing of clothing and other textiles, and, more broadly, their drying and ironing as well. Laundry has been part of history since humans began to wear clothes, so the methods by which different cultures have dealt with this universal human need are of interest to several branches of scholarship. Laundry work has traditionally been highly gendered , with the responsibility in most cultures falling to women (formerly known as laundresses or washerwomen ). The Industrial Revolution gradually led to mechanized solutions to laundry work, notably

2640-477: Is thought to be a nuisance, harmful to the environment, and is often associated with vagrancy . However some countries have specific laws and/or regulations allowing camping on public lands (see Freedom to roam ). In the United States, many national and state parks have dedicated campsites and sometimes also allow impromptu backcountry camping by visitors. U.S. National Forests often have established campsites, but generally allow camping anywhere, except within

2720-427: Is used, comprising at least roof and walls. To minimize condensation on the inside of the tent, some expedition tents use waterproof/breathable fabrics . Single skin with flysheet : A waterproof flysheet or rain fly is suspended over and clear of the roof of the tent; it often overlaps the tent roof slightly, but does not extend down the sides or ends of the tent. Double skin (USA: double wall) : The outer tent

2800-468: The Occupy movement , an international protest movement which is primarily directed against economic and social inequality. Occupy protesters use tents to create camps in public places wherein they can form communities of open discussion and democratic action. Generally, the interior of an enclosed tent is about 10 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the outside environment (not accounting for wind chill ), due to

2880-461: The washing machine and later the tumble dryer . Laundry, like cooking and child care, is still done both at home and by commercial establishments outside the home. The word "laundry" may refer to the clothing itself, or to the place where the cleaning happens. An individual home may have a laundry room ; a utility room includes, but is not restricted to, the function of washing clothes. An apartment building or student hall of residence may have

2960-814: The yurt . Most military tents throughout history were of a simple ridge design. The major technological advance was the use of linen or hemp canvas for the canopy versus leather for the Romans. The primary use of tents was still to provide portable shelter for a small number of men in the field. By World War I larger designs were being deployed in rear areas to provide shelter for support activities and supplies. Tents are used as habitation by nomads, recreational campers, soldiers, and disaster victims. Tents are also typically used as overhead shelter for festivals, weddings, backyard parties, major corporate events, excavation (construction) covers, and industrial shelters. Tents have traditionally been used by nomadic people all over

3040-648: The 1970s and 1980s anti-nuclear peace camps spread across Europe and North America, with the largest women's-only camp to date set up outside the RAF Greenham Common United States airbase in Newbury, England to protest the deployment there of cruise missiles during the Cold War . The 1990s saw environmental protest camps as part of the campaign for the Clayoquot Sound in Canada and the roads protests in

3120-643: The Holiday parks facilities, including clothes washing and showering. Most holiday parks include a central entertainments block, which can include a shop, restaurants, and a multi-purpose theatre used for both stage and activity-based entertainment. Holiday parks vary in size and type, as do the kinds of accommodation available within them. Caravans are a popular choice with holiday makers, and modern varieties come complete with features like double glazing and central heating, cookers, fridges, showers, hot/cold water supplies, electricity and gas mains input. A standard caravan

3200-662: The U.S. , especially California , Oregon , and Washington . Encampments spiked in the mid-to-late 2010s. These tent cities housing many homeless and travelers/ vagabonds have also, are also commonly found in major cities in the South, including Austin, Texas , which had passed a restriction on homeless encampments in May 2021. Tents are also often used as sites and symbols of protest over time. In 1968 Resurrection City saw hundreds of tents set up by anti-poverty campaigners in Washington D.C. In

3280-640: The U.S. worked in a laundry, typically working 10 to 16 hours a day. Chinese people in New York City were running an estimated 3,550 laundries at the beginning of the Great Depression . In 1933, the city's Board of Aldermen passed a law clearly intended to drive the Chinese out of the business. Among other things, it limited ownership of laundries to U.S. citizens. The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association tried fruitlessly to fend this off, resulting in

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3360-494: The U.S., backcountry or dispersed camping is common in large undeveloped protected areas. These areas can only be reached on foot, bicycle, canoe or on horseback . The camping areas are usually established campsites or "zones", which have a predetermined maximum number of persons that are allowed to stay in the section per night. Strict regulations are imposed regarding food storage and resource protection. Usually in organized parks or wilderness areas, backcountry campsites require

3440-561: The UK. The first No Border Network camp was held in Strasbourg in 2002, becoming the first in a series of international camps that continue to be organised today. Other international camps of the 2000s include summit counter-mobilisations like Horizone at the Gleneagles G8 gathering in 2005 and the start of Camp for Climate Action in 2006. Since September 2011, the tent has been used as a symbol of

3520-504: The United States were nothing more than large, dedicated clearings, free of trees, within which to concentrate groups of tourists.” A plant pathologist named Emilio Meinecke, was commissioned to study the effect of motor tourism in the Redwoods in 1929. Meinicke's recommendations explained that instead of allowing campers to park haphazardly within a park, the camper's impact on the environment could be minimized through campground roads forming

3600-408: The archaeological remains. Laundry processes include washing (usually with water containing detergents or other chemicals), agitation, rinsing, drying, pressing (ironing), and folding. The washing will sometimes be done at a temperature above room temperature to increase the activities of any chemicals used and the solubility of stains, and high temperatures kill micro-organisms that may be present on

3680-541: The automobile. When President Theodore Roosevelt addressed Congress in 1901, he called for the creation of free campgrounds on Federal lands. Already four national parks—Yellowstone, Sequoia, Yosemite, and Mount Rainier—were established and by the time Congress formally established the National Park Service in 1916, America had a dozen national parks. While a handful of campgrounds, both public and private, could be found at tourist destinations, as late as 1936 it

3760-415: The bottom edge of the fabric. These tents are usually so heavy (25 to 80 kg) that it takes a rather strong wind to blow them away. Flexible poles used for tents in this section are typically between 3 and 6 metres (9.8 and 19.7 ft) long. Cheap poles are made of tubes of fibreglass with an external diameter less than 1 cm ( 1 ⁄ 3  in), whereas more expensive aluminium alloys are

3840-618: The clean water during the rinsing process. Various chemicals may be used to increase the solvent power of water, such as the compounds in soaproot or yucca-root used by Native American tribes, or the ash lye (usually sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide ) once widely used for soaking laundry in Europe. Soap , a compound made from lye and fat, is an ancient and common laundry aid. Modern washing machines typically use synthetic powdered or liquid laundry detergent in place of more traditional soap. Dry cleaning refers to any process which uses

3920-531: The country, much of the laundry work in the Philippines was done manually, and this role was generally assigned to women. A professional laundrywoman was called a labandera. The workers in ancient Rome who cleaned the cloth were called fullones , singular fullo (cf fulling , a process in wool-making, and Fuller's earth , used to clean). Clothes were treated in small tubs standing in niches surrounded by low walls, known as treading or fulling stalls. The tub

4000-403: The dirt, so the laundry was rubbed, twisted, or slapped against flat rocks. One name for this surface is a beetling-stone, related to beetling , a technique in the production of linen; one name for a wooden substitute is a battling-block. The dirt was beaten out with a wooden implement known as a washing paddle , battling stick, bat, beetle or club. Wooden or stone scrubbing surfaces set up near

4080-595: The economic benefits of a campground in their community. The Denver Civic Association wrote that a campground was just as essential to a town as a railway station. The trailer industry's efforts were effective. The number of campgrounds in the Trailer Travel Magazine's directory of campgrounds doubled to 1,650 by the end of 1936 and promised to double again by the end of 1937. The campgrounds themselves also changed. Martin Hogue wrote, “The first public campgrounds in

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4160-431: The entire village. Many of these village wash-houses are still standing, historic structures with no obvious modern purpose. The job of doing the laundry was reserved for women , who washed all their family's laundry. Washerwomen (laundresses) took in the laundry of others, charging by the piece. As such, wash-houses were an obligatory stop in many women's weekly lives and became a sort of institution or meeting place. It

4240-507: The fabric. However, it is advised that cotton be washed at a cooler temperature to prevent shrinking. Many professional laundry services are present in the market which offers at different price range. Agitation helps remove dirt which is usually mobilised by surfactants from between fibres, however, due to the small size of the pores in fibres, the 'stagnant core' of the fibres themselves see virtually no flow. The fibres are nevertheless rapidly cleaned by diffusiophoresis carrying dirt out into

4320-520: The formation of the openly leftist Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance (CHLA), which successfully challenged this provision of the law, allowing Chinese laundry workers to preserve their livelihoods. The CHLA went on to function as a more general civil rights group; its numbers declined strongly after it was targeted by the FBI during the Second Red Scare (1947–1957). From 1850 to 1910, Zulu men took on

4400-487: The holiday home and the park these costs can range from £1,000 to £40,000 per year. Certificated and Certified Locations are smaller privately owned caravan sites which have to be approved by the UK based Camping and Caravanning Club, The Caravan Club, and other organisations). These campsites are normally reserved exclusively for Club members. These smaller campsites are allowed to operate under The Public Health Act 1936 and The Caravan and Control of Development Act 1960. In

4480-540: The increased greenhouse gas emissions produced by some types of electrical power generation needed to power electric clothes dryers, since driers can constitute a considerable fraction of a home's total energy usage. Florida ("the Sunshine State") is the only state to expressly guarantee a right to dry, although Utah and Hawaii have passed solar rights legislation. A Florida law explicitly states: "No deed restrictions, covenants, or similar binding agreements running with

4560-551: The land shall prohibit or have the effect of prohibiting solar collectors, clotheslines, or other energy devices based on renewable resources from being installed on buildings erected on the lots or parcels covered by the deed restrictions, covenants, or binding agreements." No other state has such clearcut legislation. Vermont considered a "Right to Dry" bill in 1999, but it was defeated in the Senate Natural Resources & Energy Committee. The language has been included in

4640-416: The laundry process with various hand-operated washing machines to replace tedious hand rubbing against a washboard. Most involved turning a handle to move paddles inside a tub. Then some early-20th-century machines used an electrically powered agitator . Many of these washing machines were simply a tub on legs, with a hand-operated mangle on top. Later the mangle too was electrically powered, then replaced by

4720-551: The machines are set to run only when money is put in a coin slot . In other parts of the world, including Europe, apartment buildings with laundry rooms are uncommon, and each apartment may have its own washing machine. Those without a machine at home or the use of a laundry room must either wash their clothes by hand or visit a commercial self-service laundry (laundromat, laundrette) or a laundry shop, such as 5àsec . Some American communities forbid their residents from drying clothes outside, and citizens protesting this have created

4800-406: The manufacturer thinks can use the tent, though these numbers do not always allow for any personal belongings, such as luggage, inflatable mattresses, camp beds, cots, etc., nor do they always allow for people who are of above average height. Checking the quoted sizes of sleeping areas reveals that several manufacturers consider that a width of 150 cm (4.9 ft) is enough for three people; snug

4880-625: The material of choice for added strength and durability. For ease of transportation, these poles are made in sections some 30 to 60 cm (0.98 to 1.97 ft) long, with one end of each section having a socket into which the next section can fit. For ease of assembly, the sections for each pole are often connected by an internal elastic cord running the entire length of the pole. Inflatable pole supports, also known as airbeams, serve as rigid structural supports when inflated but are soft and pliable when deflated. Tents using such technology are neither commonly used nor widely accepted and are available from

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4960-483: The military are temporary sleeping quarters (barracks); dining facilities (DFACs); field headquarters; morale, welfare, and recreation (MWR) facilities; and security checkpoints. One of the most popular military designs currently fielded is the TEMPER Tent, an acronym for Tent Expandable Modular PERsonnel. The United States Army is beginning to use a more modern tent called the deployable rapid assembly shelter or DRASH,

5040-491: The next generation of tent design. Tent-style tensile structures are used to cover large public areas such as entertainment venues , arenas and retail areas (example: The O 2 ) or sports stadiums (example: Munich Olympic Stadium ) and airports (example: Denver International Airport ). The Sami Parliament of Norway is inspired by the lavvu, a tent traditionally used by the Sami people . Clothes washing Laundry

5120-532: The opportunity to wash their clothes. Sometimes these facilities were combined with public baths , see for example Baths and wash houses in Britain . The aim was to foster hygiene and thus reduce outbreaks of epidemics. Sometimes large metal cauldrons (a " wash copper ", even when not made of that metal), were filled with fresh water and heated over a fire, as hot or boiling water is more effective than cold in removing dirt. A posser could be used to agitate clothes in

5200-656: The outer skin or the inner skin may be the structural component, carrying the poles; the structural skin is always pitched first, though some tents are built with the outer and inner linked so that they are both pitched at the same time. Components: Many factors affect tent design, including: Shelters are not normally used for sleeping. Instead they may act as a store or provide shelter from sun, rain, or dew. With modern materials, tent manufacturers have great freedom to vary types and styles and shapes of tents. Many tents which use rigid steel poles are free-standing and do not require guy ropes, though they may require pegs around

5280-689: The pressure of water needed to penetrate a fabric. Heavy or wind-driven rain has a higher pressure than light rain. Standing on a groundsheet increases the pressure on any water underneath. Fabric with a hydrostatic head rating of 1000 mm or less is best regarded as shower resistant, with 1500 mm being usually suitable for summer camping. Tents for year-round use generally have at least 2000 mm; expedition tents intended for extreme conditions are often rated at 3000 mm. Where quoted, groundsheets may be rated for 5000 mm or more. Many tent manufacturers indicate capacity by such phrases as "3 berth" or "2 person". These numbers indicate how many people

5360-403: The province of Ontario. Novice users of modern laundry machines sometimes experience accidental shrinkage of garments, especially when applying heat. For wool garments, this is due to scales on the fibers, which heat and agitation cause to stick together. Other fabrics (like cotton) have their fibers stretched by mechanical force during production, and can shrink slightly when heated (though to

5440-602: The retention of body heat and (to a lesser extent) radiation. Tent fabric may be made of many materials including cotton ( canvas ), nylon , felt and polyester . Cotton absorbs water, so it can become very heavy when wet, but the associated swelling tends to block any minute holes so that wet cotton is more waterproof than dry cotton. Cotton tents were often treated with paraffin to enhance water resistance. Nylon and polyester are much lighter than cotton and do not absorb much water; with suitable coatings they can be very waterproof, but they tend to deteriorate over time due to

5520-405: The site at least 100 metres every 21 days. In North America many campgrounds have facilities for Recreational Vehicles and are also known as RV parks. Similar facilities in the UK are known as Caravan Parks . The Kampgrounds of America (KOA) is a large chain of commercial campgrounds located throughout the United States and Canada. Both commercial and governmental campgrounds typically charge

5600-445: The smallest and lightest type. Small tents may be sufficiently light that they can be carried for long distances on a touring bicycle , a boat , or when backpacking . The second type are larger, heavier tents which are usually carried in a car or other vehicle. Depending on tent size and the experience of the person or people involved, such tents can usually be assembled (pitched) in between 5 and 25 minutes; disassembly (striking) takes

5680-437: The task of laundering the clothes of Europeans, both Boers and British. "Laundering recalled the specialist craft of hide-dressing in which Zulu males engaged as izinyanga, a prestige occupation that paid handsomely." They created a guild structure, similar to a union, to guard their conditions and wages, evolving into "one, if not indeed the most, powerful group of African work-men in nineteenth-century Natal". In India, laundry

5760-495: The tents listed here had a canvas fabric and most used a substantial number of guy ropes (8 to 18). The guys had to be positioned and tensioned fairly precisely in order to pitch the tent correctly, so some training and experience were needed. Pup tents might use wooden or metal poles, but all the other styles mentioned here used wooden poles. These larger tents are seldom used for sleeping. Tent design has influenced many large modern buildings. These buildings have in turn influenced

5840-410: The use of a manual pump to inflate the airbeam to the desired level. Airbeams have the unique quality of bending, rather than breaking, when overloaded. Tents that use inflatable airbeams are structured almost identically to those that use flexible poles. Most of these tent styles are no longer generally available. Most of these are single-skin designs, with optional fly sheets for the ridge tents. All

5920-476: The water against which the wet laundry could be beaten. Such facilities were more comfortable and convenient than washing in a watercourse. Some lavoirs had the wash-basins at waist height, although others remained on the ground. The launderers were protected to some extent from rain, and their travel was reduced, as the facilities were usually at hand in the village or at the edge of a town. These facilities were public and available to all families, and usually used by

6000-537: The world, such as Native Americans , Mongolian, Turkic and Tibetan Nomads, and the Bedouin . Armies all over the world have long used tents as part of their working life. Tents are preferred by the military for their relatively quick setup and take down times, compared to more traditional shelters. One of the world's largest users of tents is the U.S. Department of Defense . The U.S. DoD has strict rules on tent quality and tent specifications. The most common tent uses for

6080-458: Was a women-only space where they could discuss issues or simply chat (cf the concept of the village pump ). Indeed, this tradition is reflected in the Catalan idiom " fer safareig " (literally, "to do the laundry"), which means to gossip. European cities also had public wash-houses. The city authorities wanted to give the poorer population, who would otherwise not have access to laundry facilities,

6160-415: Was developed in the 19th century — two long rollers in a frame and a crank to revolve them. A laundry-worker took sopping wet clothing and cranked it through the mangle, compressing the cloth and expelling the excess water. The mangle was much quicker than hand twisting. It was a variation on the box mangle used primarily for pressing and smoothing cloth. Meanwhile, 19th-century inventors further mechanized

6240-415: Was filled with water and a mixture of alkaline chemicals (sometimes including urine). The fuller stood in the tub and trampled the cloth, a technique known elsewhere as posting . The aim of this treatment was to apply the chemical agents to the cloth so that they could do their work, the resolving of greases and fats. These stalls are so typical of these workshops that they are used to identify fullonicae in

6320-497: Was still difficult to find places to stop along the route to these parks. Instead, it was common for motorists to pull off the road and set up camp on private property. This practice not only reinforced the negative, nomadic image of RV travelers, it was a detriment to expanding the trailer market. The Trailer Coach Manufacturers Association began to lobby states to establish sanitation standards and worked with civic and business leaders to establish additional campgrounds, emphasizing

6400-575: Was traditionally done by men. A washerman was called a dhobiwallah , and dhobi became the name of their caste group. A laundry-place is generally called a dhobi ghat ; this has given rise to place names where they work or worked, including Mahalaxmi Dhobi Ghat in Mumbai, Dhoby Ghaut in Singapore and Dhobi Ghaut in Penang, Malaysia. Until the early 1980s, when washing machines became more affordable in

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