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95-529: The Cambridge International Corpus is used to inform Cambridge University Press English Language Teaching publications as well as for research in corpus linguistics . Access is currently restricted to authors and researchers working on projects and publications for Cambridge University Press , and researchers at Cambridge English Language Assessment . It contains instances of modern written English, taken from newspapers, magazines, novels, letters, emails, textbooks, websites, and many other sources. Its spoken data

190-500: A master's degree in TESOL. University degrees in English language and literature or other specialist degrees may also be valuable. Some institutions consider proof of English proficiency, a university degree, and a basic teaching qualification sufficient. The academic qualification may not be paramount; a number of schools are more interested in interpersonal skills. For trainers wishing to enter

285-533: A resident registration number . Korean labour law provides all workers with severance pay equivalent to one month's salary, paid at the end of a contract. Most job contracts are for one year, and include entrance and exit plane tickets. Citizens of the US, Canada, and Australia receive their pension contributions and their employers' part of the pension contributions on leaving the country. Average 2015 starting pay for those with no previous teaching experience and no degree in

380-404: A Press & Assessment Board; and to an Academic Publishing Committee and an English Language Teaching & Education Publishing Committee. The Press & Assessment Board was responsible for setting overarching strategic direction. The Publishing Committees provide quality assurance and formal approval of the publishing strategy. The operational responsibility of the press was delegated by

475-506: A TEFL certificate. The Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) is a model that has eight components and thirty features. The main goal of the SIOP model is to help English teachers in helping students who are English language learners , but it is often used as a checklist by instructors which has been a critique of the model. Throughout the United States and in the world, the use of

570-443: A book burning". The press pointed out that, at that time, it had already sold most of its copies of the book. The press defended its actions, saying it had acted responsibly and that it was a global publisher with a duty to observe the laws of many different countries. In this case, originally filed in 2008, CUP et al. accused Georgia State University of infringement of copyright. The case closed on 29 September 2020, with GSU as

665-682: A bookshop in Cambridge, sells through Amazon, and has a conference venues business in Cambridge at the Pitt Building and the Sir Geoffrey Cass Sports and Social Centre. It also served as the King's Printer . Cambridge University Press, as part of the University of Cambridge, was a non-profit organization. Cambridge University Press joined The Association of American Publishers trade organization in

760-598: A foreign language has risen, and was expected to grow strongly through 2017. The number of EAFL (English as a foreign language) teachers in Australia rose to 8,300 in November 2012, and the projected number for 2017 was 9,500. The top three regions in Australia for employment as an EAFL teacher are New South Wales (49.5 percent), Victoria (29.7 percent), and Queensland (7.7 percent). English-language teaching in Bangladesh begins at

855-502: A foreign language. Studies indicate that the ability to speak English is an important component of transforming the Cambodian standard of living; English speakers are more likely to have better jobs, since the language is used to communicate with international businesses and organizations. Wang Keqiang wrote in 1986 that TEFL had existed in China for about one hundred years and was subject to

950-731: A full member of the association in 1997. The Peace Corps had 36 volunteers in Mongolia in 2024, many of whom are English teachers primarily teaching in rural areas with a low population density. In Ulaanbaatar , a small number of professional native-English-speakers teach at private institutes, universities, and some schools. In addition to foreign instructors from the major English-speaking countries, Filipinos teach in Mongolian schools, institutes, and large industrial or mining companies. Demand for native English speakers willing to teach in South Korea

1045-579: A higher salary to teachers who have completed any TEFL course, on- or offline, if the course meets the 100-hour-minimum requirement. Internet-based TEFL courses are generally accepted worldwide, particularly in Asia, where the largest job markets are in China, Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. The increase in online TEFL certificates has been criticized. Salaries depend on education, training, experience, seniority, and expertise. Employment conditions vary by country, depending on

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1140-676: A landmark agreement with the University of California. In its 2019 Annual Report, Cambridge University Press stated that it saw such agreements "as an important stepping stone in the transition to Open Access". In 2019, the press joined with the University of Cambridge 's research and teaching departments to give a unified response to Plan S , which calls for all publications resulting from publicly funded research to be published in compliant open access journals or platforms from 2020. The response emphasized Cambridge's commitment to an open access goal which works effectively for all academic disciplines,

1235-420: A number of steps involved in obtaining a visa to teach in China. In February 2017, the legal process for processing and awarding Z visas in China became stricter. Applicants must now have a criminal background check, at least a 120-hour TEFL certification, and a bachelor's degree from a Western university. Before a Chinese employer can issue an invitation letter to work in China, all documents must be notarized in

1330-444: A particular age range – usually between 20 and 40 years of age. In China, age requirements can differ due to provincial-government regulations. People under 19 may be able to teach TEFL, but usually in a volunteer situation such as a refugee camp. Private language schools are likely to require at least a certificate for the successful completion of a course with a minimum of 100 hours. Programs such as EPIK will offer

1425-518: A prerequisite for entering the government-funded Native-speaking English Teacher Scheme . Housing and other fringe benefits are provided, including holiday pay, participation in the Mandatory Provident Fund , and health insurance. Housing or rental support is the biggest incentive for foreign teachers, since housing costs in Hong Kong are some of the world's highest. When a teacher is part of

1520-440: A second ( TESL ) or foreign language ( TEFL ) and teaching English to speakers of other languages ( TESOL ) are terms that refer to teaching English to students whose first language is not English. The terms TEFL, TESL, and TESOL distinguish between a class's location and student population, and have become problematic due to their lack of clarity. TEFL refers to English-language programs conducted in countries where English

1615-406: A second language (TESL) refers to teaching English to students whose first language is not English. The teaching profession has used different names for TEFL and TESL; the generic "teaching English to speakers of other languages" (TESOL) is increasingly used, which covers TESL and TEFL as an umbrella term. Both native and non-native speakers train to be English-language teachers. To teach English as

1710-569: A second language to English-language learners (ELLs), passing a written and oral test in English to demonstrate proficiency is recommended but not always required. In California, there is an achievement gap between native and non-native English speakers. English language learners in secondary schools tend to get lower scores in Standard English tests for English Language Arts compared to their peers who are more proficient in English. Communicative language teaching (CLT) emphasizes interaction as

1805-448: A second wave of COVID-19, some schools hired ESL teachers in the belief that the pandemic would abate. English has been increasingly important in education, international trade, and cooperation in Laos since the 1990s. The government began to promote foreign direct investment, and the introduction of Laos as an observer at ASEAN in 1992 increased the importance of English; the country became

1900-457: A single platform to access its publishing ("the home of academic content from Cambridge University Press" ). It provided significantly enhanced interfaces and upgraded navigation capabilities, as well as article-level and chapter-level content selection. A year after Cambridge Core went live, the press launched Cambridge Core Share, functionality to allow users to generate and share links with free access to selected journal articles, an early sign of

1995-571: A state school. Demand for TEFL is high in countries which recently joined the European Union , and which tend to have a lower cost of living. Non-EU teachers usually find legal work there with less difficulty. The former Yugoslav countries have seen growth in private TEFL schools, and have recruited Anglophone teachers. Few foreign instructors work in Scandinavia , which has stricter immigration laws and relies on bilingual local teachers. In 2006,

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2090-667: A successful list which includes its first humanities title, Modern Language Review . 1956 saw the first issue of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics . The press has published 170+ Nobel Prize winners , the first in 1895. In 1913, the Monotype system of hot-metal mechanised typesetting was introduced at the press. In 1949, the press opened its first international branch in New York. The press moved to its current site in Cambridge in 1963. The mid-century modern building, University Printing House,

2185-603: A teacher. Multimodal learning in classrooms, like video making, can help English-language learning students especially with the rising demand that there is in terms of communication. Through video making, English-language learners (ELLs) are able to practice their literacy skills. There have also been discussions that schools should incorporate the use of multimodal literacies into classroom instruction which would greatly benefit English learning students. A TEFL qualification may be received online. Students can enroll in online classes that are accredited by organizations such as

2280-454: A very rich resource for researchers of spoken English. However, the data does have some limitations. Most people knew they were being recorded, and are chatting in informal situations such as while relaxing at home, with others of fairly equal social status. This means the interactions are generally consensual and collaborative, so the corpus has minimal evidence of conflict or adversarial exchanges The Cambridge University Press/Cornell Corpus

2375-507: Is a collection of spoken English recorded at hundreds of locations across the British Isles in a wide variety of situations (e.g. casual conversation, socialising, finding out information, and discussions). The CANCODE corpus is the result of a joint project between Cambridge University Press and the University of Nottingham . There are about five million words in the CANCODE corpus, and it's

2470-623: Is a large collection of informal, highly interactive, multiparty conversations between family/friends in North America. The Cambridge-Cornell corpus is the result of a joint project between Cambridge University Press and Cornell University . The Cambridge Corpus of Spoken North American English (CAMSNAE) is a large collection of spoken American English . It includes recordings of people going about their everyday life – at work, at home with their families, going shopping, having meals, etc. English Language Teaching Teaching English as

2565-481: Is actually no more than a department of the University, with no independent status of its own, governed by academic senior members of the University" and that it was not "an almost semi-independent 'international publisher'....Without adequate academic leadership, it would be all too easy for commercial concerns to override academic values, removing public benefit....If the Regent House does zippo to provide leadership on

2660-563: Is an NGO . The provinces and the Ministry of Education in Beijing govern public schools, but private schools have more freedom to set work schedules, pay, and requirements. English teaching salaries in China depend on a number of factors, including hours, location, fringe benefits and bonuses, public or private sector, and an applicant's qualifications, educational level, and work experience. Salaries have increased due to demand. A standard contract in

2755-490: Is considered an outdated term, because students may speak more than one language before they study English. TESOL is an umbrella term that includes TEFL and TESL programs, and is widely accepted in the field of English-language teaching. Students who are learning English in their home country, typically in a school, are EFL (English as a foreign language) students. More generally, students learning English are referred to as ELLs (English language learners). Teaching English as

2850-644: Is dropping. The number of native English speakers teaching in public schools dropped 7.7 percent in 2013, to 7,011. Most of the nation's provinces are removing foreign English teachers from their middle and high schools. Like Japan, Korea is nurturing a government-run program for teacher placement called the English Program in Korea (EPIK) . EPIK reported recruiting 6,831 foreign teachers to work in Korean public schools. There are several associations for English teachers in Korea;

2945-497: Is for a family of students or one family member. Teachers employed by schools usually cannot engage in paid tutoring or any other paid work, in accordance with their teaching contract. Most teachers contract with schools. Public school contracts are fairly standard, but private schools have their own requirements. Schools try to hire teachers from Anglophone countries; because of demand, however, others with good English-language skills and natural accents may find positions. There are

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3040-661: Is growing all the time. The exams currently included are: A unique feature of the Cambridge Learner Corpus is its error coding system. Language specialists identify and annotate errors in the exam scripts. This means that the Corpus can be used to find out about the frequency of different types of errors, the contexts that the errors are made in and the student groups that find particular language areas difficult. Authors of Cambridge English Language Teaching resources can use this information to target common errors – for example,

3135-539: Is less uniform, with salaries as high as ¥20,000 RMB per month for experienced applicants in major cities. Private positions tend to require more hours, may include teaching in a number of locations, and often require weekend and evening work schedules. Accommodation is not included, but schools typically offer a rent stipend. English teachers should have a bachelor's degree in any discipline, be at least 25 years old, and have at least two years of work experience. English teachers should be native speakers, with citizenship in

3230-609: Is not the primary language, and may be taught at a language school or by a tutor . For some jobs, the minimum TEFL requirement is a 100-hour course; the 120-hour course is recommended, however, since it may lead to higher-paid teaching positions. TEFL teachers may be native or non-native speakers of English. TESL and TESOL include English-language programs conducted in English-speaking countries. These classes often serve populations who have immigrated , temporarily or permanently, or whose families speak another language at home. TESL

3325-458: Is taken from many sources, including everyday conversations, telephone calls, radio broadcasts, presentations, speeches, meetings, TV programmes and lectures. The Cambridge Learner Corpus (CLC) is a collection of exam scripts written by students learning English, built in collaboration with Cambridge English Language Assessment. The CLC contains scripts from over 180,000 students, from around 200 countries, speaking 138 different first languages and

3420-482: Is the country's most commonly spoken, written, and read language of India; it functions as a link language , particularly in fields such as law, finance, education, and business. The popularity of English in India has posed problems for the country's regional and traditional languages. Hindi is India's official language, and English is recognized as the country's second official language for governmental work. In Japan ,

3515-519: Is the largest nonprofit organization for language teachers (mainly native English speakers), with nearly 3,000 members. Japan was praised for its first-wave reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic , and schools were able to hire instructors with business visas for a short time in the fall of 2020. The border was then closed to nearly all travelers in January 2021, except for Japanese nationals and residents. Despite

3610-450: Is the peak recruiting month, and many annual contracts run from October to June. Employers prefer graduate students with experience in teaching business English or teaching young learners. International schools hire experienced, qualified non-EU teachers. Education ministries in France and Spain offer opportunities for assistant language instructors in public schools. Part-time employment

3705-442: Is usually permitted with an education visa, which also requires attendance at an accredited EU college, university, institute, or other educational program. Despite claims by websites which sell courses, state schools often do not accept brief TEFL courses as a substitute for a university degree in English education. In Spain, a foreign teaching degree and passage of a civil-service examination ( oposiciones ) are required to teach in

3800-501: The British Council or Cambridge ESOL . There is no overarching accreditation body for TEFL, and for-profit companies have been known to invent accreditation affiliates. Study materials are divided into modules on which students are tested. Tutors who provide support can be reached via email . After successfully completing the last module, the student receives a certificate digitally or by postal mail. A number of employers require

3895-694: The British Council Bangladesh is a branch of the British Council ; Bangladesh is part of the Commonwealth of Nations . Demand for English teachers in Cambodia has increased. The country has a small population and depends on foreign aid for much of its economic development, however, limiting growth. Cambodia was ruled by the French from 1863 to 1953, and English was not the primary second language. The country experienced civil war and political turmoil from

Cambridge English Corpus - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-743: The Gold Open Access and Green Open Access requirements of major research funders. It published Gold Open Access journals and books and works with publishing partners such as learned societies to develop Open Access for different communities. It supports Green Open Access (also called Green archiving) across its journals and monographs, allowing authors to deposit content in institutional and subject-specific repositories. It also supports sharing on commercial sharing sites through its Cambridge Core Share service. In recent years it has entered into several Read & Publish Open Access agreements with university libraries and consortia in several countries, including

4085-634: The Hachette v. Internet Archive lawsuit which resulted in the removal of access to over 500,000 books from global readers. Cambridge University Press was the oldest university press in the world. It originated from letters patent granted to the University of Cambridge by Henry VIII in 1534. Cambridge was one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press ). Authors published by Cambridge have included John Milton , William Harvey , Isaac Newton , Bertrand Russell , and Stephen Hawking . University printing began in Cambridge when

4180-951: The JET Programme employs assistant language teachers and teaching assistants to work in Japanese high and elementary schools . Other teachers work in private Eikaiwa schools , universities, and as coordinators for international relations (CIRs) in government and on boards of education. The largest chains are Aeon and ECC , but the sector is not well-regulated. Nova (one of the largest chains with over 900 branches) collapsed in October 2007, leaving thousands of foreign teachers without income or – for some – housing. Agencies are increasingly used to send English speakers to kindergartens , primary schools, and private companies whose employees need to improve their business English . The Japan Association for Language Teaching (JALT)

4275-581: The United Arab Emirates (UAE), salaries vary by school (international or public school) and fringe benefits include housing, flights, and insurance. Teachers may be exploited by employers. Spain has been criticized for its large number of small-to-medium businesses (including TEFL schools) which routinely avoid employees' social-security contributions to maximize profits. Large European cities have established language schools or operated as agencies which send teachers to various locations. September

4370-577: The University of Cambridge , the University of Bedfordshire , the British Council and English UK. The project’s aim is to describe what learners know and can do in English at each level of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). The Cambridge English Corpus contains a number of specialized corpora: The Cambridge Business English Corpus is a large collection of British and American business language, including reports and documents, books relating to different aspects of business, and

4465-427: The 100 most sought after titles on Amazon.com and eBay in the United States. The press sent a letter to libraries asking them to remove copies from circulation. The press subsequently sent out copies of an "errata" sheet for the book. The American Library Association issued a recommendation to libraries still holding Alms for Jihad : "Given the intense interest in the book, and the desire of readers to learn about

4560-532: The 1850s. It was in this period that the press turned down what later became the Oxford English Dictionary – a proposal for which was brought to Cambridge by James Murray before he turned to Oxford. The press journals publishing programme began in 1893 with the Journal of Physiology and then the Journal of Hygiene and Biometrika . By 1910 the press had become a well-established journal publisher with

4655-546: The 1970s through the 1990s, which devastated the national education system (including second-language study). By 1979 An estimated 90 percent of schools had been destroyed and 75% of teachers were no longer working by 1979; foreign languages were not taught. In Cambodian schools today, however, English is taught from grade seven and is the most popular foreign language studied. Adults can learn English with informal education programs. Professional, institutional, and governmental motivations exist for teaching and learning English as

4750-557: The 2014 Hong Kong protests , and ethnic tensions in Xinjiang and Tibet . On 21 August 2017, in the face of growing international protests, Cambridge University Press announced it would immediately repost the articles to uphold the principle of academic freedom on which the university's work was founded. In a discussion reported in the Cambridge University Reporter , D.K.K.Chow declared, "Without academic leadership on

4845-565: The Act) was not exercised in the course of the actual carrying out of a primary purpose of the University". In November 1975, with CUP facing financial collapse, CUP's chief executive Geoffrey Cass wrote a 60-page "preliminary letter" to the Inland Revenue again seeking tax-exemption. A year later Cass's application was granted in a letter from the Inland Revenue, though the decision was not made public. After consulting CUP, Cambridge's 'sister' press,

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4940-527: The Australian Bureau of Statistics reported 4,747 female English as a foreign language teachers (80.1 percent) and 1,174 male teachers (19.8 percent). Despite the 2007–2008 financial crisis , the number of international students attending universities in Australia remained high. Four hundred sixty-two thousand international students paid full fees in Australia in August 2013, with students from China and India

5035-537: The Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary contains ‘Common mistake’ features which highlight frequent learner errors. Conversely, the error coding system also reveals what students can achieve at each level. This is central to the work of English Profile , a collaborative programme to enhance the learning, teaching and assessment of English worldwide. The founding partners are Cambridge University Press , Cambridge English Language Assessment ,

5130-472: The English language was from US$ 1,800 to $ 2,200. There are four main places to work in South Korea: universities, private schools, public schools (EPIK), and private language academies ( hagwons ). Private language academies (in 2005, over thirty thousand such academies taught English), the most common teaching location in Korea, can be for classes of schoolchildren, homemakers, university students (often at

5225-674: The NET scheme, they can move from school to school after completing a (normal) two-year contract. Therefore, a teacher with a strong track record has a lot of opportunities to land an ideal position at a perfect school. Public and private schools are looking for TEFL qualifications listed with the Hong Kong Council for Accreditation of Vocational and Academic Qualifications and the Hong Kong Education Bureau . Missionary schools in Macau were

5320-653: The Press Syndicate (formerly Curators)...However, the Council's report proposes a Press and Assessment Syndicate, without such academic leadership....The proposed change in composition of the Syndicate...is in stark contrast to the arguments used by the Press to obtain its current tax exemption. In a landmark letter to the Inland Revenue in 1975, Sir Geoffrey Cass, then Chief Executive of the Press, wrote: "The Press of Cambridge University

5415-609: The Press and Assessment Syndicate, treating Cambridge University Press and Cambridge Assessment as cash cows, there is little reason for the University to continue owning them." In 2007, controversy arose over the press's decision to destroy all remaining copies of its 2006 book Alms for Jihad: Charity and Terrorism in the Islamic World , by Burr and Collins, as part of the settlement of a lawsuit brought by Saudi billionaire Khalid bin Mahfouz . Within hours, Alms for Jihad became one of

5510-426: The SIOP model has led to positive results among students. The SIOP model also helps expand background knowledge and it can be used in inductive learning environments which as a result can help English learning students academically. Qualification requirements vary by country and among employers in a country. A number of institutions do not require a degree or teaching certificate, but some require native speakers with

5605-505: The Syndics to the secretary of the syndicate and chief executive. In 2020 the university announced its decision to merge Cambridge University Press with Cambridge Assessment . Until August 2021, Cambridge University Press had three publishing groups: From 1 August 2021 onwards, Cambridge University Press became solely the academic and bible publishing division of Cambridge University Press & Assessment . The English and education arms of

5700-451: The US, Canada, the UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, or South Africa. These rules are often waived due to demand; schools can obtain work permits for teachers who do not meet the minimum standards, although this is less common in the major cities. The Ministry of Education is increasing enforcement of its requirements for foreign English language teachers; enforcement includes fines, suspension, or

5795-438: The University of Cambridge. The press has, since 1698, been governed by the press 'Syndics' (originally known as the 'Curators'), 18 senior members of the University of Cambridge who, along with other non-executive directors, bring a range of subject and business expertise. The chair of the syndicate was currently Professor Stephen Toope (Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge ). The syndicate has delegated its powers to

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5890-412: The academic field, publications about English use can be as important as qualifications. Where there is a high demand for teachers and no statutory requirements, employers may accept otherwise-unqualified candidates. Acceptance depends on the demand for English teachers and the teacher's previous teaching and life experiences. The TEFL industry and language schools have settled on 100 hours of coursework as

5985-548: The applicant's home country and verified in China after they are posted to the Chinese employer; this is in addition to the visa process. It can take about three months from receiving a job offer to beginning work in China. A number of English-teaching institutions have opened in Hong Kong ; private companies include Headstart Group and English for Asia, but some treat native-speaking foreigners dishonestly. A TEFL qualification has become

6080-727: The business sections from many national newspapers. The Cambridge Business English Corpus also includes the Cambridge and Nottingham Spoken Business English Corpus (CANBEC), the result of a joint project between Cambridge University Press and the University of Nottingham . This is a collection of recordings of English from companies of all sizes, ranging from big multinational companies to small partnerships. It contains formal and informal meetings, presentations, telephone conversations, lunchtime conversations, and spoken language from other business situations. The Cambridge Legal English Corpus contains books, journals and newspaper articles relating to

6175-442: The closure of non-compliant institutions. Public schools usually pay during vacations, but not for summer break unless the teacher renews the contract. Many private schools have shorter vacation schedules, and may pay for days allowed for vacation. Company jobs vary by the number of employees trained. Companies may employ a teacher for one or two classes, or 14 to 16 hours a week. Tutoring also varies, dependent on whether teaching

6270-580: The controversy first hand, we recommend that U.S. libraries keep the book available for their users." The publisher's decision did not have the support of the book's authors and was criticized by some who claimed it was incompatible with freedom of speech and with freedom of the press and that it indicated that English defamation laws were excessively strict. In the New York Times Book Review (7 October 2007), United States Congressman Frank R. Wolf described Cambridge's settlement as "basically

6365-407: The exemption of its printing and publishing profits from taxation, equivalent to charitable status. After a November 1940 Inland Revenue hearing, CUP's application was refused "on the ground that, since the Press was printing and publishing for the outside world and not simply for the internal use of the University, the Press's trade went beyond the purpose and objects of the University and (in terms of

6460-589: The first practising University Printer, Thomas Thomas, set up a printing house in 1584. The first publication was a book, Two Treatises of the Lord His Holie Supper . In 1591, the first Cambridge Bible was printed by John Legate and in 1629, Cambridge folio edition of the King James Bible was printed by Thomas and John Buck. In July 1697, the Duke of Somerset made a loan of £200 to the university "towards

6555-449: The first to teach English during the early 17th century. Despite its being a former Portuguese colony, about 1.5 percent of Macau's population speak English; the rest speak varieties of Chinese . The most popular foreign language in schools is English, which is usually spoken by those engaged in commerce and tourism. Beginning in 1759, English has been taught in India . After Hindi , English

6650-601: The giant Oxford University Press presented their own submission and received similar exemption. In 2003 OUP's tax exemption was publicly attacked by Joel Rickett of The Bookseller in The Guardian . In 2007, with the new 'public benefit' requirement of the revised Charities Act, the issue was re-examined with particular reference to the OUP. In 2008 CUP's and OUP's privilege was attacked by rival publishers. In 2009 The Guardian invited author Andrew Malcolm to write an article on

6745-526: The largest one with a significant number of native speakers is Korea TESOL . Institutions commonly provide round-trip airfare and a rent-free apartment for a one-year contract. On 15 March 2008, visa rules changed; prospective teachers must undergo a medical examination and a criminal background check, produce an original degree certificate, and provide sealed transcripts. On arrival in South Korea, teachers must undergo another medical check before they receive

6840-498: The law and legal processes. The Cambridge Financial English Corpus contains texts relating to economics and finance, including leading financial magazines and newspapers. The Cambridge Academic English Corpus contains written and spoken academic language at undergraduate and post-graduate level from a range of US and UK institutions, including lectures, seminars, student presentations, journals, essays and text books. The Cambridge and Nottingham Corpus of Discourse in English (CANCODE)

6935-571: The level of economic development and residential desirability. In relatively-poor countries, a low wage may provide a comfortable middle-class lifestyle . EFL teachers often focus on East Asian countries such as China, South Korea, and Japan, where demand is high. The Middle East is often cited as one of the best-paying regions, although better qualifications are usually needed: at least a Certificate in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (CELTA) and one or two years of experience. In

7030-409: The matter, the University's basic ethical values were cast aside by commercial considerations. This instigated public debate, which would have been avoided had academic leadership been more vigilant, causing unnecessary damage to the University's reputation. The Press statement explained that lack of academic leadership was to blame: 'This decision was taken as a temporary measure pending discussion with

7125-523: The means and goal of learning a language. Despite criticism, it continues to be popular in Japan , Taiwan , and Europe. The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) of India has also adopted this approach in its affiliated schools in the country. The task-based language learning approach to CLT has gained ground. Proponents believe that CLT develops and improves speaking, writing, listening, and reading skills, preventing students from listening passively to

7220-528: The minimum standard for a recognized or accredited TEFL course. Asian countries, particularly Thailand, tend to hire TEFL teachers based on superficial criteria such as race; Caucasian native speakers are preferred. Parents expect an American or British TEFL teacher, and schools will not risk a declining enrollment. Age or gender requirements might also be encountered. In some countries outside Europe and America (such as Middle Eastern countries), schools might prefer men to women or vice versa and hire teachers in

7315-407: The organisation merged with the equivalent departments of Cambridge Assessment to form new, merged divisions. In 2011, Cambridge University Press adopted SAP software. Cambridge University Press works closely with IT services firm Tech Mahindra on SAP, and with Cognizant and Wipro on other systems. In 2016, Cambridge Books Online and Cambridge Journals Online were replaced by Cambridge Core –

7410-593: The policies and politics of the times. TEFL in China began in the second half of the 19th century with the Westernization movement introduced by Qing dynasty officials. The movement brought Western culture and trade, and some Chinese officials saw the need to learn English. Tongwenguan, the first institute for teaching the language, was founded in 1862 and became part of Beijing Normal University in 1901. Opportunities exist in preschools, universities, private schools and institutes, companies, and tutoring; Teach For China

7505-405: The press's commitment to open research. In 2020, partnered with online library Perlego to offer students access to digital textbooks. In 2021, the press acquired CogBooks. The technology adapts and responds to users, "recommending course material needed to optimise learning". In 2021, the press began migrating its website onto Drupal . In May 1940, CUP applied to the Inland Revenue for

7600-437: The prevailing party. On 18 August 2017, following an "instruction" from a Chinese import agency, Cambridge University Press used the functionality that had been built into Cambridge Core to temporarily delete politically sensitive articles from The China Quarterly on its Chinese website. The articles focused on topics China regards as taboo, including the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre , Mao Zedong 's Cultural Revolution ,

7695-433: The primary level and continues through high school. Although Bengali is the official state language and the mother tongue of almost 97 percent of the population, English is widely spoken in the country as a result of two centuries of regional British colonial rule and is used in formal day-to-day activities. Almost all colleges and other higher-education institutions provide programs in English language and literature, and

7790-501: The printing house and press" and James Halman , Registrary of the university, lent £100 for the same purpose. A new home for the press, The Pitt Building, on Trumpington Street in the centre of Cambridge was completed in 1833, which was designed by Edward Blore . It became a listed building in 1950. In the early 1800s, the press pioneers the development of stereotype printing , allowing successive printings from one setting. The press began using steam-powered machine presses by

7885-523: The public-school system generally entails less than 20 hours of teaching time with weekends off, accommodations, a flight stipend or reimbursement (for one-year contracts), paid public holidays, medical insurance, and Z-visa (work permit) sponsorship. These positions offer a monthly base salary of ¥6,000–7,000 RMB in smaller cities and rural areas. In larger cities such as Beijing, Shanghai , Shenzhen and Guangzhou , these positions offer over ¥10,000 RMB per month due to higher living costs. The private sector

7980-430: The scans on the website their only public source. In 2021, the documents were cited in a discussion on the formation of Cambridge University Press & Assessment reported in the Cambridge University Reporter . D.D.K.Chow of Trinity College, expressed concerns about the lack of academic leadership of the new body: "For 323 years, the Press has been tightly controlled under the University's academic leadership through

8075-454: The shop expanded into 27 Market Hill where its specialist Education and English Language Teaching shop opened the following year. The press bookshop sells Press books as well as Cambridge souvenirs such as mugs, diaries, bags, postcards, maps. In 1993, the Cass Centre was opened to provide sports and social facilities for employees and their families. In 1999, Cambridge Dictionaries Online

8170-524: The subject. In 2007, from the National Archives at Kew, Malcolm obtained scans of CUP's unsuccessful applications for tax-exemption made in the 1940s and 1950s and their later successful applications in the 1970s. He then indexed and posted these on the Akmedea website. Late in 2020, the papers held at Kew were withdrawn from public access and ruled closed for 50 years until 1 January 2029. This rendered

8265-516: The teacher without interacting. Dogme is a similar communicative approach that encourages teaching without published textbooks, focusing on conversation by learners and teacher. Blended learning is a combination of multimedia elements (also known as computer-assisted language learning ) in a virtual learning environment (VLE) with classroom instruction, a teacher, and peers. It uses technology to provide large amounts of comprehensible input to learners through video and other types of media without

8360-516: The two largest markets. International students applying to Australian universities had been required to be tested, and were accepted according to their academic performance and English-language proficiency. Australian universities now provide alternative pathways to higher-education programs to allow international students to improve their English-language and academic preparation. Alternative pathways include foundation studies and intensive English-language courses. Employment for teachers of English as

8455-401: The university), or businesspeople. Hagwons can be small and independent or part of a large chain, and foreigners should be aware of all the education laws of their school of employment before going overseas. Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press was the university press of the University of Cambridge . Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it

8550-480: Was called Cambridge University Press & Assessment . In 2022, Amira Bennison was elected chair of the Cambridge University Press academic committee, replacing Kenneth Armstrong. Cambridge University Press has stated its support for a sustainable transition to open access . It offers a range of open access publishing options under the heading of Cambridge Open, allowing authors to comply with

8645-423: Was constructed in 1961–1963. The building was designed by Beard, Bennett, Wilkins and Partners. In 1975, the press launched its English language teaching publishing business. In 1981, the press moved to a new site on Shaftsbury Road. The Edinburgh Building was purpose-built with an adjoining warehouse to accommodate the press's expansion. It was built in 1979–80 by International Design and Construction. The site

8740-514: Was demolished in 2017 to make way for the construction of Cambridge Assessment 's Triangle Building. In 1989, the press acquired the long-established Bible and prayer-book publisher Eyre & Spottiswoode , which gave the press the ancient and unique title of The Queen's Printer. In 1992, the press opened a bookshop at 1 Trinity Street, Cambridge , which was the oldest-known bookshop site in Britain as books have been sold there since 1581. In 2008

8835-572: Was financially sustainable for institutions and high-quality peer review, and which leads to an orderly transition. The press was a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association and the International Association of STM Publishers. In 2023, more than 50 per cent of Cambridge University Press research articles are in open access mode. Cambridge University Press was a non-teaching department of

8930-512: Was launched. In 2012, the press sold its printing operation to MPG Books Group and now uses third parties around the world to provide its print publications. In 2019, the press released a new concept in scholarly publishing through Cambridge Elements where authors whose works are either too short to be printed as a book or too long to qualify as a journal article could have these published within 12 weeks. In 2021, Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessment . The new organisation

9025-589: Was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessment to form Cambridge University Press and Assessment under Queen Elizabeth II 's approval in August 2021. With a global sales presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40 countries , it published over 50,000 titles by authors from over 100 countries. Its publications include more than 420 academic journals , monographs , reference works , school and university textbooks, and English language teaching and learning publications. It also published Bibles, runs

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