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108-602: In 2019, the CWHL ceased operations, as well as all teams that it directly operated – including the Inferno. The Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) announced on April 19, 2011, that it would merge with the Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) for the 2011–12 season. The merger featured one team based in Edmonton and Calgary as a combination of the former WWHL franchises

216-694: A "Dream Gap" tour to showcase top-level women's hockey. In 2022, the PWHPA entered a partnership with Mark Walter and Billie Jean King , whose business enterprises went on to purchase the PHF in 2023. The PWHPA then organized a formal union and negotiated a collective bargaining agreement as part of the establishment of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL), which began play in January 2024 with six teams in Canada and

324-598: A city, with York following suit in 1983 and Etobicoke and Scarborough in 1984, although still part of the Metropolitan Toronto municipal government. In 1992, the Ontario government passed legislation requiring Metropolitan Toronto to include the rest of the Greater Toronto Area into its planning. However, there was fear different parts of the municipal system were working against one another. Therefore, Bob Rae ,

432-510: A compromise was struck, which resulted in the creation of Metropolitan Toronto . In 1953, the portion of York County south of Steeles Avenue , a concession road which formed a common boundary between several townships across the width of the county, was severed from it and incorporated as the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. With the concession of Metro Toronto, the offices of York County were moved from Toronto to Newmarket . Originally,

540-552: A goal, providing her with seven points in the first five games of her CWHL career, a new franchise record for the Inferno. At the 3rd CWHL All-Star Game in 2017, Jillian Saulnier and Jess Jones both scored a hat trick, becoming the first competitors in CWHL All-Star Game history to achieve the feat. Updated August 8, 2018. In preparation of its first season, the Team Alberta CWHL selected several players during

648-504: A growth in the acreage of farmland are Aurora, Georgina, Newmarket, Oshawa, Richmond Hill, and Scugog, with Markham experiencing no growth or decline. Most of the GTA's farmland is in Durham Region, with 55% of their total land area being farmland. This is followed by York Region with 41% of their lands being farmland, Peel Region with 34%, and Halton Region with 41%. Toronto's remaining farmland

756-606: A large North American urban agglomeration, the GTA has very few agencies with powers that can cross boundaries. Attempts to create an interregional organization have been made, such as the Province of Ontario's Office of the Greater Toronto Area (OGTA) in 1988 and the Greater Toronto Services Board (GTSB) in 1998, but they have failed by the lack of real authority in those agencies. Consequently, there are few interregional public authorities: Metrolinx , an agency of

864-419: A large part of land in the surrounding four regional municipalities. Census data from 2006 has shown there are 3,707 census farms in the GTA, down 4.2 percent from 2001 and covering 274,363 ha (677,970 acres). Almost every community in the GTA is currently experiencing a decrease in the acreage of farmland, with Mississauga seeing the most significant one. The only communities in the GTA that are experiencing

972-504: A number of prominent incumbents from both the NDP and the Conservatives. The Liberals took all of Toronto itself. They also took back almost all of the suburban ridings they had lost in 2011. Both the NDP and the Conservatives suffered heavily as their support collapsed in the inner city and the suburbs respectively. Only a few Conservatives held onto their seats in the outer ring of the GTA, while

1080-568: A special draft of the league held on July 21, 2011, in Mississauga, Ontario. Reference Canadian Women%27s Hockey League The Canadian Women's Hockey League ( CWHL ; French : Ligue canadienne de hockey féminin ‒ LCHF ) was a women's ice hockey league. Established in 2007 as a Canadian women's senior league in the Greater Toronto Area , Montreal , and Ottawa , the league expanded into Alberta (2011) and internationally in

1188-460: A strong base within the GTA. The Greater Toronto Area has the ability to influence election results and determine the governing party in Canada, due in part to its large population and riding count. From 1993 to 2011 , a centre-right party failed to win a single seat in the former Metro Toronto. In the 2011 election, however, a surge in NDP support combined with a collapse in Liberal support allowed

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1296-859: A structural reorganization, which it considered a relaunch. Changes included the Chiefs, Ottawa Senators , and Vaughan Flames ceasing operations; the addition of a new Toronto team; and expansion into the United States with a team in Boston. This left the league with five teams: Montreal, Brampton, and the Burlington Barracudas , along with the Boston Blades and the Toronto Furies (who were referred to simply as Toronto CWHL during their inaugural season). The league also held its first draft in 2010 , although it

1404-557: A tentative proposal to develop a new airport in Pickering , which would also extend over into Markham and Uxbridge. As the GTAA predicts Toronto Pearson would be unable to be the sole provider for the bulk of Toronto's commercial air traffic in the next 20 years from the report's publication in 2004 (i.e. in 2024), it believes that a new airport in Pickering would address the need for a regional/reliever airport east of Toronto Pearson and complement

1512-563: A total population of 6.202 million residents, making it the nation's largest , and the 10th-largest in North America. However, the Greater Toronto Area, which is an economic area defined by the Government of Ontario , includes communities that are not included in the CMA, as defined by Statistics Canada . Extrapolating the data for all 25 communities in the Greater Toronto Area from the 2021 Census,

1620-467: A way the new municipalities would have a population between 400,000 and 800,000. The Town of Markham had similarly advocated municipal consolidation in York Region but opposed to complete consolidation into a single municipality. Municipal consolidation faced stiff opposition, however. from smaller communities such as Ajax, Milton, and the borough of East York. The task force's recommendation to eliminate

1728-798: Is also home to the headquarters of the Toronto Stock Exchange and the Standard and Poor TSX Composite Index and offices of the TSX Venture Exchange . The TMX Group , the owners and operators of TSX Exchanges as well as the Montreal Exchange , are also headquartered in Toronto. The TSX and the TSX Venture Exchange represent 3,369 companies, including more than half of the world's publicly-traded mining companies. Markham also attracted

1836-587: Is bordered by Lake Ontario to the south, Kawartha Lakes to the east, the Niagara Escarpment to the west, and Lake Simcoe to the north. The region creates a natural ecosystem known as the Greater Toronto Bioregion . The Greater Toronto Area forms part of the neck of the Ontario Peninsula . Vast parts of the region remain farmland and forests, making it one of the distinctive features of

1944-627: Is completely within Rouge Park in the Rouge Valley . The average size of the farm in the GTA (74 ha [183 acres]) is much lower than the farms in the rest of Ontario (averaging 94 ha [233 acres]). This has been attributed to the shift of farm types in the GTA from the traditional livestock and cash crop farms (requiring an extensive land base), towards more intensive enterprises including greenhouse, floriculture , nursery, vegetable, fruit, sheep and goats. The most numerous farm types in

2052-451: Is involved in construction. Although the service industry makes up only 51% of Greater Toronto's workforce, over 72% of the region's GDP is generated by service industries. The largest industry in the Greater Toronto Area is the financial services in the province, accounting for an estimated 25% of the region's GDP. Notably, the five largest banks in Canada all have their operational headquarters in Toronto's Financial District . Toronto

2160-442: Is made up of approximately 2.9 million people and more than 100,000 companies The Greater Toronto Area produces nearly 20 percent of the entire nation's GDP with $ 323 billion, and from 1992 to 2002, experienced an average GDP growth rate of 4.0 per cent and a job creation rate of 2.4 per cent (compared with the national average GDP growth rate of 3 per cent and job creation rate of 1.6 per cent). The Greater Toronto Area has

2268-515: Is more common, and the average temperature falls close to or just below 0 °C (32 °F). The Greater Toronto Area is a commercial, distribution, financial and economic centre and is the second-largest financial centre in North America. The region generates about a fifth of Canada's GDP and is home to 40 per cent of Canada's business headquarters. The economies of the municipalities in Greater Toronto are largely intertwined. The work force

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2376-621: Is now Halton Region, Toronto, Peel Region, York Region and parts of Durham Region. The GTA saw three American incursions during the War of 1812 . The Town of York (present-day Toronto) was attacked by American forces at Battle of York , on April 27, 1813; and was subsequently occupied until May 8. The second incursion occurred several months later, in July 1813, with two landings in the GTA. On July 29, American forces landed at Burlington Beach (present-day Burlington) in an attempt to dislodge British forces at

2484-740: Is required throughout the GTA. In March 2013, two additional area codes were introduced to the GTA: area code 437 in Toronto and area code 365 in the area served by 905 and 289. Since the 2015 election, the Greater Toronto Area has been represented by 58 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada . Forty-six Members of the Provincial Parliament also represent the GTA in the Ontario Legislature . Five Senators from Ontario have also designated themselves as representatives of certain areas in

2592-458: Is served by seven distinct telephone area codes . Before 1993, the GTA used the 416 area code . In a 1993 zone split, Metropolitan Toronto retained the 416 code, while the other municipalities of the Greater Toronto Area were assigned the new area code 905 . This division by area code has become part of the local culture to the point where local media refer to something inside Toronto as "the 416" and outside of Toronto as "the 905". For example,

2700-540: Is smaller than the land area and population of the GTA planning area. For example, Oshawa is the centre of its own CMA, yet deemed part of the Greater Toronto Area, while other municipalities, such as New Tecumseth in southern Simcoe County and Mono Township in Dufferin County are included in the Toronto CMA but not in the GTA. These different border configurations result in the GTA's population being higher than

2808-529: Is the fifth most populous in North America . It is part of the Great Lakes megalopolis , containing an estimated 59.1 million people in 2011. The term " Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area " (GTHA) refers to the GTA, and the city of Hamilton , located along the western border of the Greater Toronto Area. The term has been adopted by several organizations, including Metrolinx and the Ministry of Energy ) because of

2916-1155: Is warm on average to hot and moderately humid with high temperatures typically between 24 and 31 °C (75 and 88 °F), while low temperatures average between 15 °C (59 °F) in the suburbs and 18 to 20 °C (64 to 68 °F) downtown and near the lake. Although fairly sunny, summers have long stretches of humid conditions that give rise to frequent thunderstorm activity, and very heavy rainfall sometimes results in flash flooding. Heat wave conditions with temperatures between 32 and 35 °C (90 and 95 °F) are common but typically do not last long, and rarely temperatures rarely reach 38 °C (100 °F). Humidex values can be high during heat episodes; at their highest, they have exceeded 50 °C (122 °F). Immediate lakeshore locations have generally lower average maximum temperatures but they can also experience hot conditions when offshore winds prevail. Normally, autumns alternate between wet and dry with lengthy periods of mild and calm weather. Temperatures fall and windspeeds increase sharply in November. By December, cold and snowy weather

3024-608: The 2011 election , the Liberals won 33 of the 44 available seats in the GTA, allowing Premier Dalton McGuinty to hold onto a minority government. The 2014 election under McGuinty's successor, Kathleen Wynne , was an even bigger electoral landslide for the Liberals, as they won 38 seats in the region. They even took several ridings in territory that had voted PC for decades, like Durham, Burlington, Newmarket-Aurora and Halton. The PCs hold no seats in Peel Region and only one seat in each of

3132-661: The American Revolution , when various individuals petitioned the Crown for land in and around the Toronto area. In 1787, the British negotiated the purchase of more than a quarter million acres (1,000 km  [390 sq mi]) of land in the area of Toronto with the Mississaugas of New Credit . York County , would later be created by Governor John Graves Simcoe in 1792, which would at its largest size, comprise all of what

3240-514: The Edmonton Chimos and Strathmore Rockies . The team would play their games in various locations around Alberta. Strathmore Rockies founder, Samantha Holmes-Domagala , joined the sponsorship division of the CWHL to look after the requirements of the expansion team. On July 21, 2011, philanthropist Joan Snyder donated $ 2 million to WinSport Canada with the goal of ensuring priority rink access to female hockey players at all levels and help expand

3348-611: The Gulf of Mexico . Known as the " Toronto Passage ", it followed the Humber River , as an important overland shortcut between Lake Ontario, Lake Simcoe and the upper Great Lakes . For this reason the area, under French fur traders , became a major part of the North American fur trade . The French would later establish three trading forts, Magasin Royal in the 1720s, although abandoned within

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3456-611: The Manitoba Maple Leafs —as independent teams without a league to play in. The new CWHL team was initially called Team Alberta; it adopted the unofficial Alberta Honeybadgers moniker for its second season, before settling on becoming the Calgary Inferno in 2013. These developments also led to the Clarkson Cup becoming the playoff championship trophy solely for the CWHL. Changes continued in 2012 with Burlington folding and

3564-664: The Neutral , the Seneca , the Mohawk and the Huron nations were living in the vicinity. The Mississaugas arrived in the late 17th or early 18th century, driving out the occupying Iroquois . While it is unclear as to who was the first European to reach the Toronto area, there is no question it occurred in the 17th century. The area would later become very crucial for its series of trails and water routes that led from northern and western Canada to

3672-670: The Ontario Progressive Conservatives , Ontario Liberals , and the Ontario New Democrats all hold electoral districts in the GTA. While the GTA provided a strong base of support for the Progressive Conservative government between 1995 and 2003, the Ontario Liberal Party achieved a major victory in the GTA during the 2003 election and has enjoyed strong support from the region ever since. In

3780-605: The Premier of Ontario , appointed Anne Golden to head a GTA task force to govern the region's quality of life, competitiveness and governance. During this time, the Metro Toronto government advocated to the task force the creation of a new GTA authority, which would be made up of 21 of the 30 existing municipalities in the GTA at the time. The proposal from Metro Toronto would have resulted in 15 new municipalities. The City of Mississauga argued consolidation should take place only in such

3888-689: The Raptors 905 basketball team in the NBA G League is named after the area code the team represents. Though for the most part, the use of the area 905 as shorthand for the suburban areas outside Toronto city limits was correct, it is not entirely true as some portions of Durham and York Regions use the 705 area code . Furthermore, there are areas, such as Hamilton , the Regional Municipality of Niagara and Port Hope (in Northumberland County ) that use

3996-514: The Toronto Islands near downtown, is used for civil aviation, air ambulance traffic and regional scheduled airlines (it handled nearly two million passengers in 2012). There are also a number of smaller airports scattered throughout the GTA. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) uses YTO as a code for multiple airports in the area, including those without passenger service. The Greater Toronto Airport Authority has also placed

4104-569: The United States (2010) and China (2017) throughout its tenure. The league discontinued operations on May 1, 2019 , after 12 seasons. For most of its existence, the CWHL was registered as an amateur association but was considered the top women's hockey league in North America. The National Women's Hockey League, later re-branded the Premier Hockey Federation , launched in the US in 2015 and

4212-604: The Vanke Rays , both based in Shenzhen . The expansion plan was designed to help Chinese hockey development in preparation for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics , while bringing significant partnership revenue to the CWHL. In order to minimize travel, each North American team made one trip to China to play a four-game series, while the Chinese teams likewise had road games in North America grouped into sets. Kunlun Red Star's debut season

4320-552: The following season . The CWHL did not have an individual playoff champion in 2010 but instead had a Clarkson Cup qualifying playoff. The Stars and Chiefs qualified for the Cup tournament from their regular season records and the Thunder qualified through the playoff. The Thunder then played into the Clarkson Cup final but lost to the Whitecaps. Prior to the 2010–11 season , the league underwent

4428-565: The hot summer subtype . Precipitation averages 832 mm (32.8 in) annually, which is fairly distributed through the year but is driest in later winter with higher average totals in the later summer. In winter, typical high temperatures will range from −5 to 3 °C (23 to 37 °F) and low temperatures from −12 to −5 °C (10 to 23 °F). Cold arctic outbreaks keep daytime highs below −10 °C (14 °F) for several daysmmbut that does not occur in every winter, and low temperatures sometimes drop below −18 °C (0 °F), with

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4536-587: The regional municipalities of Durham , Halton , Peel , and York . In total, the region contains 25 urban, suburban, and rural municipalities. The Greater Toronto Area begins in Burlington in Halton Region to the west, and extends along Lake Ontario past downtown Toronto eastward to Clarington in Durham Region. According to the 2021 census , the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) of Toronto has

4644-599: The regional municipalities . The main airport serving the GTA is Toronto Pearson International Airport in Mississauga, which is Canada's largest and busiest airport. It processed over 47 million passengers in 2017 and nearly 50 million passengers in 2018. Toronto Pearson International Airport is operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA). John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in nearby Hamilton also handles international flights, handles some discount flights and charters, and acts as an alternative to Pearson. The Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport , on

4752-458: The 2014 election and held only two seats in the city. That is no longer the case since the 2018 provincial election , as the Progressive Conservatives and the NDP made significant gains at the expense of the Liberals; that continues to hold true in the 2022 provincial election . In 2011, 244 politicians govern the Greater Toronto Area below the provincial and federal levels, holding offices in cities, towns, and regional municipalities. Unusual for

4860-416: The 905 area code) was introduced in July 2001. Some individuals within the 905 area code region may have to dial long distance to reach each other; although residents of Mississauga and Hamilton share the same area code (905), an individual from Toronto, for example, would have to dial " 1 " to reach Hamilton, but not to reach Mississauga. Ten-digit telephone dialling , including the area code for local calls,

4968-429: The 905 area code, but are not part of the GTA. The unincorporated community of Acton (in Halton Hills ), is the only community in the GTA that uses the 519 area code , which covers most of Southwestern Ontario . To meet the increased demand for phone numbers, two overlay area codes were introduced in 2001. Area code 647 (supplementing the 416 area code) was introduced in March 2001 and area code 289 (supplementing

5076-428: The CWHL also announced a partnership with You Can Play , an LGTBQ organization, to promote inclusiveness—it was the first league to partner with the organization. In early 2015, the CWHL began working with entrepreneur Dani Rylan to establish an expansion team in New York. However, Rylan ultimately changed plans and instead announced the establishment of a new National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) with four teams in

5184-399: The CWHL and NWHL, noting that the Chinese partnership had kept the league operating during the previous two seasons. The board of directors stated that it owed its players more than the league could continue to provide, suggested that there may only be room for one women's league, and encouraged the players to push any successor leagues to pay a livable wage. Players were not consulted prior to

5292-409: The CWHL versus the Burlington Barracudas . Laura Dostaler scored the first goal in Team Alberta history in a 4–2 victory. Other goals were scored by Meghan Hunter, Jenna Cunningham and Courtney Sawchuk. On September 23, 2013, after two years without an official name, the team was announced as the Calgary Inferno at the Calgary Flames ' arena, Scotiabank Saddledome , prior to a pre-season game between

5400-480: The CWHL with the creation of Team Alberta. Part of the donation covered the new addition to the Athletic and Ice Complex at Canada Olympic Park in Calgary and serve as the future home to Hockey Canada . It also included four hockey rinks, one of which was called the Joan Snyder Rink. Team Alberta would benefit with the allocation of free practice time, a dressing room exclusive to the club. The Joan Snyder Rink give priority to women's hockey bookings, but it also served as

5508-402: The Conservatives to win eight seats in Toronto itself, and another 24 in the suburbs. Toronto's political leanings now appeared to mirror those of surrounding communities that leaned toward the Conservatives. The election of 2011 showed Liberal support, based on votes in the GTA, had collapsed from 43.7% to 30.6%, giving the Liberals only 14.9% of the local seats in the House of Commons. However,

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5616-399: The Flames and the New York Rangers . On March 13, 2016, the Calgary Inferno defeated Les Canadiennes de Montreal in an 8–3 final to capture its first Clarkson Cup. Contested at Ottawa's Canadian Tire Centre , the first Clarkson Cup final held in an NHL arena, Blayre Turnbull, Brianne Jenner, Jessica Campbell and Rebecca Johnston each scored twice. Goaltender Delayne Brian was recognized as

5724-423: The GTA are miscellaneous specialty farms (including horse and pony, sheep and lamb, and other livestock specialty), followed by cattle, grain and oilseed, dairy and field crop farms. Although the output of dairy production has dropped with farms from within the GTA, dairy has remained the most productive sector in the agricultural industry by annual gross farm receipts. Despite the decreased amount of farmland around

5832-400: The GTA in the Canadian Senate . Federally, the Conservatives , Liberals , and the New Democrats (NDP) all hold several electoral districts in the GTA. The City of Toronto has often been supportive of the Liberal Party. Traditionally, Liberal support is strongest in Downtown Toronto , while Conservative support is stronger in the surrounding communities outside Toronto. The NDP also has

5940-648: The GTA include Brampton Transit , Burlington Transit , Durham Region Transit , GO Transit , Milton Transit , MiWay (serving Mississauga ), Oakville Transit , Toronto Transit Commission (TTC), and York Region Transit . The TTC operates the Toronto subway system, which consists of three heavy rail lines and runs in Toronto and in Vaughan, the latter of which began to be served by the system in December 2017 with an extension of Line 1 Yonge–University to Vaughan Metropolitan Centre station on Highway 7 at Jane Street . The GTA also consists of several King's Highways and supplemented by municipal expressways. One of

6048-469: The GTA team that they left. Players who wished to leave one GTA team to go to the other GTA team could only be moved upon a trade between the teams. In November 2012, the CWHL announced partnerships between the Furies and Inferno with their local National Hockey League (NHL) counterparts, the Toronto Maple Leafs and Calgary Flames . The announcement marked a reversal from the position that sponsorships could not be directed to particular teams but only to

6156-407: The Greater Toronto Area for their Canadian headquarters. Magna International , the world's most diversified car supplier, also has its headquarters in Aurora . The automobile industry accounts for roughly 10% of the region's GDP. While it was once the most dominant industry for residents in the Greater Toronto Area, agriculture now occupies a small percentage of the population though it is still

6264-400: The Greater Toronto Area's satellite municipalities, such as Peterborough , Barrie , Guelph , Kitchener , Waterloo , Cambridge and Niagara Region . The GTA continues, however, to be in official use elsewhere in the Government of Ontario , such as the Ministry of Finance . Some municipalities considered part of the GTA are not within the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA), which

6372-492: The Greater Toronto Area, known as the Greenbelt ; many of the areas include protected sections of the Oak Ridges Moraine , Rouge Park, and the Niagara Escarpment. Nevertheless, low-density suburban developments continue to be built, some of which is on or near ecologically-sensitive and protected areas. The provincial government attempted to address the issue through the "Places to Grow" legislation passed in 2005, which emphasizes higher-density growth in existing urban centres over

6480-487: The Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area. GO Transit , which merged with Metrolinx during the late 2000s, is Ontario's only intra-regional public transit service, linking the communities in the GTA and the city of Hamilton, as well as the rest of the Greater Golden Horseshoe. The implementation of the Presto card by Metrolinx has created a common means for all fare payments and allows for seamless connection between these and other transit operators. Public transit operators in

6588-407: The Halton, York, and Durham regions. While the NDP has been weak in the GTA since the 1995 election , it has seen some successes in Brampton and Durham Region, where they hold one seat each. The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario did not win a riding in the City of Toronto during a general election from 1999 to 2018. On the other end of the spectrum, the NDP saw major losses in Toronto during

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6696-501: The Lake to enter the harbour in order to gauge the town's defences, where it briefly exchanged cannon fire with Fort York before withdrawing to rejoin the American squadron outside the harbour. American forces did not attempt a landing during this incursion, although remained outside York's harbour for three days before departing. In 1816, Wentworth County (which would later become the city of Hamilton) and Halton County were created from York County. York County would later serve as

6804-403: The Metro Toronto government, and consolidate its remaining municipalities into an enlarged City of Toronto was completed in 1997 and became official in 1998, under the Common Sense Revolution of the then premier, Mike Harris . However, the task force's recommendation to create a GTA-tier municipality was not taken up by the Harris government for fear that a GTA-wide municipality would recreate

6912-428: The Most Valuable Player of the Clarkson Cup playoffs. On February 2, 2014, Danielle Stone broke two scoring records in Calgary Inferno franchise history. She began by topping Samantha Hunt's franchise record for most points in one season of 14 in a 2–1 shootout win against the Montreal Stars. In the same game, she set a new record for most points in one season by an Inferno rookie. In that same game, Jessica Wong logged

7020-431: The NDP failed to elect any MPs in this area. The 2019 and 2021 federal elections have similar results. Toronto is the capital of Ontario with the Ontario Legislative Building , often metonymically known as Queen's Park after the street and park surrounding it, being located in Downtown Toronto . Most of the provincial government offices are also located in downtown Toronto. On the provincial level of government,

7128-407: The NWHL. The CWHL's move came shortly after the NWHL cut player salaries in half. Alongside the introduction of stipends, the CWHL also boosted prize money and salaries for coaches and managers. Despite the move to pay stipends, the CWHL remained registered as an amateur league with the Canada Revenue Agency . In January 2018, the Furies' Jessica Platt came out as a transgender woman, making her

7236-446: The Northeastern United States. The new league claimed to be the first true professional women's hockey league, offering player salaries ranging from $ 10,000 to $ 26,000 per year. However, in 2017 the NWHL cut salaries in half, calling its stability into question. The CWHL announced on June 5, 2017, that it would expand to China , adding Kunlun Red Star WIH , a team controlled by the Kontinental Hockey League 's Kunlun Red Star , and

7344-402: The Russian Zhenskaya Hockey League . Relations between the CWHL and the NWHL remained strained in the years after the latter was established. While the NWHL offered salaries, the league was persistently criticized for a lack of professionalism and its approach to growing the women's game. Over the years there were talks about merging the entities, with some women's hockey leaders emphasizing

7452-445: The Team Alberta's home rink. The first general manager was Samantha Holmes , while the first head coach was Jason Schmidt. On July 21, 2011, the franchise participated in its first CWHL Draft. With the third overall pick in the 2011 CWHL Draft , Team Alberta selected Meaghan Mikkelson . With the first pick overall in the 2012 CWHL Draft , the team selected Hillary Pattenden . On October 28, 2011, Team Alberta played its first game in

7560-474: The Toronto CMA by nearly one-half million people, often leading to confusion amongst people when trying to sort out Toronto's urban population. Other nearby urban areas, such as Hamilton , Barrie , St. Catharines-Niagara or Kitchener-Waterloo , are not part of the GTA or the Toronto CMA, but form their own CMAs near the GTA. Ultimately, all the aforementioned places are part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe metropolitan region, an urban agglomeration , which

7668-428: The US. Numbers in parentheses denotes number of titles won to that point. In 2009 and 2010, the Clarkson Cup was awarded in a playoff between teams from the CWHL and the WWHL ; Minnesota was the 2010 WWHL champion and defeated Brampton in the 2010 Clarkson Cup finals. The first league draft was held on August 12, 2010, at the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto ; Olympic gold medalist Tessa Bonhomme

7776-498: The accompanying wind chill making that feel much colder. Annual snowfall averages between 80 and 150 cm (31 and 59 in) across the area. Mild and snow-free spells are also a feature of Toronto's winter, with temperatures surpassing 5 °C (41 °F) for several days to occasionally above 15 °C (59 °F). Spring is short and often cool to mild, and snow can sometimes fall well into April but rarely accumulates. The transition from spring into summer can be rapid. Summer

7884-608: The adjacent Burlington Heights . However, finding the British forces too well-entrenched for any assault to be successful, the American naval force withdrew and proceeded east towards York. The American landings at York on July 31 went unopposed, with most of the soldiers garrisoned at York directed to defend Burlington Heights. The third incursion occurred a year later, when an American naval squadron arrived outside of York's harbour on August 6, 1814. The squadron dispatched USS  Lady of

7992-741: The airport in Hamilton, Ontario. The GTAA also stated the new airport would create more opportunities for economic development in the eastern region of the Greater Toronto Area. However, demand for the new airport lessened because of the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath. The region also has significant maritime infrastructure being on the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway system. The Port of Oshawa and Port of Toronto handle between 2 and 4 million tonnes of cargo annually. The Port of Toronto also has an International Marine Passenger Terminal , which had 12,000 cruise passengers in 2019. The Greater Toronto Area

8100-668: The decade, Fort Toronto in 1750 and Fort Rouillé in 1751. During the Seven Years' War both forts were abandoned but Fort Toronto was later renovated. Fort Rouillé was burnt down after the Battle of Fort Niagara in 1759 by the French garrison during the French and Indian War . The first large influx of European settlers to settle the region were the United Empire Loyalists arriving after

8208-399: The decision, and tended to express shock and anger at the abrupt closure of the league. The Furies, Les Canadiennes, and the Inferno all released statements that their organizations intended to continue supporting women's hockey and pursuing professional opportunities. However, The Shenzhen KRS Vanke Rays proved to be the only former CWHL team to participate in a 2019–20 season by joining

8316-485: The establishment of a unified, financially stable women's professional league. The PWHPA itself had a tumultuous relationship with the NWHL—which was rebranded as the Premier Hockey Federation (PHF) in 2021—rejecting overtures at merging and holding out for the construction of a new league with greater financial backing. For several years, players with the PWHPA courted corporate, media, and NHL partnerships, and organized

8424-591: The first Metro Toronto Chairman , planned on the conversion of these townships into boroughs of the Metro Toronto government. In 1971, the remaining areas of York County was replaced by the Ontario government with the Regional Municipality of York. In 1974, Ontario and Durham Counties were reorganized to become the Regional Municipality of Durham; Pickering west of Rouge River was transferred to Scarborough at that time. Peel County became Peel Region in 1974 as well. In 1980, North York would be incorporated into

8532-562: The first transgender woman to come out in North American professional hockey, and second transgender professional player after Harrison Browne came out as a transgender man in the NWHL in 2016. On July 19, 2018, league commissioner Brenda Andress announced she would be stepping down, and Jayna Hefford was named interim commissioner. The league consolidated its Chinese teams ahead of the 2018–19 season by merging Vanke and Kunlun, rebranding

8640-452: The geography of the GTA. Most of the urban areas in the GTA hold large urban forest. For the most part designated as parkland, the ravines are largely undeveloped. Rouge Park is also one of the largest nature parks within the core of a metropolitan area. Much of these areas also constitute the Toronto ravine system , which consists of deep and steep valleys, and a number of conservation areas in

8748-422: The growing commuter population in the combined region. The GTHA and the Regional Municipality of Niagara form the inner ring of the larger Greater Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration and secondary region of Ontario. Historically the Greater Toronto Area was home to a number of First Nations who lived on the shore of Lake Ontario long before the first Europeans arrived in the region. At various times,

8856-560: The highest concentration of high tech companies in Canada, and because of it, has positioned itself as Canada's High-Tech Capital . The Greater Toronto Area is the second-largest automotive centre in North America (after Detroit). Currently, General Motors , Ford and Chrysler run six assembly plants in the area, with Honda and Toyota having assembly plants just outside the GTA. General Motors, Ford, Honda, KIA, Mazda, Suzuki, Nissan, Volkswagen, Toyota, Hyundai, Aston Martin, Jaguar, Land Rover, Subaru, Volvo, BMW, and Mitsubishi have chosen

8964-420: The intermunicipal competitiveness that was believed to have impaired the former Metro Toronto government. Metrolinx , an agency of the Government of Ontario, was established to oversee public transit development across the Greater Toronto Area. The Greater Toronto Area hosted the 2015 Pan American Games . The Greater Toronto Area covers an area of 7,125 km (2,751 sq mi). The region itself

9072-412: The largest regional economy in Canada, with its GDP surpassing the Province of Quebec in 2015. In 2010, over 51 per cent of the labour force in the Greater Toronto Area is employed in the service sector , with 19% in the manufacturing , 17% of the labour force employed in wholesale & retail trade, 8% of the labour force involved in transportation, communication and utilities, and 5% of the workforce

9180-502: The league creating a new draft system whereby players in Boston, Alberta, and Montreal could choose which team they would play on, while players in the GTA could be drafted to play for either of the two GTA teams—Brampton or Toronto. A player's pre-draft declaration of the regional area in which they wished to play could be altered after the draft. As a result of these rules, players wishing to leave GTA teams to play in Boston, Alberta, or Montreal could do so as desired, without compensation to

9288-484: The league, the NWHL announced plans to expand into Canada with franchises in Toronto and Montreal. The Toronto Six became the league's first Canadian franchise in 2020, and the Montreal Force were added in 2022. After the collapse of the CWHL, more than 200 prominent women's players launched a boycott of North American leagues and founded the Professional Women's Hockey Players Association (PWHPA) to work towards

9396-606: The league, with the partnerships providing funding for coaches, equipment, and travel expenses, and greater opportunities for marketing and promotion. The Leafs partnership also led to the first CWHL All-Star Game in 2014, hosted by the Leafs at Air Canada Centre . In 2015, the league announced a similar arrangement between the Stars and the Montreal Canadiens , which led to the Stars re-branding as Les Canadiennes de Montréal . In 2012,

9504-509: The membership in Metropolitan Toronto included the City of Toronto and five townships: East York , Etobicoke , North York , Scarborough and York ; as well as seven villages and towns, which became amalgamated into their surrounding townships in 1967. The early Metro Toronto government debated over the annexation of surrounding townships of Markham, Pickering and Vaughan. Frederick Goldwin Gardiner ,

9612-481: The need for a unified league and others stating that two or more could coexist. The relationship was further strained by a refusal by the NHL to fully back either entity, and suggesting that it had interest in starting its own women's league from scratch. As late as January 2019, NWHL commissioner Dani Rylan was pursuing the CWHL about a merger. On April 2, 2019, just days after the CWHL board announced its decision to dissolve

9720-508: The next 25 years (i.e., until 2030). The climate of the Greater Toronto Area is classified as humid continental , according to the Köppen climate classification . Much of the Greater Toronto Area is under Köppen Dfb ( warm summer subtype ) zone. Old Toronto (excluding the Toronto Islands ) and some areas between there and Burlington to the southwest are under the Köppen Dfa climate zone,

9828-404: The original National Women's Hockey League , which disbanded in 2007. The players worked with a group of volunteer business people to form the CWHL. The league, which would operate as a non-profit business, would be responsible for all travel, ice rentals, uniforms, and some equipment costs, but would not pay salaries. Unlike the NWHL, in which teams were independently owned and operated, the CWHL

9936-426: The principal highways in the GTA, Highway 401 , is also the longest in Ontario and is also one of the widest and busiest highways in the world. Notably, a segment of the highway passing through the GTA is North America's busiest highway. The GTA is laced with a number of limited-access highways including the 400-series highways . These include: Note: " York ", " Peel ", " Durham " and " Halton " here refer to

10044-400: The region and was later made official as a provincial planning area. However, it did not come into everyday usage until the mid-to-late 1990s. In 2006, the term began to be supplanted in the field of spatial planning as provincial policy increasingly began to refer to either the " Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area " (GTHA) or the still-broader " Greater Golden Horseshoe ". The latter includes

10152-521: The region which are managed by Toronto and Region Conservation Authority . The Cheltenham Badlands , in Caledon , is an example of environmental degradation from poor agricultural practice. The Scarborough Bluffs are part of the Glacial Lake Iroquois shoreline. In 2005, the Government of Ontario also passed legislation to prevent urban development and sprawl on environmentally sensitiveland in

10260-508: The region, farm capital value increased from $ 5.2 billion in 1996 to $ 6.1 billion in 2001, making the average farm capital value in the GTA continued to be the highest in the province. There are several public transportation operators within the Greater Toronto Area that provide services within their jurisdictions. While those operators are largely independent, provisions are being made to integrate them under Metrolinx , which manages transportation planning including public transport in

10368-479: The setting for the beginnings of the Upper Canada Rebellion with William Lyon Mackenzie 's armed march from Holland Landing towards York Township on Yonge Street , eventually leading up to the battle at Montgomery's Tavern . In 1851, Ontario County (present-day Durham Region) and Peel County were separated from York. The idea towards a streamlined local government to control local infrastructure

10476-424: The support of the Conservatives and NDP increased accordingly, with the Conservatives increasing their vote share from 31.5% to 42.2% (and capturing 68.1% of the GTA seats) and the NDP increasing from 14.6% to 23.2% of the vote and 17% of the local Federal ridings. In the 2015 federal election , the Liberals regained their dominance of the GTA after suffering devastating losses there four years earlier. They defeated

10584-418: The team as Shenzhen KRS Vanke Rays . Before the end of the year, the league also restructured its board after losing its largest financial backer amid alleged economic challenges. On March 31, 2019, it was announced by the CWHL board of directors that the league would discontinue operations effective May 1. The league cited financial instability due in part to the fragmentation of corporate sponsors between

10692-574: The total population for the economic region included 6,711,985 people. The Greater Toronto Area is a part of several larger areas in Southern Ontario . The area is also combined with the city of Hamilton to form a conurbation known as the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA). The GTHA combined with Niagara Region form the core of the Golden Horseshoe . The term "Greater Toronto"

10800-715: The two leagues competed for the Clarkson Cup at the end of the season. The Brampton Thunder won the first CWHL championship in 2008, winning 4–3 over the Mississauga Chiefs in the final. In 2008–09 , the Montreal Stars won 25 of 30 games and the CWHL Championship before going on to win the first Clarkson Cup over the Minnesota Whitecaps . The Stars would take a third straight regular season championship

10908-431: Was a success, with the team advancing to the Clarkson Cup final, losing 2–1 in overtime to the Thunder. Alongside the expansion, the league announced it would also begin paying its players for the first time. Player stipends were set to a minimum of $ 2,000 per season and a maximum of $ 10,000, with a $ 100,000 salary cap for teams. This made the CWHL the second North American women's hockey league to pay its players after

11016-459: Was first used in writing as early as the 1900s although at the time, the term referred only to the old city of Toronto and to its immediate townships and villages, which became Metropolitan Toronto in 1954 and became the current city of Toronto in 1998. The use of the term involving the four surrounding regional municipalities came into formal use in the mid-1980s, when it was used in a widelydiscussed report on municipal governance restructuring in

11124-518: Was limited the three Greater Toronto Area teams as the league decided that without paying salaries, it was infeasible to force players to relocate. The league announced on April 19, 2011, that it would expand to Alberta ahead of the 2011–12 season , welcoming a single team combining the former Edmonton Chimos and Strathmore Rockies of the WWHL. The move effectively marked the end of the WWHL, and controversially left its remaining teams—the Whitecaps and

11232-471: Was made as early as 1907 by, William Findlay Maclean , a member of parliament and founder of The Toronto World , who called for the expansion of the government of the former City of Toronto in order to create a Greater Toronto . The idea for a single government municipality would not be seriously explored until the late 1940s when planners decided the city needed to incorporate its immediate suburbs. However, due to strong opposition from suburban politicians,

11340-491: Was the 2019 Clarkson Cup Final on March 24, 2019, with 175,000 viewers. Sportsnet was ultimately criticized for its limited coverage, broadcasting just three games per season, and its lack of licensing fees paid to the league, a problem common to women's sports. Greater Toronto Area The Greater Toronto Area , commonly referred to as the GTA , includes the City of Toronto and

11448-478: Was the first overall selection. The annual CWHL scoring champion was awarded the Angela James Bowl . In 2011–12 , rookie Meghan Agosta set a CWHL single-season record with 80 points. Kim St-Pierre (2008–09) and Sami Jo Small (2009–10) hold the single-season record with five shutouts. Sportsnet aired the CWHL playoffs and the league's All-Star Game from 2014–15 through 2018–19. The most watched game

11556-570: Was the first women's league to pay salaries. The CWHL began paying players a stipend during its last two seasons before it folded, citing financial difficulties. The collapse of the league resulted in the establishment of the Professional Women's Hockey Players Association (PWHPA), a nonprofit advocacy organization dedicated to the professionalization of women's hockey. The CWHL was an initiative spearheaded by players including Jennifer Botterill , Lisa-Marie Breton , Allyson Fox, Kathleen Kauth , Kim McCullough, and Sami Jo Small , all of whom played in

11664-470: Was to be centrally run, and teams formed affiliations with local youth hockey associations. In addition to top Canadian players, the league ultimately attracted American and international players. In 2007, Hockey Canada announced that it would revamp the Esso Women's Nationals , with the Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) finalists meeting the CWHL finalists in a playoff. Beginning in 2009, teams from

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