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108-574: Between the 18th and 19th centuries, coffee consumption by the expanding bourgeoisie of Europe at public establishments expanded. In 1772 the Francesco Pedrocchi of Bergamo founded a successful "coffee shop" here, near the University , town hall, markets, post office and the square of the Noli (now Piazza Garibaldi), from where coaches left to nearby cities. The new café was to be "the most beautiful one on

216-555: A further decline of interest in the Oriental. China closed its doors to exports and imports and for many people chinoiserie became a fashion of the past. As British-Chinese relations stabilized towards the end of the 19th century, there was a revival of interest in chinoiserie. Prince Albert , for example, reallocated many chinoiserie works from George IV's Royal Pavilion at Brighton to the more accessible Buckingham Palace. Chinoiserie served to remind Britain of its former colonial glory that

324-555: A general sense of capriciousness. William Alexander (1767–1816), a British painter, illustrator and engraver who travelled to the East Asia and China in the 18th century, was directly influenced by the culture and landscape he saw in the East. He presented an idealized, romanticized depiction of Chinese culture, but he was influenced by "pre-established visual signs." While the chinoiserie landscapes that Alexander depicted accurately reflected

432-416: A major representative, but the meaning of the term could change according to different contexts. Sir William Chambers for example, in his oeuvre A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening of 1772, generically addresses China as the 'Orient'. In the financial records of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries were already registered expressions like 'façon de la Chine', Chinese manner, or 'à la chinoise', made in

540-677: A new urban master plan that was implemented between 1912 and 1927, in a style reminiscent of Novecento Italiano and Modernist Rationalism . The 2017 43rd G7 summit on agriculture was held in Bergamo, in the context of the broader international meeting organized in Taormina . The "Charter of Bergamo" is an international commitment, signed during the summit, to reduce hunger worldwide by 2030, strengthen cooperation for agricultural development in Africa, and ensure price transparency. In early 2020, during

648-402: A range of grades and prices. The patterns on chinoiserie wallpaper are similar to the pagodas, floral designs, and exotic imaginary scenes found on chinoiserie furniture and porcelain. Like chinoiserie furniture and other decorative art forms, chinoiserie wallpaper was typically placed in bedrooms, closets, and other private rooms of a house. The patterns on wallpaper were expected to complement

756-427: A symbolic function, it reminded Padua and visitor that this was the “Coffee without doors”, a café that never closed. The walls opposite the windows you can find the paintings of the two hemispheres of the globe in stereographic projection, with the north at the bottom and using French nomenclature. It was first called the black room as the furniture designed by Jappelli was painted black. Green Room : The Green Room

864-568: A waiter disturbing them. Hence the Italian expression “ essere al verde ” (literally - "to be green"), signifies "to be penniless", or "to be broke". White Room : The White Room, faces the Bo, kept in a wall hole of a bullet fired in 1848 by Austro-Hungarian soldiers against students in revolt against Habsburg rule. In addition, it is also known as the setting chosen by Stendhal for his novel "The Charterhouse of Parma". Exchange or Octagonal Hall : Completes

972-778: Is a terrace bordered by Corinthian columns. The upper floor includes a number of functional spaces decorated with historical styles of the past. Each room connects through a series, the Sala Etruscan , a Greek Hall in octagonal shape, to the Saletta , round or Roman, then the Renaissance Hall , to the Hall Ercolana or Pompeian, followed by the Egyptian Hall and then the Hall Napoleon , dedicated to Gioacchino Rossini. The Hall Napoleon

1080-529: Is a terrace bordered by Corinthian columns. The upper floor or " piano nobile " is divided into ten rooms, each decorated in a different style : The Egyptian symbols were used before the finding of the Rosetta Stone by Champollion and a tribute to the Paduan explorer Giovanni Battista Belzoni , who discovered numerous Egyptian monuments. He was a friend of Jappelli providing information that could be used in

1188-466: Is also called Hall Rossini, a theater where stucco, curtains, chandeliers are from earlier in the nineteenth century. Previously each room had a specific purpose. The Etruscan, Greek halls were used for games. The Rossini Hall served as a ballroom, while the Egyptian Hall held numerous secret meetings. Decoratations were subject to the style of rooms name. Between the two lodges on the north side there

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1296-438: Is also served by three daily Frecciarossa services to Rome operated by Trenitalia and one operated by NTV . Transport within Bergamo is managed by ATB (Azienda Trasporti Bergamo) and includes a network of bus lines together with two funicular systems opened in 1887 ("Funicolare di Bergamo Alta") and in 1912 ("Funicolare di Bergamo San Vigilio"). The Bergamo–Albino light rail operated by TEB (Tramvie Elettriche Bergamasche)

1404-508: Is constituted by a turret with an octagonal base, which represents a source of light, from the windows on each side. Inside there is a spiral staircase. Two loggias in the same style are located on the north side, and in front of these there are four stone lions carved by Petrelli, which mimic those of basalt that adorn the Cordonata di Campidoglio in Rome . Between the two lodges on the north side there

1512-399: Is produced. Nowadays, the city has an advanced tertiary economy focussed on banking, retail, and services associated to the industrial sector of its province. Corporations and firms linked to the city include UBI banking group, Brembo (braking systems), Tenaris (steel), and ABB (power and automation technology). Gaetano Donizetti was born in Bergamo in 1797. He's considered one of

1620-508: Is served by Il Caravaggio International Airport 5 km (3 mi) south-east of the town. The city is also served by Milan Linate Airport 50 km (31 mi) south-west of Bergamo. Motorway A4 is the main axis connecting the city with the east and the west of the country, to cities such as Milan , Turin , Venice and Trieste . Bergamo railway station is connected to Milan, Lecco , Cremona , Treviglio , Brescia and Monza with regional trains operated by Trenord . The city

1728-402: Is similar in size and decoration to the parallel white room, except for the color of the tapestry that is green, and has a mirror over the fireplace. The social function of the room is for the poorest people of the city, or students from the nearby university to meet. Students knew that in this room they could stay undisturbed for warmth during the winter, to make conversation or to study without

1836-553: Is the European interpretation and imitation of Chinese and other Sinosphere artistic traditions, especially in the decorative arts , garden design , architecture , literature , theatre , and music . The aesthetic of chinoiserie has been expressed in different ways depending on the region. It is related to the broader current of Orientalism , which studied Far East cultures from a historical, philological, anthropological, philosophical, and religious point of view. First appearing in

1944-533: Is the White Room, which opens onto Via VIII of February and the University. Red Room : The Red Room is the central one, divided into three spaces, it is the largest. The Red Room is the core of Pedrocchi Café. Here the original counter is located. It was built on Jappelli’s design: marble counter of elliptical shape ending with six leonine paws. Both the bas-reliefs and the clock over the counter had in 19th century,

2052-637: Is the second most visited city in Lombardy after Milan. In classical Latin , the toponym is attested as Bergomum , while in late Latin Bergame . The toponym in the local Bergamasque dialect of the Lombard language is instead Bèrghem . There are various hypotheses put forward to trace the origin of the name of the city. Local historian and politician Bortolo Belotti compared the toponym to previous Celtic and pre-Celtic names, of which Bergomum would then only be

2160-586: The Dictionnaire de l'Académie . After the spread of Marco Polo's narrations , the knowledge of China held by the Europeans continued to derive essentially from reports made by merchants and diplomatic envoys. Dating from the latter half of the 17th century a relevant role in this exchange of information was then taken up by the Jesuits, whose continual gathering of missionary intelligence and language transcription gave

2268-572: The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy , Bergamo's healthcare system was overwhelmed by patients with COVID-19 . There were reports of doctors confronted with ethical dilemmas with too few ICU beds and mechanical ventilation systems. Morgues were overwhelmed, and images of military trucks carrying the bodies of COVID-19 victims out of the city were shared worldwide. An investigative report by The New York Times found that faulty guidance and bureaucratic delays rendered

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2376-644: The Callot Soeurs , and Jean Paquin . In the early 20th century, European and fashion designers would use China and other countries outside of the Eurocentric-fashion world to seek inspiration; Vogue magazine also acknowledged that China had contributed to the aesthetic inspiration to global fashion. Chinese motifs grew popular in European fashion during this period. China and the Chinese people also supplied

2484-525: The Chinese Symphony (1914) by Bernard van Dieren , and the light music orchestral fantasy In a Chinese Temple Garden by Albert Ketelbey (1923). In Britain, many 20th century song composers set English translations of Chinese poetry (by orientalists such as Launcelot Cranmer-Byng , Herbert Giles , Edward Powys Mathers and Arthur Waley ) to music, including Benjamin Britten in his cycle Songs from

2592-612: The Italian unification movement, Bergamo is also known as Città dei Mille ('City of the Thousand'), because a significant part of the rank-and-file supporting Giuseppe Garibaldi in his expedition against the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies came from Bergamo and its environs. During the twentieth century, Bergamo became one of Italy's most industrialized areas. In 1907, Marcello Piacentini devised

2700-402: The alpine lakes Como and Iseo and 70 km (43 mi) from Garda and Maggiore . The Bergamo Alps ( Alpi Orobie ) begin immediately north of the city. With a population of around 120,000, Bergamo is the fourth-largest city in Lombardy. Bergamo is the seat of the province of Bergamo , which counts over 1,103,000 residents (2020). The metropolitan area of Bergamo extends beyond

2808-479: The rococo style. Entire rooms, such as those at Château de Chantilly , were painted with chinoiserie compositions, and artists such as Antoine Watteau and others brought expert craftsmanship to the style. Central European palaces like the Castle of Wörlitz or the Castle of Pillnitz all include rooms decorated with Chinese features, while in the palace of Sanssouci at Potsdam features a Dragon House (Das Drachenhaus) and

2916-475: The tang evolved into a mid-Georgian side table and squared slat-back armchairs suited English gentlemen as well as Chinese scholars. Not every adaptation of Chinese design principles falls within mainstream chinoiserie. Chinoiserie media included "japanned" ware imitations of lacquer and painted tin (tôle) ware that imitated japanning , early painted wallpapers in sheets, after engravings by Jean-Baptiste Pillement , and ceramic figurines and table ornaments. In

3024-607: The "mountain home". The hypothesis of a Germanic derivation clashes however with the absence of documents regarding Germanic settlements in the area prior to the settlement of the Lombards who settled in the northern part of the Italian peninsula after the collapse of the Roman Empire. Bergomum (as it was known in classical Latin) was first settled by the Ligurian tribe of the Orobii , during

3132-625: The 1427 Battle of Maclodio . Despite the brief interlude granted by the Treaty of Lodi in 1454, the uneasy balance of power among the northern Italian states precipitated the Italian Wars , a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, also the Papal States , France , and the Holy Roman Empire . The wars, which were both a result and cause of Venetian involvement in

3240-507: The 17th and 18th centuries Europeans began to manufacture furniture that imitated Chinese lacquer furniture. It was frequently decorated with ebony and ivory or Chinese motifs such as pagodas. Thomas Chippendale helped to popularize the production of chinoiserie furniture with the publication of his design book The Gentleman and Cabinet-maker's Director: Being a large Collection of the Most Elegant and Useful Designs of Household Furniture, In

3348-578: The 17th century, Chinese arts and aesthetic were sources of inspiration to artists and creators, and fashion designers when goods from oriental countries were widely seen for the first time in Western Europe. In the 18th century and throughout the 19th century, chinoiserie fashion was especially celebrated in France, and the origin of most Chinese-inspired fashion was French during this period. Chinoiserie had also inspired designers such as Mariano Fortuny ,

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3456-634: The 17th century, this trend was popularized in the 18th century due to the rise in trade with China (during the High Qing era ) and the rest of East Asia. As a style, chinoiserie is related to the Rococo style. Both styles are characterized by exuberant decoration, asymmetry, a focus on materials, and stylized nature and subject matter that focuses on leisure and pleasure. Chinoiserie focuses on subjects that were thought by Europeans to be typical of Chinese culture . Chinoiserie entered European art and decoration in

3564-473: The 18th century. Europeans had a fascination with Asia due to their increased, but still restricted, access to new cultures through expanded trade with East Asia, especially China. The 'China' indicated in the term 'chinoiserie' represented in European people's mind a wider region of the globe that could embrace China itself, but also Japan, Korea, South-East Asia, India or even Persia. In art, the style of "the Orient"

3672-571: The Auditorium was built in 1937 as the seat of the local Fascist Federation and known as the "House of Freedom". Among the theatrical companies operating in Bergamo there are the TTB (teatro tascabile di Bergamo), La Compagnia Stabile di Teatro, Erbamil, Pandemonium Teatro, Teatro Prova, Ambaradan and Slapsus, Luna and Gnac, the CUT (University Theater Center) and La Gilda delle Arti - Teatro Bergamo. Bergamo

3780-564: The Café is characterized by two arcades with Doric columns. There are four lions carved by the Roman sculptor Giuseppe Petrelli. In the square in front of the Cafe, Jappelli, had designed a fountain with a statue of Hebe by Canova, but the project was never realized. A staircase leads to the right loggia on the top floor, or Piano Nobile. The ground floor is characterized by a succession of rooms named according to

3888-809: The Chinese for high voice and guitar (1957). More recent operatic examples include A Night at the Chinese Opera ( Judith Weir , 1987) and Nixon in China ( John Adams , 1987). The influence of Chinese and East Asian music has also been evident in popular music, from musical comedy ( A Chinese Honeymoon , 1899), Tin Pan Alley ( Limehouse Nights by George Gershwin , 1920), Broadway musicals and jazz ( Chinoiserie by Duke Ellington , 1971) through to modern rock music ( China Girl by David Bowie , 1976 and many more). These pieces often incorporate Western cultural shorthand clichés of Chinese musical style, such as

3996-705: The Chinese House (Das Chinesische Haus). Pleasure pavilions in "Chinese taste" appeared in the formal parterres of late Baroque and Rococo German and Russian palaces, and in tile panels at Aranjuez near Madrid . Chinese Villages were built in the mountainous park of Wilhelmshöhe near Kassel, Germany; in Drottningholm , Sweden and Tsarskoe Selo , Russia . Thomas Chippendale 's mahogany tea tables and china cabinets, especially, were embellished with fretwork glazing and railings, c. 1753–70, but sober homages to early Qing scholars' furnishings were also naturalized, as

4104-558: The Chinese way. In the 19th century the term 'chinoiserie' appeared for the first time in French literature. In the novel L'Interdiction published in 1836, Honoré de Balzac used chinoiserie to refer to the craftworks made in the Chinese style. From this moment on the term gained momentum and started being used more frequently to mean objects produced in the Chinese style but sometimes also to indicate graceful objects of small dimension or of scarce account. In 1878 'chinoiserie' entered formally in

4212-487: The Earth", it opened in 1831 and then joined, in 1836, from Pedrocchino, elegant neo-Gothic building reserved for the pastry. His son Antonio expanded the premises to cover the entire block. In 1826 Antonio Pedrocchi presents to the municipal authorities a project for the construction of a plant, including premises used for roasting coffee, and ice-making. He also asked Giuseppe Jappelli , engineer and architect already to redesign

4320-681: The European public a new deeper insight of the Chinese empire and its culture. While Europeans frequently held inaccurate ideas about East Asia, this did not necessarily preclude their fascination and respect. In particular, the Chinese who had "exquisitely finished art... [and] whose court ceremonial was even more elaborate than that of Versailles" were viewed as highly civilized. According to Voltaire in his Art de la Chine , "The fact remains that four thousand years ago, when we did not know how to read, they [the Chinese] knew everything essentially useful of which we boast today." Moreover, Indian philosophy

4428-669: The Galleries of Pedrocchi and the Museum of the Risorgimento, the public can still read one of the newspapers available in the Green Hall, have a meal or pastry and coffee, and discuss politics, culture and life. The Fede Group, a leading company in food and beverages, has managed Caffè Pedrocchi since January 2014; the idea is to contribute to the City Council of Padua for the renovation project of

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4536-515: The Iron Age period. During the Celtic invasion of northern Italy , around the year of 550 BC, the city was conquered by the Celtic tribe of Cenomani . In 49 BCE, it became a Roman municipality, containing c.  10,000 inhabitants at its peak. An important hub on the military road between Friuli and Raetia , it was destroyed by Attila in the 5th century. From the 6th century, Bergamo

4644-455: The Italian average of 17.88 percent (minors) and 20.29 percent (pensioners). The average age of Bergamo residents is 45 compared to the Italian average of 43. In the eight years between 2002 and 2010, the population of Bergamo grew by 5.41 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 5.77 percent. Bergamo is situated in Lombardy , Italy's northern region where about a quarter of the country's GDP

4752-631: The Latinisation; the word berg in Celtic means a protection, fortification or abode. In the writings of early Roman period, the toponym Bergomum appears to be associated with Bergimus , the Celtic god of mountains or dwellings. Historian Antonio Tiraboschi argued instead that the toponym stemmed from the Proto-Germanic language . The Bergamo toponym is similar to toponyms in various Germanic-speaking areas, and might be associated with * berg +*heim , or

4860-501: The Most Fashionable Taste. His designs provided a guide for intricate chinoiserie furniture and its decoration. His chairs and cabinets were often decorated with scenes of colorful birds, flowers, or images of exotic imaginary places. The compositions of this decoration were often asymmetrical. The increased use of wallpaper in European homes in the 18th century also reflects the general fascination with chinoiserie motifs. With

4968-578: The Pedrocchi Experience, Aperitifs, Exclusive Events and the countless cultural and musical events. 45°24′28″N 11°52′38″E  /  45.40778°N 11.87722°E  / 45.40778; 11.87722 Bergamo Bergamo ( Italian: [ˈbɛrɡamo] ; Bergamasque : Bèrghem [ˈbɛrɡɛm] ) is a city in the alpine Lombardy region of northern Italy , approximately 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Milan , and about 30 km (19 mi) from

5076-456: The University. During the excavation of the foundations they found old columns, now the town museum, and several marbles were used for making coffee. Its architecture, which blends the neoclassical style in the Venetian Gothic , with references exotic Egyptian and chinoiserie to reflect the romantic atmosphere of the time and the inspiration of the architect Jappelli. The north facade of

5184-558: The West's then utopian, nostalgic view of Chinese landscape and culture in pieces such as Pagodas ( Debussy, 1903 ). There followed three major 20th century examples of musical chinoiserie: Mahler 's Das Lied von der Erde (1908), Stravinsky 's The Nightingale (1914), and Puccini 's Turandot (1926). Other notable pieces include Tchaikovsky 's 'Chinese Dance' (from Act Two of The Nutcracker 1892), Ravel 's 'Laideronnette, impératrice des pagodes' (from Ma mère l'Oye , 1910),

5292-541: The actual Chinese art and architecture. Finally, still others believed that an interest in chinoiserie indicated a pervading "cultural confusion" in European society. Chinoiserie persisted into the 19th and 20th centuries but declined in popularity. There was a notable loss of interest in Chinese-inspired décor after the death in 1830 of King George IV , a great proponent of the style. The First Opium War of 1839–1842 between Britain and China disrupted trade and caused

5400-399: The administrative city limits, spanning over a densely urbanized area with slightly less than 500,000 inhabitants. The Bergamo metropolitan area is itself part of the broader Milan metropolitan area , home to over 8 million people. The city of Bergamo is composed of an old walled core, known as Città Alta ('Upper Town'), nestled within a system of hills , and the modern expansion in

5508-469: The bufu), the jiaoling ruqun , kanjia , mamianqun , yunjian , yaoqun (short waist-skirt), piling (collar), as well as traditional Chinese embroideries , and traditional Chinese Lào zi , pankou , high collars , etc. According to the Ladies' Home Journal of June 1913, volume 30, issue 6: Interest in the political and civic activities of the new China, which is more or less world-wide at this time, led

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5616-400: The building, respecting the original structure and its historicity. The renovation will cover bathrooms and cellars, going through warehouses and electrical and air conditioning systems, up to the delicate restoration of fine stucco and frescoes and the renovation of antique sofas and chairs. New services and new initiatives, such as the birth of the modern area of Pastelaria Nova, the special of

5724-621: The centre of the gardens, designed and built by William Chambers , exhibits strong English architectural elements, resulting in a product of combined cultures (Bald, 290). A replica of it was built in Munich 's Englischer Garten , while the Chinese Garden of Oranienbaum includes another pagoda and also a Chinese teahouse. Though the rise of a more serious approach in Neoclassicism from the 1770s onward tended to replace Oriental inspired designs, at

5832-435: The chinoiserie style, complete with Chinese-styled bed, phoenix -themed wallpaper, and china . Later exoticism added imaginary Turkish themes, where a "diwan" became a sofa . One of the things that contributed to the popularity of chinoiserie was the 18th-century vogue for tea drinking. The feminine and domestic culture of drinking tea required an appropriate chinoiserie mise en scène . According to Beevers, "Tea drinking

5940-612: The city in the 19th century and is now in the British Museum . From the 11th century onwards, Bergamo was an independent commune , taking part in the Lombard League which defeated Frederick I Barbarossa in 1165. The local Guelph and Ghibelline factions were the Colleoni and Suardi , respectively. Feuding between the two initially caused the family of Omodeo Tasso to flee north c.  1250 , but he returned to Bergamo in

6048-477: The city. The prices were not expensive, as the city was already luxurious for its time, thus you could eat regardless of how much money you had. The owner, Antonio Pedrocchi was among the first to install gas lights. He had a very peculiar way of treating customers: anyone could sit at tables without ordering and stay to read books and newspapers. Women were given gifts and flowers, in the case of sudden rain, customers were lent an umbrella. "The Pedrocchi Cafe" became

6156-562: The color of the upholstery (White Room, Red Room, Yellow Room, Green Room). Entering the Cafe, to the left we find the Green Room and the Yellow Room, so called because you met traders here to fix prices of certain goods. Immediately after the Green Room is the large red room, divided by three by Ionic columns with Egyptian bases and a bench decorated with bronze decorations. Beyond the Red Room

6264-405: The death of Cappellato in 1891, the cafe was willed to the city of Padua. Cappellato spelled out that: It is the solemn obligation and enduring to the city of Padua to preserve in perpetuity over the property, the use of the plant as is found today, seeking to promote and develop all those improvements that will be brought by the progress of time putting Forfeiture An inevitable deterioration

6372-477: The decorative and pictorial arts of the East permeated the European and American arts and craft scene. For example, in the United States, "by the mid-18th century, Charleston had imported an impressive array of Asian export luxury goods [such as]...paintings." The aspects of Chinese painting that were integrated into European and American visual arts include asymmetrical compositions, lighthearted subject matter and

6480-502: The decorative motif; At the first floor of the building is the Museum of the Risorgimento and the contemporary era. The museum includes many portraits, including Antonio Pedrocchi and his successor Dominic Cappellato Pedrocchi, both by Achille Astolfi. Because of its central location and proximity to the seat of government the café soon became the cultural and commercial center and meeting place for students, artists, writers and patriots. It

6588-402: The decorative objects and furniture in a room, creating a complementary backdrop. European understanding of Chinese and East Asian garden design is exemplified by the use of the word Sharawadgi , understood as beauty, without order that takes the form of an aesthetically pleasing irregularity in landscape design. The word traveled together with imported lacquer ware from Japan where shara'aji

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6696-468: The designers of this page [p.26] and the succeeding one [p.27] to look to that country for inspiration for clothes that would be unique and new and yet fit in with present-day modes and the needs and environments of American women [...] Western approximations of Chinese music first began to be used in the mid-17th century in operas such as Purcell 's The Fairy-Queen (1692) and Gluck 's Le cinesi (1754). Jean-Jacques Rousseau included what he claimed

6804-559: The direct imitation of Chinese designs in faience began in the late 17th century, was carried into European porcelain production, most naturally in tea wares, and peaked in the wave of rococo chinoiserie (c. 1740–1770). Earliest hints of chinoiserie appear in the early 17th century, in the arts of the nations with active East India Companies, Holland and England , then by the mid-17th century, in Portugal as well. Tin-glazed pottery (see delftware ) made at Delft and other Dutch towns adopted genuine blue-and-white Ming decoration from

6912-451: The early 17th century. After a book by Johan Nieuhof was published the 150 pictures encouraged chinoiserie, and became especially popular in the 18th century. Early ceramic wares in Meissen porcelain and other factories naturally imitated Chinese designs, though the shapes for "useful wares", table and tea wares, typically remained Western, often based on shapes in silver. Decorative wares such as vases followed Chinese shapes. The ideas of

7020-418: The east, along the Via VIII of February are the three main rooms on the ground floor: the White Room, the Red Room and the Green Room, named after the color of tapestries made after the unification of Italy in 1861. Caffè Pedrocchi, one of the leading European Cafes and one survivor from the ancient Italian Café tradisoin. It is in the central square, including Palazzo Moroni , the Town Hall, and Bo , home of

7128-406: The first of six newspapers, which were named after the coffee house. The ground floor was completed in 1831, while in 1839, the Gothic pastry shop called "Pedrocchino" was built. During the "Fourth Congress of Italian Scientists" in 1842, the rooms of the upper floor were inaugurated. Japelli collaborated with the engineer Bartolommeo Franceschini and the architect Giuseppe Petrelli, to whom we owe

7236-508: The gardens of the East. These gardens often contain various fragrant plants, flowers and trees, decorative rocks, ponds or lake with fish, and twisting pathways. They are frequently enclosed by a wall. Architectural features placed in these gardens often include pagodas, ceremonial halls used for celebrations or holidays, pavilions with flowers and seasonal elements. Landscapes such as London's Kew Gardens show distinct Chinese influence in architecture. The monumental 163-foot Great Pagoda in

7344-413: The ground floor of the Stock Exchange or the Octagonal Hall. Its original purpose was for trading business. It is one of the most changed spaces from the 1950 restoration project. In the course of time it has returned to its original size. Intended for a commercial use as a space for the sale and trading agricultural products, grain in particular. Over time, the hall and the surrounding areas have hosted

7452-460: The height of Regency "Grecian" furnishings, the Prince Regent came down with a case of Brighton Pavilion , and Chamberlain's Worcester china manufactory imitated " Imari " wares. While classical styles reigned in the parade rooms, upscale houses, from Badminton House (where the "Chinese Bedroom" was furnished by William and John Linnell , ca 1754) and Nostell Priory to Casa Loma in Toronto, sometimes featured an entire guest room decorated in

7560-455: The inclusion of Bergamo and other parts of northern Italy into the Cisalpine Republic , a "sister republic" of the French First Republic that was superseded in 1802 by the short-lived Napoleonic Italian Republic and in 1805 by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy . At the 1815 Congress of Vienna , Bergamo was assigned to the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia , a crown land of the Austrian Empire . The visit of Ferdinand I in 1838 coincided with

7668-520: The landscape of China, "paradoxically, it is this imitation and repetition of the iconic signs of China that negate the very possibility of authenticity, and render them into stereotypes." The depiction of China and East Asia in European and American painting was dependent on the understanding of the East by Western preconceptions, rather than representations of Eastern culture as it actually was. Various European monarchs, such as Louis XV of France , gave special favor to chinoiserie, as it blended well with

7776-509: The late-16th century, as the Casino of San Marco remained open from 1575 to 1587. Despite never being commercial in nature, the next major attempt to replicate Chinese porcelain was the soft-paste manufactory at Rouen in 1673, with Edme Poterat, widely reputed as creator of the French soft-paste pottery tradition, opening his own factory in 1647. Efforts were eventually made to imitate hard-paste porcelain , which were held in high regard. As such,

7884-657: The later 13th century to organize the city's couriers: this would eventually lead to the Imperial Thurn und Taxis dynasty generally credited with organizing the first modern postal service . After a short period under the House of Malatesta starting from 1407, Bergamo was ceded in 1428 by the Duchy of Milan to the Republic of Venice in the context of the Wars in Lombardy and the aftermath of

7992-469: The lower part of the city which are now divided into twenty-five neighborhoods: The most relevant sites are: In 2010, there were 119,551 people residing in Bergamo (in which the greater area has about 500 000 inhabitants), located in the province of Bergamo , Lombardy, of whom 46.6% were male and 53.4% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 16.79 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 23.61 percent. This compares with

8100-516: The materials and aesthetics to American fashion. Original Chinese fashion also influenced various designs and styles of deshabille . There was also a fashion trend for day-wear jackets and coats to be cut in styles which would suggest various Chinese items as was published the Ladies' Home Journal in June 1913, where the garments displayed showed influences of the Qing dynasty mandarin court gown (especially

8208-562: The merger of the balustrades of the terraces with the griffins . The painter Giovanni De Min , helped decorate the Greek room; Ippolito Caffi , the Roman room; Pietro Paoletti , the Pompeian room (or "Ercolana"); Vincenzo Gazzotto, painted the ceiling in the Renaissance Room. Antonio Pedrocchi died on January 22, 1852, and left the enterprise to the son of an apprentice, Domenico Cappellato. On

8316-485: The mid-to-late 17th century; the work of Athanasius Kircher influenced the study of Orientalism . The popularity of chinoiserie peaked around the middle of the 18th century when it was associated with the Rococo style and with works by François Boucher , Thomas Chippendale , and Jean-Baptist Pillement. It was also popularized by the influx of Chinese and Indian goods brought annually to Europe aboard English , Dutch , French , and Swedish East India Companies . There

8424-437: The most important composers of all time, best known for his almost 70 operas. Along with Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini , he was a leading composer of the bel canto opera style during the first half of the nineteenth century and a probable influence on other composers such as Giuseppe Verdi . Bergamo was the hometown and last resting place of Enrico Rastelli , a highly technical and world-famous juggler who lived in

8532-471: The municipality, started a new restoration that redefined the rooms overlooking the back alley, transformed the alley in a gallery covered with glass block and gets a few shops, a public telephone and a bronze fountain gutting part Offelleria, the restaurateur and demolishing the Billiard. The Pedrocchi Café is set up a triangular building, like a harpsichord. The main facade has a base of smooth ashlar . Towards

8640-447: The narrow medieval streets, you can visit numerous places of interest including: The lower city is the modern centre of Bergamo. At the end of the 19th century, Città Bassa was composed of residential neighborhoods built along the main roads that linked Bergamo to the other cities of Lombardy. The main boroughs were Borgo Palazzo along the road to Brescia , Borgo San Leonardo along the road to Milan and Borgo Santa Caterina along

8748-499: The opening of the new boulevard stretching into the plains, leading to the railway station that was inaugurated in 1857. Austrian rule was at first welcomed, but later challenged by Italian independentist insurrections in 1848. Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Bergamo in 1859, during the Second Italian War of Independence . As a result, the city was incorporated into the newly founded Kingdom of Italy . For its contribution to

8856-647: The physics of liquids and glasses. The main city theater is the Gaetano Donizetti Theater ; another historical theater is the Teatro Sociale , in the Upper Town. More modern is the tensile structure that houses the "Creberg Teatro Bergamo" with 1536 seats which make it one of the largest theaters in the province. Another theatrical structure is the Auditorium in Piazza della Libertà. The building that houses

8964-438: The plains below. The upper town is encircled by massive Venetian defensive systems that are a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 9 July 2017. Bergamo is well connected to several cities in Italy, thanks to the motorway A4 stretching on the axis between Milan, Verona , and Venice . The city is served by Il Caravaggio International Airport , the third-busiest airport in Italy with 12.3 million passengers in 2017. Bergamo

9072-457: The power politics of mainland Italy, prompted Venice to assert its direct rule over its mainland domains . As much of the fighting during the Italian Wars took place during sieges, increasing levels of fortification were adopted, using such new developments as detached bastions that could withstand sustained artillery fire. The Treaty of Campo Formio (17 October 1797) formally recognized

9180-416: The premises. Jappelli had to integrate different buildings and facades into a single unit, creating an eclectic exterior of diverse facade. The interior has neoclassical elements. The coffee house from the early years became known as "coffee without doors" because until 1916 it was open day and night. This dictated an independent structure with an open porch and no windows, making a "transition" into or from

9288-427: The rise of the villa and a growing taste for sunlit interiors, the popularity of wallpaper grew. The demand for wallpaper created by Chinese artists began first with European aristocrats between 1740 and 1790. The luxurious wallpaper available to them would have been unique, handmade, and expensive. Later wallpaper with chinoiserie motifs became accessible to the middle class when it could be printed and thus produced in

9396-450: The road to Serio Valley . Borgo Santa Caterina is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ('The most beautiful villages of Italy'). The city rapidly expanded during the 20th century. In the first decades, the municipality erected major buildings such as the new courthouse and various administrative offices in the lower part of Bergamo in order to create a new city center. After World War II , many residential buildings were constructed in

9504-405: The smoking room and billiards. These items were deleted by Pisani renovation in 1950, that wanted to create a concert hall space and a work area for the Café. To the south coffee ending with a loggia supported by Doric columns and flanked by the body of the so-called neo-Gothic "Pedrocchino". The latter, is constituted by a turret with an octagonal base which represents a source of light, thanks to

9612-413: The style of chinoiserie was assimilated under the generic definition of exoticism . Even though the root of the word 'chinoiserie' is 'Chine' (China), the Europeans of the 17th and 18th centuries did not have a clear conceptualization of how China was in reality. Often terms like 'Orient', 'Far East' or 'China' were all equally used to signify the region of Eastern Asia that had proper Chinese culture as

9720-473: The toll in Bergamo far worse than it had to be. The town has two centres: Città Alta ('Upper City'), a hilltop medieval town, surrounded by 16th-century defensive walls, and the Città Bassa ('Lower City'). The two parts of the town are connected by funicular , roads, and footpaths. The upper city, surrounded by Venetian walls built in the 16th century , forms the historic centre of Bergamo. Walking along

9828-528: The town and, in 1931, died there at the early age of 34. There is a life-sized statue of Rastelli within his mausoleum . A number of painters were active in the town as well; among these were Giovanni Paolo Cavagna , Francesco Zucco , and Enea Salmeggia , each of whom painted works for the church of Santa Maria Maggiore. Sculptor Giacomo Manzù and the bass-baritone opera singer Alex Esposito were born in Bergamo. The American electrical engineer and professor Andrew Viterbi , inventor of Viterbi's algorithm ,

9936-462: The windows on each side. Also, inside there is a spiral staircase. Two lodges in the same style are located on the north side, and in front of these there are four stone lions carved from Petrelli, which mimic those of basalt that adorn the cordoned del Campidoglio in Rome. Exterior : On the south end is a loggia supported by Doric columns and flanked by the body of the neo-Gothic "Pedrocchino". The latter,

10044-552: Was Western styled goods produced in 18th century China for Chinese consumers. Although this was a notable interest of the Kangxi Emperor and Qianlong Emperor , as shown by the architecture of Xiyang Lou , it was not restricted only to the court. "Occidenterie" artifacts and art were accessible to a wider variety of consumers, as they were domestically produced. There were many reasons why chinoiserie gained such popularity in Europe in

10152-436: Was a "keen competition between Margaret, 2nd Duchess of Portland , and Elizabeth, Countess of Ilchester , for a Japanese blue and white plate," shows how wealthy female consumers asserted their purchasing power and their need to play a role in creating the prevailing vogue. The term is also used in the fashion industry to describe "designs in textiles, fashion, and the decorative arts that derive from Chinese styles". Since

10260-408: Was a fundamental part of polite society; much of the interest in both Chinese export wares and chinoiserie rose from the desire to create appropriate settings for the ritual of tea drinking." After 1750, England was importing 10 million pounds of tea annually, demonstrating how widespread this practice was. The taste for chinoiserie porcelain, both export wares and European imitations, and tea drinking

10368-961: Was a revival of popularity for chinoiserie in Europe and the United States from the mid-19th century through the 1920s, and today in elite interior design and fashion. Though usually understood as a European style, chinoiserie was a global phenomenon. Local versions of chinoiserie were developed in India, Japan, Iran, and particularly Latin America. Through the Manila galleon trade , Spanish traders brought large amounts of Chinese porcelain, lacquer, textiles, and spices from Chinese merchants based in Manila to New Spanish markets in Acapulco, Panama, and Lima . Those products then inspired local artists and artisans such as ceramicists making Talavera pottery at Puebla de Los Angeles. Chinoiserie had some parallel in "occidenterie", which

10476-448: Was also the scene of the 1848 student uprisings against the dominant Austrian, as evidenced by the souvenir plates on the wall of white room, and meeting place for writers and artists such Nievo , Fusinato, Stendhal , which even extolled the wonders of eggnog pedrocchiano, D'Annunzio, Eleonora Duse and the futurist Marinetti. Owned by the City of Padua since 1891, the coffee houses, along with

10584-471: Was an authentic Chinese melody, the air chinois , in his 1768 Dictionary of Music , and it was re-used by Weber in his Overtura cinesa (1804). Offenbach 's satirical one-act operetta Ba-ta-clan (1855) was a big success in Paris. The 1889 Paris World Fair played a significant role in bringing world music to the attention of modern Western composers. In the early 20th century French composers responded to

10692-469: Was an idiom in appraisal of design in decorative arts. Sir William Temple (1628–1699), referring to such artwork, introduces the term sharawadgi in his essay Upon the Gardens of Epicurus written in 1685 and published in 1690. Under Temple's influence European gardeners and landscape designers used the concept of sharawadgi to create gardens that were believed to reflect the asymmetry and naturalism present in

10800-525: Was born in Bergamo, before migrating to the US during the Fascist era because of his Jewish origins. Designers born in Bergamo include Nicola Trussardi and the late Mariuccia Mandelli , the founder of Krizia and one of the first female fashion designers to create a successful line of men's wear. The physicist Fausto Martelli was born in Bergamo in 1982. Fausto Martelli is known for his fundamental contributions to

10908-525: Was caused by the difficulties caused by the Great War between 1915 and 1924. The restoration of "Pedrocchino" began afterwards and continued until 1927. In the following years it lost much of the original furniture designed by the Jappelli, which was replaced gradually during the fascist era. After World War II, with the project architect Angelo Pisani that is imposed against that of Carlo Scarpa, never considered by

11016-412: Was considered a source of inspiration; the atmosphere rich in images and the harmonic designs of the oriental style reflected the picture of an ideal world, from which to draw ideas in order to reshape one's own culture. For this reason the style of chinoiserie is to be regarded as an important result of the exchange between the West and the East. During the 19th century, and especially in its latter period,

11124-460: Was inaugurated in 2009. Two light rail lines are currently in the planning stage: Bergamo is twinned with: Chinoiserie Chinoiserie ( English: / ʃ ɪ n ˈ w ɑː z ər i / , French: [ʃinwazʁi] ; loanword from French chinoiserie , from chinois , "Chinese"; traditional Chinese : 中國風 ; simplified Chinese : 中国风 ; pinyin : Zhōngguófēng ; lit. 'China style')

11232-505: Was increasingly admired by philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer, who regarded the Upanishads as the "production of the highest human wisdom" and "the most profitable and elevating reading which...is possible in the world." Chinoiserie was not universally popular. Some critics saw the style as "…a retreat from reason and taste and a descent into a morally ambiguous world based on hedonism, sensation and values perceived to be feminine." It

11340-449: Was more associated with women than men. A number of aristocratic and socially important women were famous collectors of chinoiserie porcelain, among them Queen Mary II , Queen Anne , Henrietta Howard, and the Duchess of Queensbury, all socially important women. This is significant because their homes served as examples of good taste and sociability. A single historical incident in which there

11448-596: Was rapidly fading with the modern era. From the Renaissance to the 18th century Western designers attempted to imitate the technical sophistication of Chinese export porcelain (and for that matter Japanese export porcelain – Europeans were generally vague as the origin of "oriental" imports), with only partial success. One of the earliest successful attempts, for instance, was the Medici porcelain manufactured in Florence during

11556-470: Was the seat of one of the most important Lombard duchies of northern Italy, together with Brescia , Trento , and Cividale del Friuli : its first Lombard duke was Wallaris . After the conquest of the Lombard Kingdom by Charlemagne , it became the seat of a county under one Auteramus (died 816). An important Lombardic hoard dating from the 6th to 7th centuries was found in the vicinity of

11664-408: Was viewed as lacking the logic and reason upon which Antique art had been founded. Architect and author Robert Morris claimed that it "…consisted of mere whims and chimera, without rules or order, it requires no fertility of genius to put into execution." Those with a more archaeological view of the East, considered the chinoiserie style, with its distortions and whimsical approach, to be a mockery of

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