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43-457: See text Caesalpinioideae is a botanical name at the rank of subfamily , placed in the large family Fabaceae or Leguminosae . Its name is formed from the generic name Caesalpinia . It is known also as the peacock flower subfamily. The Caesalpinioideae are mainly trees distributed in the moist tropics , but include such temperate species as the honeylocust ( Gleditsia triacanthos ) and Kentucky coffeetree ( Gymnocladus dioicus ). It has

86-647: A saison ale called Pissenlit (the French word for dandelion, literally meaning "wet the bed") made by Brasserie Fantôme in Belgium . Dandelion and burdock is a soft drink that has long been popular in the United Kingdom . Another recipe using the plant is dandelion flower jam. In Silesia and other parts of Poland and the world, dandelion flowers are used to make a honey substitute syrup with added lemon (so-called May-honey ). Ground roasted dandelion root can be used as

129-493: A cultivar name, is often used when the parentage of a particular hybrid cultivar is not relevant in the context, or is uncertain. (specific to botany) (more general) Taraxacum officinale Taraxacum officinale , the dandelion or common dandelion , is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the daisy family, Asteraceae . The common dandelion is well known for its yellow flower heads that turn into round balls of many silver-tufted fruits that disperse in

172-469: A dense stand of dandelions. When released, the seeds can be spread by the wind up to several hundred meters from their source. The seeds are also a common contaminant in crop and forage seeds. The plants are adaptable to most soils and the seeds are not dependent on cold temperatures before they will germinate but they need to be within the top 2.5 cm (1 in) of soil. Dandelions can also regenerate themselves from fragments of taproot. T. officinale

215-473: A diploid set of chromosomes, and are sexually self-incompatible. Sexual reproduction involves a reduction of the somatic chromosome number by meiosis followed by a restoration of the somatic chromosome number by fertilization. Diploid dandelions have eight pairs of chromosomes, and meiosis is regular with normal pairing of homologous chromosomes at the metaphase I stage of meiosis. The second group consists of polyploid (mostly triploid) apomicts, meaning that both

258-439: A food and medicine. Dandelions are harvested from the wild or grown on a small scale as a leaf vegetable . The leaves (called dandelion greens) can be eaten cooked or raw in various forms, such as in soup or salad . They are probably closest in character to mustard greens. Usually the young leaves and unopened buds are eaten raw in salads, while older leaves are cooked. Raw leaves have a slightly bitter taste. Dandelion salad

301-446: A food crop. It is now naturalized throughout North America, southern Africa, South America, New Zealand, Australia, and India. It occurs in all 50 states of the US and most Canadian provinces. The plant grows in temperate regions of the world in lawns , on roadsides, disturbed banks, shores of waterways, and other areas with moist soils. The plant is coveted by collectors in regions where

344-665: A fossil record that goes back to glacial and interglacial times in Europe. The plants introduced to North America, originally as a food crop, are triploids that mainly reproduce by obligate gametophytic apomixis Though sexual dandelion plants are known in North America, almost all are clones that produce genetically identical seeds through apomixis. Some authorities recognize three subspecies of Taraxacum officinale , including: Two of them have been introduced and established in Alaska and

387-425: A larger number of viable seeds. Therefore, it is anticipated that dandelion will become more competitive and widespread as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase. The plant has several culinary uses: the flowers are used to make dandelion wine , the greens are used in salads, the roots have been used to make a coffee substitute (when baked and ground into powder) and the plant was used by Native Americans as

430-419: A non-caffeinated coffee substitute . T. officinale 's diuretic properties - believed to be a result of the plant’s high potassium content - have been well described, with the leaves of this plant having been used for this purpose in traditional Chinese medicine for approximately 2,000 years, with other regions of the world using the plant in the same way; in French, a common name for T. officinale

473-450: A nuisance in residential and recreational lawns in North America. It is also an important weed in agriculture and causes significant economic damage because of its infestation in many crops worldwide. T. officinale can serve as an indicator plant for soil potassium and calcium , as the plant favours soils with relatively low concentrations of calcium, but favours soils with relatively high concentrations of potassium. The dandelion

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516-483: A viable embryo as well as a functional endosperm is formed without prior fertilization. In contrast to the sexual diploids, the pairing of chromosomes at metaphase I in triploid apomicts is strongly reduced. However pairing is still sufficient to allow some recombination between homologous chromosomes. Taraxacum is derived from the Arabic word tarakhshagog (or tarakhshaqūn ) for a bitter herb. It may be related to

559-418: A wide variety of folkloric traditions, the dandelion has been highlighted as a valuable tool for educators seeking to help children of varying cultural and ethnic backgrounds connect to science through ethnobotany . Yellow dye colors can be obtained from the flowers but little color can be obtained from the roots of the plant. The latex can be used as a kind of glue. Cultures worldwide tell stories about

602-439: A workshop or pharmacy. The taxonomy of the genus Taraxacum is complicated by apomictic and polyploid lineages, and the taxonomy and nomenclatural situation of T. officinale is not yet fully resolved. The taxonomy of this genus has been complicated by the recognition of numerous species, subspecies and microspecies . For example, Rothmaler's flora of Germany recognizes roughly 70 microspecies. T. officinale has

645-646: Is pissenlit , 'a colorful description of its diuretic activity.' A study conducted in 2009 noted 'promising' results regarding these diuretic properties, but that further studies would need to be conducted into the plant's efficacy. Dandelion has been used in traditional medicine in Europe, North America, and China. Since asexually-reproducing dandelions produce genetically identical offspring, they are often useful as subjects for scientific research. For example, dandelions are used in studies where genetic differences between subjects need to be minimized. Because of its worldwide distribution, familiarity, and presence in

688-542: Is "subg.", an abbreviation for subgenus ). The connecting term is not part of the name itself. A taxon may be indicated by a listing in more than three parts: " Saxifraga aizoon var. aizoon subvar. brevifolia f. multicaulis subf. surculosa Engl. & Irmsch." but this is a classification, not a formal botanical name. The botanical name is Saxifraga aizoon subf. surculosa Engl. & Irmsch. ( ICN Art 24: Ex 1). Generic, specific, and infraspecific botanical names are usually printed in italics . The example set by

731-461: Is a common colonizer of disturbed habitats, both from wind blown seeds and seed germination from the seed bank. The seeds remain viable in the seed bank for many years, with one study showing germination after nine years. This species is a somewhat prolific seed producer, with 54 to 172 seeds produced per head, and a single plant can produce more than 5,000 seeds a year. It is estimated that more than 97,000,000 seeds/ hectare could be produced yearly by

774-562: Is food for the caterpillars of several Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), such as the tortrix moth Celypha rufana . See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on dandelions. Even though dandelion pollen is of poor nutritional quality for honey bees , they readily consume it, and it can be an important source of nutritional diversity in heavily managed monocultures such as that of blueberries. Honey bees have not been shown to lower their pollination activity on nearby fruit crops when foraging on dandelions. While not in bloom, this species

817-499: Is in keeping with two of the three other kinds of scientific name : zoological and bacterial ( viral names above genus are italicized, a new policy adopted in the early 1990s). For botanical nomenclature, the ICN prescribes a two-part name or binary name for any taxon below the rank of genus down to, and including, the rank of species. Taxa below the rank of species get a three part ( infraspecific name ). A binary name consists of

860-414: Is often accompanied with hard-boiled eggs . The leaves are high in vitamins A and C , as well as iron , phosphorus , and potassium . Dandelion flowers can be used to make dandelion wine , for which there are many recipes. Most of these are more accurately described as "dandelion-flavored wine," as some other sort of fermented juice or extract serves as the main ingredient. It has also been used in

903-414: Is sometimes confused with others, such as Chondrilla juncea , that have similar basal rosettes of foliage. Another plant, sometimes referred to as fall dandelion , is very similar to dandelion, but produces "yellow fields" later. Its blooms resemble some of the species of Sonchus , but are larger. Dandelion thrives in conditions of elevated carbon dioxide, growing to a higher biomass and producing

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946-455: The French dent de lion , or "lion's tooth", in reference to the plant's jagged-edged leaves. "Pee-a-bed" and "wet-a-bed" reflect the modern French term for the plant, pissenlit . This name and all those that imply ramped-up urine production refer to T. officinale 's well-known diuretic properties. Taraxacum officinale is native to Europe and Asia, and was originally imported to America as

989-400: The ICN is to italicize all botanical names, including those above genus, though the ICN preface states: "The Code sets no binding standard in this respect, as typography is a matter of editorial style and tradition not of nomenclature". Most peer-reviewed scientific botanical publications do not italicize names above the rank of genus, and non-botanical scientific publications do not, which

1032-461: The mimosoid clade nested within) Botanical name The purpose of a formal name is to have a single name that is accepted and used worldwide for a particular plant or plant group. For example, the botanical name Bellis perennis denotes a plant species which is native to most of the countries of Europe and the Middle East , where it has accumulated various names in many languages. Later,

1075-630: The Greek word ταρασσω ( tarasso ) meaning to disturb. The Latin specific epithet officinale refers to the Latin word for 'medicinal' or 'of the apothecaries'. T. officinale has many English common names (some of which are no longer in use), including blowball, lion's-tooth, cankerwort, milk-witch, yellow-gowan, Irish daisy, monks-head, priest's-crown and puff-ball; other common names include, faceclock, pee-a-bed, wet-a-bed, swine's snout, white endive, and wild endive. The common name dandelion comes from

1118-456: The dandelion and have culinary and medicinal uses for it. A Native American folktale tells the story of a golden haired girl who attracted the fancy of the South Wind. The South Wind was too lazy to pursue her, until one day he realized she had grown old and her hair had turned white. Supposedly, when the South Wind sighs over the loss of his chance to pursue the golden-haired girl, his breath sends

1161-849: The dandelion has become established over a wide range via human activity, originally being native to Eurasia , but can also be found across the Americas, southern Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand as a result of incidental or deliberate introductions. It is most often considered a weed , especially in lawns and along roadsides, but the leaves, flowers, and roots are sometimes used as food and in herbal medicine . Taraxacum officinale grows from (generally unbranched) taproots and produces several hollow, leafless flower stems that are typically 5–40 centimetres (2– 15 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches) tall, but sometimes up to 70 cm (28 in) tall. The stems can be tinted purplish, they are upright or lax, and produce flower heads that are held as tall or taller than

1204-740: The florets) are composed of 12 to 18 segments: each segment is reflexed and sometimes glaucous. The lanceolate shaped bractlets are in two series, with the apices acuminate in shape. The 14–25 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 2 –1 in) wide involucres are green to dark green or brownish-green, with the tips dark gray or purplish. The florets number 40 to over 100 per head, having corollas that are yellow or orange-yellow in color. The fruits, called cypselae, range in color from olive-green or olive-brown to straw-colored to grayish, they are oblanceoloid in shape and 2–3 mm ( 1 ⁄ 16 – 1 ⁄ 8  in) long with slender beaks. The fruits have 4 to 12 ribs that have sharp edges. The silky pappi , which form

1247-441: The flowers are visited by many types of insects. The leaves are 5–45 cm (2– 17 + 3 ⁄ 4  in) long and 1–10 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 –4 in) wide, and are oblanceolate, oblong, or obovate in shape, with the bases gradually narrowing to the petiole. The leaf margins are typically shallowly lobed to deeply lobed and often lacerate or toothed with sharp or dull teeth. The calyculi (the cuplike bracts that hold

1290-535: The foliage. The foliage may be upright-growing or horizontally spreading; the leaves have petioles that are either unwinged or narrowly winged. The stems can be glabrous or sparsely covered with short hairs. Plants have milky latex and the leaves are all basal ; each flowering stem lacks bracts and has one single flower head. The yellow flower heads lack receptacle bracts and all the flowers, which are called florets , are ligulate and bisexual. In many lineages, fruits are mostly produced by apomixis , notwithstanding

1333-499: The following clade-based definition: The most inclusive crown clade containing Arcoa gonavensis Urb. and Mimosa pudica L. , but not Bobgunnia fistuloides (Harms) J. H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema , Duparquetia orchidacea Baill. , or Poeppigia procera C.Presl In some classifications, for example the Cronquist system , the group is recognized at the rank of family, Caesalpiniaceae. Caesalpinioideae, as it

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1376-430: The name of a genus and an epithet. In the case of cultivated plants, there is an additional epithet which is an often non-Latin part, not written in italics. For cultivars, it is always given in single quotation marks. The cultivar, Group, or grex epithet may follow either the botanical name of the species, or the name of the genus only, or the unambiguous common name of the genus or species. The generic name, followed by

1419-401: The parachutes, are white to silver-white in color and around 6 mm wide. Plants typically have 24 or 40 pairs of chromosomes, while some have 16 or 32 pairs. Taraxalisin is a serine proteinase found in the latex of dandelion roots. Rudenskaya et al. (1998) found that taraxalisin hydrolyzes a chromogenic peptide substrate Glp-Ala-Ala-Leu-pNA optimally at pH 8.0. Maximal activity of

1462-445: The plant is trickier to grow such as the tropics, where people would often resort to smuggling seeds from overseas. Taraxacum officinale was evaluated in 2013 by the IUCN as "Least Concern" due to a large and stable population. It was similarly evaluated by NatureServe in 2016 as "Globally Secure", G5. It is considered a noxious weed in some jurisdictions, and is considered to be

1505-422: The plant was introduced worldwide, bringing it into contact with more languages. English names for this plant species include: daisy, English daisy, and lawn daisy. The cultivar Bellis perennis 'Aucubifolia' is a golden-variegated horticultural selection of this species. The botanical name itself is fixed by a type , which is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which

1548-612: The proteinase in the roots is attained in April, at the beginning of plant development after the winter period. Carl Linnaeus named the species Leontodon taraxacum in 1753. The current genus name Taraxacum derives possibly from the Arabic Tharakhchakon , or from the Greek Tarraxos . The specific name officinalis refers to its value as a medicinal herb , and is derived from the word opificina , later officina , meaning

1591-410: The rank of genus) or three parts (below the rank of species). The names of cultivated plants are not necessarily similar to the botanical names, since they may instead involve "unambiguous common names" of species or genera. Cultivated plant names may also have an extra component, bringing a maximum of four parts: A botanical name in three parts, i.e., an infraspecific name (a name for a taxon below

1634-516: The rank of species) needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In the Calystegia example above, this is "subsp.", an abbreviation for subspecies . In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is not used in zoology). A name of a "subdivision of a genus" also needs a connecting term (in the Acacia example above, this

1677-502: The scientific name is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralize the defining features of that particular taxon. The usefulness of botanical names is limited by the fact that taxonomic groups are not fixed in size; a taxon may have a varying circumscription , depending on the taxonomic system , thus, the group that a particular botanical name refers to can be quite small according to some people and quite big according to others. For example,

1720-471: The third (subsp. ceratophorum ) is native there. Taraxacum officinale L . (dandelion) is a vigorous weed in Europe with diploid sexual populations in the southern regions and partially overlapping populations of diploid sexuals and triploid or tetraploid apomicts in the central and northern regions. These European dandelions can be divided into two groups. The first group reproduces sexually, as do most seed plants. This group consists of dandelions that have

1763-550: The traditional view of the family Malvaceae has been expanded in some modern approaches to include what were formerly considered to be several closely related families. Some botanical names refer to groups that are very stable (for example Equisetaceae , Magnoliaceae ) while for other names a careful check is needed to see which circumscription is being used (for example Fabaceae , Amygdaloideae , Taraxacum officinale ). Depending on rank , botanical names may be in one part ( genus and above), two parts (various situations below

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1806-443: The wind . These balls are called "clocks" in both British and American English. The name "blowball" is also used. The common dandelion grows in temperate regions of the world in areas with moist soils. They are very hardy plants, able to grow in a variety of environments, and are tolerant of crowding, extremes of temperature, and low moisture. As a result of this hardiness, in addition to its ability to rapidly propagate itself,

1849-661: Was traditionally circumscribed , was paraphyletic . Several molecular phylogenies in the early 2000s showed that the other two subfamilies of Fabaceae ( Faboideae and Mimosoideae ) were both nested within Caesalpinioideae. Consequently, the subfamilies of Fabaceae were reorganized to make them monophyletic. Caesalpinioideae, as currently defined, contains the following subclades: Faboideae ( outgroup ) Umtiza clade Cassieae clade Pterogyne Caesalpinieae clade Dimorphandra group A Tachigali clade Peltophorum clade Dimorphandra group B (with

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