Misplaced Pages

#738261

47-399: In most countries, legal systems have developed around the original administrative systems and use the cadastre to define the dimensions and location of land parcels described in legal documentation. A land parcel or cadastral parcel is defined as "a continuous area, or more appropriately volume, that is identified by a unique set of homogeneous property rights". Cadastral surveys document

94-697: A Rotary International Fellowship to study in Burma, where he was recruited by an American student activist who had become an anti-communist organizer for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Scott agreed to do reporting for the agency, and at the end of his fellowship, took a post in the Paris office of the National Student Association , which accepted CIA money and direction in working against communist -controlled global student movements over

141-680: A Southeast Asia specialist teaching during the Vietnam War , he offered popular courses on the war and peasant revolutions . In 1976, having earned tenure at Madison, Scott returned to Yale and settled on a farm in Durham, Connecticut , with his wife. They started with a small farm, then purchased a larger one nearby in the early 1980s, where they sheared sheep and pastured Highland cattle . Though Scott's early and late books were based on interviews and archival investigations, his use of ethnographic and interpretative methods has been influential. He

188-487: A State , argues that all maps, but particularly cadastral maps, are designed to make local situations legible to an outsider, and in doing so, enable states to collect data on their subjects. He sees the origins of this in Early Modern Europe , where taxation became more complex. Cadastral maps, he argues, are always a great simplification, but they in themselves help change reality. Cadastral documentation comprises

235-679: A badge of honor ... Published in August 2017, Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States is an account of new evidence for the beginnings of the earliest civilizations that contradict the standard narrative. Scott explores why we avoided sedentism and plow agriculture ; the advantages of mobile subsistence ; the unforeseeable epidemics arising from crowding plants, animals, and grain; and why all early states are based on millets , cereal grains and unfree labor . He also discusses

282-668: A fashion that respects peasant needs (hence the phrase “moral economy” in his title), and they use such leverage as they have to persuade elites to do this. Elites are naturally less enthusiastic about this than peasants are. The processes of modernization often reduce peasant leverage. When peasant leverage becomes inadequate, elites often abandon their traditional moral obligations. Peasants react with shock and outrage, sometimes with riot or rebellion. Samuel Popkin , in his book The Rational Peasant (1979), wanting to refute some ideas he regarded as unfounded, made those ideas seem more influential than they were by 1) Saying that these were

329-505: A legal boundary (sometimes also referred to as a property line , lot line or bounds ). The boundary (in Latin: limes ) may appear as a discontinuation in the terrain: a ditch, a bank, a hedge, a wall, or similar, but essentially, a legal boundary is a conceptual entity, a social construct , adjunct to the likewise abstract entity of property rights . A cadastral map displays how boundaries subdivide land into units of ownership . However,

376-753: A lifelong interest in Southeast Asia and peasantries, his later works ranged across many topics: quiet forms of political resistance, the failures of state-led social transformation, techniques used by non-state societies to avoid state control, commonplace uses of anarchist principles , and the rise of early agricultural states. His posthumous book, In Praise of Floods , is expected to be published in February 2025. The New York Times described his research as "highly influential and idiosyncratic". Scott received his bachelor's degree from Williams College and his MA and PhD in political science from Yale . He taught at

423-546: A means of more precise tax assessment. A cadastral map is a map that shows the boundaries and ownership of land parcels. Some cadastral maps show additional details, such as survey district names, unique identifying numbers for parcels, certificate of title numbers, positions of existing structures, section or lot numbers and their respective areas, adjoining and adjacent street names, selected boundary dimensions and references to prior maps. James C. Scott , in Seeing Like

470-588: A tight framework of legislation'. With the view of assessing transaction costs, a European project: Modelling real property transactions (2001–2005) charted procedures for the transfer of ownership and other rights in land and buildings. Cadastral documentation is described, e.g. for Finland as follows '8. Surveyor draws up cadastral map and cadastral documents … 10. Surveyor sends cadastral documents to cadastral authority.' In Australia, similar activities are referred to as 'lodgement of plans of subdivision at land titles offices' Cadastre management has been used by

517-442: A title register. The International Federation of Surveyors defines cadastre as follows: A Cadastre is normally a parcel-based, and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, the ownership or control of those interests, and often

SECTION 10

#1732848863739

564-424: Is a gamble that might drop them below subsistence level if it did not work out, they will almost always reject that gamble. Scott asserted that in traditional societies, many (though by no means all) peasants have relationships with the elite that provide some degree of assurance that the peasants will not fall below subsistence level. The peasants believe that elites are under a strong moral obligation to behave in

611-840: Is often a base element in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or Land Information Systems (LIS) used to assess and manage land and built infrastructure. Such systems are also employed on a variety of other tasks, for example, to track long-term changes over time for geological or ecological studies, where land tenure is a significant part of the scenario. The cadastre is a fundamental source of data in disputes and lawsuits between landowners. Land registration and cadastre are both types of land recording and complement each other. By clearly assigning property rights and demarcating land, cadasters have been attributed with strengthening state fiscal capacity and economic growth. The word cadastre came into English through French from

658-411: Is that if you put on anarchist glasses and look at the history of popular movements, revolutions, ordinary politics, and the state from that angle, certain insights will appear that are obscured from almost any other angle. It will also become apparent that anarchist principles are active in the aspirations and political action of people who have never heard of anarchism or anarchist philosophy ." Scott

705-594: Is unusual for conducting his primary ethnographic fieldwork only after receiving tenure. To research his third book, Weapons of the Weak , Scott spent fourteen months in a village in Kedah, Malaysia between 1978 and 1980. When he had finished a draft, he returned for two months to solicit villagers' impressions of his depiction, and significantly revised the book based on their criticisms and insight. In 2011, Scott, along with other Burmese and Western scholars, convened at Yale with

752-492: The Greek katástikhon ( κατάστιχον ), a list or register, from katà stíkhon ( κατὰ στίχον )—literally, "(organised) line by line". A cadastre commonly includes details of the ownership , the tenure , the precise location, the dimensions (and area), the cultivations if rural, and the value of individual parcels of land. Cadastres are used by many nations around the world, some in conjunction with other records, such as

799-538: The Moorestown Friends School , a Quaker Day School, and in 1953 matriculated at Williams College in Massachusetts. On the advice of Indonesia scholar William Hollinger he wrote an honors thesis on the economic development of Burma . Scott received his bachelor's degree from Williams College in 1958, and his PhD in political science from Yale University in 1967. Upon graduation, Scott received

846-637: The Tithe Commission . In the United States , cadastral survey within the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) maintains records of all public lands . Such surveys often require detailed investigation of the history of land use, legal accounts, and other documents. The Public Lands Survey System is a cadastral survey of the United States originating in legislation from 1785, after international recognition of

893-640: The University of Wisconsin–Madison until 1976 and then at Yale, where he was Sterling Professor of Political Science . In 1991, he became director of Yale's Program in Agrarian Studies. At the time of his death, The New York Times described Scott as among the most widely read social scientists. Scott was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey , on December 2, 1936. He grew up in Beverly, New Jersey . Scott attended

940-543: The boundaries of land ownership, by the production of documents, diagrams, sketches, plans ( plats in the US), charts, and maps. They were originally used to ensure reliable facts for land valuation and taxation. An example from early England is the Domesday Book in 1086. Napoleon established a comprehensive cadastral system for France that is regarded as the forerunner of most modern versions. Cadastral survey information

987-440: The cadastre as well as boundary markings in the field. Alternatively, indigenous people represent boundaries through ephemeral performances, such as song and dance, and, when in more permanent form, e.g. paintings or carvings, in an artistic or metaphorical manner. Legal boundaries are usually established by a professional surveyor using a transit and or modern Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. The coordinates of

SECTION 20

#1732848863739

1034-441: The "barbarians" who long evaded state control, as a way of understanding continuing tension between states and non-subject peoples. In Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Dignity, and Meaningful Work and Play (2012), Scott says that "Lacking a comprehensive anarchist worldview and philosophy, and in any case wary of nomothetic ways of seeing, I am making a case for a sort of anarchist squint. What I aim to show

1081-675: The Introduction, he wrote: ...  All identities, without exception, have been socially constructed: the Han, the Burman, the American, the Danish, all of them ... To the degree that the identity is stigmatized by the larger state or society, it is likely to become for many a resistant and defiant identity. Here invented identities combine with self-making of a heroic kind, in which such identifications become

1128-564: The United States. The Dominion Land Survey is a similar cadastral survey conducted in Western Canada, begun in 1871 after the creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Both cadastral surveys are made relative to principal meridian and baselines . These cadastral surveys divided the surveyed areas into townships . Some much earlier surveys in Ohio created 25 square mile townships when the design of

1175-568: The actual James Scott, romanticized the traditional elites, suggesting that the elites often would act benevolently without much regard for their own self-interest. Popkin gave an impression that he and Scott represented two radically different positions in the formalist–substantivist debate in political anthropology. In fact both Popkin and Scott were formalists. In Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (1985) Scott expanded his theories to peasants in other parts of

1222-689: The age of 87. Scott's work focuses on the ways that subaltern people resist domination. During the Vietnam War , Scott took an interest in Vietnam and wrote The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia (1976) about the ways peasants resisted authority. Scott asserted that the highest priority for most peasants is ensuring that their incomes will not fall below minimal subsistence level. They desire higher income levels, and will pursue them aggressively under some circumstances, but if their only path toward higher incomes

1269-468: The conventional cadastre concept include the 3D cadastre , considering the vertical domain; and the multipurpose cadastre , considering non-parcel data. According to the UN Economic Commission for Europe , a " Marine Cadastre describes the location and spatial extent of rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the marine environment". Marine cadastres apply the same governance principles to

1316-465: The documentary materials submitted to cadastre or land administration offices for renewal of cadastral recordings. Cadastral documentation is kept in paper and/or electronic form. Jurisdiction statutes and further provisions specify the content and form of the documentation, as well as the person(s) authorized to prepare and sign the documentation, including concerned parties (owner, etc.), licensed surveyors and legal advisors. The office concerned reviews

1363-645: The event of a publicization of this "hidden transcript," oppressed classes openly assume their speech and become conscious of its common status. Scott's book Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (1998) saw his first major foray into political science. In it, he showed how central governments attempt to force legibility on their subjects, and fail to see complex, valuable forms of local social order and knowledge. Scott argues that in order for schemes to improve

1410-563: The extent of land rather than using more precise surveys. Only in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries did the use of cadastral maps resume, beginning in the Netherlands. With the emergence of capitalism in Renaissance Europe, the need for cadastral maps reemerged as a tool to determine and express control of land as a means of production. This took place first privately in land disputes and later spread to governmental practice as

1457-734: The goal of re-establishing the Journal of the Burma Research Society for scholars. The journal's successor, named the Independent Journal of Burmese Scholarship ( IJBS ), published its first issue in August 2016. Scott retired from teaching in 2022. In 1961, Scott married Louise Glover Goehring; they had three children and were married until her death in 1997. In 1999, he began a relationship with anthropologist Anna Tsing , which lasted until his death. Scott lived in Durham, Connecticut . He died at his home on July 19, 2024, at

Cadastre - Misplaced Pages Continue

1504-462: The human condition to succeed, they must take into account local conditions, and that the high-modernist ideologies of the 20th century have prevented this. He highlights collective farms in the Soviet Union , the building of Brasília , and Prussian forestry techniques as examples of failed schemes. In The Art of Not Being Governed , Scott addresses the question of how certain groups in

1551-499: The ideas of a group he called the "moral economists." 2) Making it clear that he regarded Scott, an influential and highly respected scholar, as the most conspicuous spokesman for the "moral economists." Popkin's "moral economists," unlike the actual James Scott, believed "that peasants have a fixed view of a proper income, that they will not strive to raise their income beyond that level, and that they are not interested in new forms of consumption." Popkin's "moral economists," unlike

1598-622: The mountainous jungles of Southeast Asia managed to avoid a package of exploitation centered around the state, taxation, and grain cultivation. Certain aspects of their society seen by outsiders as backward (e.g., limited literacy and use of written language) were in fact part of the "Arts" referenced in the title: limiting literacy meant lower visibility to the state. Scott's main argument is that these people are "barbaric by design": their social organization, geographical location, subsistence practices and culture have been carved to discourage states to annex them to their territories. Addressing identity in

1645-520: The next few years. Scott began graduate study in political science at Yale in 1961, though originally intended to study economics. His dissertation on political ideology in Malaysia , which was supervised by Robert E. Lane , analysed interviews with Malaysian civil servants. In 1967, he took a position as an assistant professor in political science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison . His early work focused on corruption and machine politics . As

1692-555: The property line are often described on a drawing called a "plot plan" or " plat " by indicating the length of the boundary along a specific compass bearing in relation to a verifiable "point of beginning". The metes and bounds method is also used to provide a legal description of a property. On maps, the line may be marked with U+214A ⅊ PROPERTY LINE . The ⅊ symbol may also be used in architectural drawings and CAD design to show plates. James C. Scott James Campbell Scott (December 2, 1936 – July 19, 2024)

1739-535: The public interactions between dominators and oppressed as a "public transcript" and the critique of power that goes on offstage as a "hidden transcript". Groups under domination—from bonded labor to sexual violence —thus cannot be understood merely by their outward appearances. In order to study the systems of domination, careful attention is paid to what lies beneath the surface of evident, public behavior. In public, those that are oppressed accept their domination, but they always question their domination offstage. On

1786-515: The relations between society, owner, and land in any culture or jurisdiction are conceived of in terms more complex than a tessellation . Therefore, the society concerned has to specify the rules and means by which the boundary concept is materialized and located on the ground. A 'Western' version of the boundary determination might be a legally specified procedure, performed by a chartered surveyor , supported by statements from neighbors and pertinent documents, and resulting in official recording in

1833-525: The software industry since at least 2005. It mainly refers to the use of technology for management of cadastre and land information in geographic information systems , spatial data infrastructures and software architecture , rather than to general management issues of cadastral and other land information agencies. In 1836, Colonel Robert Dawson of the Royal Engineers proposed that a cadastre be implemented in light of his experiences as on secondment to

1880-520: The state lands which the Emperor Augustus had given to the soldiers of Legion II Gallica, but which for some years had been occupied by private individuals, ordered a survey map to be set up with a record on each 'century' of the annual rental". In this way Vespasian was able to reimpose taxation formerly uncollected on these lands. With the fall of Rome, the use of cadastral maps effectively discontinued. Medieval practice used written descriptions of

1927-715: The submitted information; if the documentation does not comply with stated provisions, the office may set a deadline for the applicant to submit complete documentation. The concept of cadastral documentation emerged late in the English language, as the institution of cadastre developed outside English-speaking countries. In a Danish textbook, one out of fifteen chapters regards the form and content of documents concerning subdivision and other land matters. Early textbooks of international scope focused on recordings in terms of land registration and technical aspects of cadastral survey , yet note that 'cadastral surveying has been carried out within

Cadastre - Misplaced Pages Continue

1974-713: The system was being explored. Later, the design became square land areas of approximately 36 square miles (six miles by six miles). These townships are divided into sections , each approximately one-mile square. Unlike in Europe, this cadastral survey largely preceded settlement and as a result greatly influenced settlement patterns. Properties are generally rectangular, boundary lines often run on cardinal bearings, and parcel dimensions are often in fractions or multiples of chains . Land descriptions in Western North America are principally based on these land surveys. Extensions of

2021-516: The value of the parcel and its improvements. Some of the earliest cadastres were ordered by Roman Emperors to recover state owned lands that had been appropriated by private individuals, and thereby recover income from such holdings. One such cadastre was done in AD 77 in Campania, a surviving stone marker of the survey reads "The Emperor Vespasian , in the eighth year of his tribunician power, so as to restore

2068-410: The water. They help further conservation and sustainability efforts. This is especially a concern in Europe's large aquatic market. In Australia, they are used by many parties to plan around legal, technical, and institutional considerations. A related concept is that of marine spatial data infrastructures . Boundary (real estate) A unit of real estate or immovable property is limited by

2115-467: The world. Scott's theories are often contrasted with Gramscian ideas about hegemony . Against Gramsci, Scott argues that the everyday resistance of subalterns shows that they have not consented to dominance. In Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (1990) argues that subordinate groups employ strategies of resistance that go unnoticed. He terms this "infrapolitics". Scott describes

2162-925: Was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was awarded resident fellowships at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences , the Institute for Advanced Study , and the Science, Technology and Society Program at M.I.T. He also received research grants from the National Science Foundation , the National Endowment for the Humanities , and the Guggenheim Foundation , and

2209-400: Was an American political scientist and anthropologist specializing in comparative politics . He was a comparative scholar of agrarian and non-state societies. Trained as a political scientist, Scott's scholarship discussed peasant societies, state power, and political resistance. From 1968 to 1985, Scott wrote influentially on agrarian politics in peninsular Malaysia. While he retained

#738261