69-560: In software development , CMake is cross-platform free and open-source software for build automation , testing , packaging and installation of software by using a compiler -independent method. CMake is not a build system itself; it generates another system's build files. It supports directory hierarchies and applications that depend on multiple libraries. It can invoke native build environments such as Make , Qt Creator , Ninja , Android Studio , Apple's Xcode , and Microsoft Visual Studio . It has minimal dependencies, requiring only
138-617: A C++ compiler on its own build system. CMake is distributed as free and open-source software under a permissive BSD-3-Clause license. CMake development began in 1999, in response to the need for a cross-platform build environment for the Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK). The project is funded by the United States National Library of Medicine as part of the Visible Human Project . It
207-593: A class browser , an object browser , and a class hierarchy diagram for use in object-oriented software development . Integrated development environments are designed to maximize programmer productivity by providing tight-knit components with similar user interfaces . IDEs present a single program in which all development is done. This program typically provides many features for authoring, modifying, compiling, deploying and debugging software. This contrasts with software development using unrelated tools, such as vi , GDB , GNU Compiler Collection , or make . One aim of
276-510: A console or terminal . Early systems could not support one, since programs were submitted to a compiler or assembler via punched cards , paper tape , etc. Dartmouth BASIC was the first language to be created with an IDE (and was also the first to be designed for use while sitting in front of a console or terminal). Its IDE (part of the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System ) was command-based, and therefore did not look much like
345-464: A debugger . Some IDEs, such as IntelliJ IDEA , Eclipse and Lazarus contain the necessary compiler , interpreter or both; others, such as SharpDevelop and NetBeans , do not. The boundary between an IDE and other parts of the broader software development environment is not well-defined; sometimes a version control system or various tools to simplify the construction of a graphical user interface (GUI) are integrated. Many modern IDEs also have
414-766: A user . The process is more encompassing than programming , writing code , in that it includes conceiving the goal, evaluating feasibility, analyzing requirements , design , testing and release . The process is part of software engineering which also includes organizational management , project management , configuration management and other aspects. Software development involves many skills and job specializations including programming , testing , documentation , graphic design , user support , marketing , and fundraising . Software development involves many tools including: compiler , integrated development environment (IDE), version control , computer-aided software engineering , and word processor . The details of
483-471: A Makefile). Additionally, .cmake -suffixed files can contain scripts used by CMake. To generate a project's build files, one invokes cmake in terminal and specifies the directory that contains CMakeLists.txt . This file contains one or more commands in the form of COMMAND(argument ...) . The arguments of the commands are whitespace -separated and can include keywords to separate groups of arguments. Commands can take keywords. For instance, in
552-399: A build directory will not affect source files and prevents clutter which might confuse version control systems. CMake keeps track and recompiles all the upstream dependencies of a given sub-module if its sources are changed. CMake can locate system-wide and user-specified executables, files, and libraries. These locations are stored in a cache , which can then be tailored before generating
621-558: A complete development environment, capable of developing large programs such as the Linux kernel and its environment. In this sense, the entire Unix system functions as an IDE. The free software GNU toolchain (including GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), GNU Debugger (GDB), and GNU make ) is available on many platforms, including Windows. The pervasive Unix philosophy of "everything is a text stream" enables developers who favor command-line oriented tools to use editors with support for many of
690-509: A concrete implementation of some specified functionality. Visual programming is a usage scenario in which an IDE is generally required. Visual Basic allows users to create new applications by moving programming, building blocks, or code nodes to create flowcharts or structure diagrams that are then compiled or interpreted. These flowcharts often are based on the Unified Modeling Language . This interface has been popularized with
759-412: A deadline. Software analysis begins with a requirements analysis to capture the business needs of the software. Challenges for the identification of needs are that current or potential users may have different and incompatible needs, may not understand their own needs, and change their needs during the process of software development. Ultimately, the result of analysis is a detailed specification for
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#1732858084710828-472: A program or library with CMake is a two-stage process. First, build files (usually scripts) are created (generated) from configuration files (CMakeLists.txt scripts) written in CMake language . Then the platform's native build tools that can read these build files (native toolchain) are invoked either manually externally or via cmake --build for actual building of programs (build targets). The generator specified by
897-417: A relatively simple interpreted , imperative scripting language. It supports variables, string manipulation methods, arrays, function/macro declarations, and module inclusion (importing). CMake Language commands (or directives) are read by cmake from a file named CMakeLists.txt . This file specifies the source files and build parameters, which CMake will place in the project's build specification (such as
966-637: A replacement for make rather than relying on any IDE features. Some Linux IDEs such as Geany attempt to provide a graphical front end to traditional build operations. On the various Microsoft Windows platforms, command-line tools for development are seldom used. Accordingly, there are many commercial and non-commercial products. However, each has a different design commonly creating incompatibilities. Most major compiler vendors for Windows still provide free copies of their command-line tools, including Microsoft ( Visual C++ , Platform SDK , .NET Framework SDK, nmake utility). IDEs have always been popular on
1035-444: A web IDE or cloud IDE, is a browser based IDE that allows for software development or web development. An online IDE can be accessed from a web browser, allowing for a portable work environment. An online IDE does not usually contain all of the same features as a traditional or desktop IDE although all of the basic IDE features, such as syntax highlighting, are typically present. A Mobile-Based Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
1104-511: Is a framework that provides the viewpoints on the system and its environment , to be used in the software development process . It is a graphical representation of the underlying semantics of a view. The purpose of viewpoints and views is to enable human engineers to comprehend very complex systems and to organize the elements of the problem around domains of expertise . In the engineering of physically intensive systems, viewpoints often correspond to capabilities and responsibilities within
1173-543: Is a modern on-the-fly syntax checking extension for GNU Emacs 24 with support for 39 languages. Another example is JDoodle, an online cloud-based IDE that supports 88 languages. [1] Eclipse , and Netbeans have plugins for C / C++ , Ada , GNAT (for example AdaGIDE ), Perl , Python , Ruby , and PHP , which are selected between automatically based on file extension, environment or project settings. IDEs can be implemented in various languages, for example: Unix programmers can combine command-line POSIX tools into
1242-408: Is a popular way of managing changes made to the software. Whenever a new version is checked in, the software saves a backup of all modified files. If multiple programmers are working on the software simultaneously, it manages the merging of their code changes. The software highlights cases where there is a conflict between two sets of changes and allows programmers to fix the conflict. A view model
1311-655: Is an autocompletion feature in many integrated development environments (IDEs) that speeds up the process of coding applications by fixing common mistakes and suggesting lines of code. This usually happens through popups while typing, querying parameters of functions, and query hints related to syntax errors. Modern code completion software typically uses generative artificial intelligence systems to predict lines of code. Code completion and related tools serve as documentation and disambiguation for variable names, functions , and methods , using static analysis . Advanced IDEs provide support for automated refactoring . An IDE
1380-449: Is correctly incorporated with the newer software. Design involves choices about the implementation of the software, such as which programming languages and database software to use, or how the hardware and network communications will be organized. Design may be iterative with users consulted about their needs in a process of trial and error . Design often involves people expert in aspect such as database design , screen architecture, and
1449-833: Is essential to success. This is more easily achieved if the team is small, used to working together, and located near each other. Communications also help identify problems at an earlier state of development and avoid duplicated effort. Many development projects avoid the risk of losing essential knowledge held by only one employee by ensuring that multiple workers are familiar with each component. Software development involves professionals from various fields, not just software programmers but also individuals specialized in testing, documentation writing, graphic design , user support, marketing , and fundraising. Although workers for proprietary software are paid, most contributors to open-source software are volunteers. Alternately, they may be paid by companies whose business model does not involve selling
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#17328580847101518-610: Is expected to provide integrated version control , in order to interact with source repositories. IDEs are also used for debugging, using an integrated debugger , with support for setting breakpoints in the editor, visual rendering of steps, etc. IDEs may provide support for code search. Code search has two different meanings. First, it means searching for class and function declarations, usages, variable and field read/write, etc. IDEs can use different kinds of user interface for code search, for example form-based widgets and natural-language based interfaces. Second, it means searching for
1587-399: Is helpful for new developers to understand the project when they begin working on it. In agile development, the documentation is often written at the same time as the code. User documentation is more frequently written by technical writers . Accurate estimation is crucial at the feasibility stage and in delivering the product on time and within budget. The process of generating estimations
1656-668: Is implemented by using Yacc and Lex generators. The executable programs CMake, CPack, and CTest are written in the C++ programming language. Much of CMake's functionality is implemented in modules that are written in the CMake language . Since release 3.0, CMake's documentation uses reStructuredText markup. HTML pages and man pages are generated by the Sphinx documentation generator. CMake ships with numerous .cmake modules and tools. These facilitate work such as finding dependencies (both built-in and external, e.g. FindXYZ modules), testing
1725-422: Is inefficient, difficult to understand, or lacking documentation on its functionality. These standards are especially likely to break down in the presence of deadlines. As a result, testing, debugging, and revising the code becomes much more difficult. Code refactoring , for example adding more comments to the code, is a solution to improve the understandability of code. Testing is the process of ensuring that
1794-440: Is often delegated by the project manager . Because the effort estimation is directly related to the size of the complete application, it is strongly influenced by addition of features in the requirements—the more requirements, the higher the development cost. Aspects not related to functionality, such as the experience of the software developers and code reusability, are also essential to consider in estimation. As of 2019 , most of
1863-432: Is often used to break down the customer's requirements into pieces that can be implemented by software programmers. The underlying logic of the program may be represented in data-flow diagrams , data dictionaries , pseudocode , state transition diagrams , and/or entity relationship diagrams . If the project incorporates a piece of legacy software that has not been modeled, this software may be modeled to help ensure it
1932-401: Is robust to heavy levels of input or usage), integration testing (to ensure that the software is adequately integrated with other software), and compatibility testing (measuring the software's performance across different operating systems or browsers). When tests are written before the code, this is called test-driven development . Production is the phase in which software is deployed to
2001-525: The CMakeLists.txt script to be used by consumer CMake projects. The package may also be packed into an archive file for package manager or installer supported by a target platform. Third-party packages may also be imported via configured CMake files which are either provided by the same third-party or created manually. Cmake may be run by using a ncurses program like ccmake that can be used to configure projects via command-line interface. The build of
2070-518: The ATLAS experiment , and Second Life . The following source code files demonstrate how to build a simple hello world program written in C++ by using CMake. Shell commands to run CMake on a Linux system (to be entered in the directory that contains the two files above): Software development Software development is the process of designing and implementing a software solution to satisfy
2139-603: The Federal Republic of Germany . Maestro was arguably the world leader in this field during the 1970s and 1980s. Today one of the last Maestro I can be found in the Museum of Information Technology at Arlington in Texas. One of the first IDEs with a plug-in concept was Softbench . In 1995 Computerwoche commented that the use of an IDE was not well received by developers since it would fence in their creativity. As of August 2023 ,
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2208-511: The Lego Mindstorms system and is being actively perused by a number of companies wishing to capitalize on the power of custom browsers like those found at Mozilla . KTechlab supports flowcode and is a popular open-source IDE and Simulator for developing software for microcontrollers. Visual programming is also responsible for the power of distributed programming (cf. LabVIEW and EICASLAB software). An early visual programming system, Max ,
2277-668: The VXL Project, the CABLE features added by Brad King, and GE Corporate R&D for support of DART. Additional features were created when VTK transitioned to CMake for its build environment and for supporting ParaView . Version 3.0 was released in June 2014. It has been described as the beginning of "Modern CMake". Experts now advise to avoid variables in favor of targets and properties . The commands add_compile_options , include_directories , link_directories , link_libraries that were at
2346-471: The programming language ). Documentation comes in two forms that are usually kept separate—that intended for software developers, and that made available to the end user to help them use the software. Most developer documentation is in the form of code comments for each file, class , and method that cover the application programming interface (API)—how the piece of software can be accessed by another—and often implementation details. This documentation
2415-439: The programming paradigms of the language. However, there are many multiple-language IDEs. While most modern IDEs are graphical, text-based IDEs such as Turbo Pascal were in popular use before the availability of windowing systems like Microsoft Windows and the X Window System (X11). They commonly use function keys or hotkeys to execute frequently used commands or macros. IDEs initially became possible when developing via
2484-501: The Apple Macintosh's classic Mac OS and macOS , dating back to Macintosh Programmer's Workshop , Turbo Pascal , THINK Pascal and THINK C environments of the mid-1980s. Currently macOS programmers can choose between native IDEs like Xcode and open-source tools such as Eclipse and Netbeans . ActiveState Komodo is a proprietary multilanguage IDE supported on macOS. An online integrated development environment , also known as
2553-450: The IDE is to reduce the configuration necessary to piece together multiple development utilities. Instead, it provides the same set of capabilities as one cohesive unit. Reducing setup time can increase developer productivity, especially in cases where learning to use the IDE is faster than manually integrating and learning all of the individual tools. Tighter integration of all development tasks has
2622-489: The available methodologies are best suited to specific kinds of projects, based on various technical, organizational, project, and team considerations. Another focus in many programming methodologies is the idea of trying to catch issues such as security vulnerabilities and bugs as early as possible ( shift-left testing ) to reduce the cost of tracking and fixing them. In 2009, it was estimated that 32 percent of software projects were delivered on time and budget, and with
2691-423: The code executes correctly and without errors. Debugging is performed by each software developer on their own code to confirm that the code does what it is intended to. In particular, it is crucial that the software executes on all inputs, even if the result is incorrect. Code reviews by other developers are often used to scrutinize new code added to the project, and according to some estimates dramatically reduce
2760-545: The command SET_SOURCE_FILE_PROPERTIES ( source_file ... COMPILE_FLAGS compiler_option ... ) the keyword is COMPILE_FLAGS . It serves as a delimiter between the list of source files and some other options. Examples of commands that CMake offers to specify targets and their dependencies and which serve as the starting point of the CMakeLists.txt: CMake supports extracting values into variables from JSON -data strings (since version 3.19). The CMake scripting language
2829-401: The compiler is required to support in order to get the target program or library compiled. CMake supports an extensive list of compilers, including: Apple Clang, Clang , GNU GCC , MSVC , Oracle Developer Studio , and Intel C++ Compiler . Even though CMake is not a package manager , it provides basic modules (see CPack) functions for installing binaries and package information declared by
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2898-495: The core of CMake 2 should now be replaced by target-specific commands. Developer Brad King has stated that "the 'C' in CMake stands for 'cross-platform ' ". One of its major features is the ability to place compiler outputs (such as object files) into a build tree which is located outside of the source tree. This enables multiple builds from the same source tree and cross-compilation . Separate source and build files ensure that removing
2967-408: The end user. During production, the developer may create technical support resources for users or a process for fixing bugs and errors that were not caught earlier. There might also be a return to earlier development phases if user needs changed or were misunderstood. Software development is performed by software developers , usually working on a team. Efficient communications between team members
3036-430: The engineering organization. Fitness functions are automated and objective tests to ensure that the new developments don't deviate from the established constraints, checks and compliance controls. Intellectual property can be an issue when developers integrate open-source code or libraries into a proprietary product, because most open-source licenses used for software require that modifications be released under
3105-487: The final application. Its open-source, extensible design allows CMake to be adapted as necessary for specific projects. CMake can generate project files for several popular IDEs , such as Microsoft Visual Studio , Xcode , and Eclipse CDT . It can also produce build scripts for MSBuild or NMake on Windows; Unix Make on Unix-like platforms such as Linux , macOS , and Cygwin ; and Ninja on both Windows and Unix-like platforms. CMake allows specification of features that
3174-412: The flexibility of a full programming language, without the traditional learning curve associated with one. Some IDEs support multiple languages, such as GNU Emacs , IntelliJ IDEA , Eclipse , MyEclipse , NetBeans , MonoDevelop , JDoodle or PlayCode. Support for alternative languages is often provided by plugins , allowing them to be installed on the same IDE at the same time. For example, Flycheck
3243-477: The full functionality. An additional 44 percent were delivered, but missing at least one of these features. The remaining 24 percent were cancelled prior to release. Software development life cycle refers to the systematic process of developing applications . The sources of ideas for software products are plentiful. These ideas can come from market research including the demographics of potential new customers, existing customers, sales prospects who rejected
3312-510: The menu-driven, graphical IDEs popular after the advent of the Graphical User Interface . However it integrated editing, file management, compilation, debugging and execution in a manner consistent with a modern IDE. Maestro I is a product from Softlab Munich and was the world's first integrated development environment for software. Maestro I was installed for 22,000 programmers worldwide. Until 1989, 6,000 installations existed in
3381-450: The most commonly searched for IDEs on Google Search were Visual Studio , Visual Studio Code , and Eclipse . The IDE editor usually provides syntax highlighting , it can show both the structures, the language keywords and the syntax errors with visually distinct colors and font effects. Code completion is an important IDE feature, intended to speed up programming. Modern IDEs even have intelligent code completion . Code completion
3450-407: The number of bugs persisting after testing is complete. Once the code has been submitted, quality assurance —a separate department of non-programmers for most large companies—test the accuracy of the entire software product. Acceptance tests derived from the original software requirements are a popular tool for this. Quality testing also often includes stress and load checking (whether the software
3519-403: The performance of servers and other hardware. Designers often attempt to find patterns in the software's functionality to spin off distinct modules that can be reused with object-oriented programming . An example of this is the model–view–controller , an interface between a graphical user interface and the backend . The central feature of software development is creating and understanding
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#17328580847103588-409: The potential to improve overall productivity beyond just helping with setup tasks. For example, code can be continuously parsed while it is being edited, providing instant feedback when syntax errors are introduced, thus allowing developers to debug code much faster and more easily with an IDE. Some IDEs are dedicated to a specific programming language , allowing a feature set that most closely matches
3657-463: The process used for a development effort varies. The process may be confined to a formal, documented standard , or it can be customized and emergent for the development effort. The process may be sequential, in which each major phase (i.e. design, implement and test) is completed before the next begins, but an iterative approach – where small aspects are separately designed, implemented and tested – can reduce risk and cost and increase quality. Each of
3726-424: The product that developers can work from. Software analysts often decompose the project into smaller objects, components that can be reused for increased cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability. Decomposing the project may enable a multi-threaded implementation that runs significantly faster on multiprocessor computers. During the analysis and design phases of software development, structured analysis
3795-466: The product, other internal software development staff, or a creative third party. Ideas for software products are usually first evaluated by marketing personnel for economic feasibility, fit with existing channels of distribution, possible effects on existing product lines, required features , and fit with the company's marketing objectives. In the marketing evaluation phase, the cost and time assumptions become evaluated. The feasibility analysis estimates
3864-503: The project's return on investment , its development cost and timeframe. Based on this analysis, the company can make a business decision to invest in further development. After deciding to develop the software, the company is focused on delivering the product at or below the estimated cost and time, and with a high standard of quality (i.e., lack of bugs) and the desired functionality. Nevertheless, most software projects run late and sometimes compromises are made in features or quality to meet
3933-401: The same license. As an alternative, developers may choose a proprietary alternative or write their own software module. Integrated development environment An integrated development environment ( IDE ) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities for software development . An IDE normally consists of at least a source-code editor , build automation tools, and
4002-427: The software that implements the desired functionality. There are various strategies for writing the code. Cohesive software has various components that are independent from each other. Coupling is the interrelation of different software components, which is viewed as undesirable because it increases the difficulty of maintenance . Often, software programmers do not follow industry best practices, resulting in code that
4071-403: The software, but something else—such as services and modifications to open source software. Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is tools for the partial automation of software development. CASE enables designers to sketch out the logic of a program, whether one to be written, or an already existing one to help integrate it with new code or reverse engineer it (for example, to change
4140-406: The source's one (out of source build), e.g., build/ . Each build project in turn contains its own CMakeCache.txt file and CMakeFiles directory in every project (sub-)directory of included by the add_subdirectory(...) command, helping to avoid or speed up regeneration when it is run repeatedly. The generation process and the output can be fine-tuned via target properties. Previously it
4209-610: The standard Unix and GNU build tools, building an IDE with programs like Emacs or Vim . Data Display Debugger is intended to be an advanced graphical front-end for many text-based debugger standard tools. Some programmers prefer managing makefiles and their derivatives to the similar code building tools included in a full IDE. For example, most contributors to the PostgreSQL database use make and GDB directly to develop new features. Even when building PostgreSQL for Microsoft Windows using Visual C++ , Perl scripts are used as
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#17328580847104278-468: The target build files. The cache can be edited with a graphical editor, which is shipped with CMake. Complicated directory hierarchies and applications that rely on several libraries are well supported by CMake. For instance, CMake is able to accommodate a project that has multiple toolkits, or libraries that each have multiple directories. In addition, CMake can work with projects that require executables to be created before generating code to be compiled for
4347-630: The toolchain environment and executables, packaging releases ( CPack module and cpack command), and managing dependencies on external projects ( ExternalProject module): CPack is a packaging system for software distributions. It is tightly integrated with CMake but can function without it. It can be used to generate: CMake has been very widely adopted among commercial, open source, and academic software projects. A few notable users include Android NDK , Netflix , Inria , MySQL , Boost (C++ libraries) , KeePassXC , KDE , KiCAD , FreeCAD , Webkit , Blender , Biicode, ReactOS , Apache Qpid ,
4416-520: The tools for estimating the amount of time and resources for software development were designed for conventional applications and are not applicable to web applications or mobile applications . An integrated development environment (IDE) supports software development with enhanced features compared to a simple text editor . IDEs often include automated compiling , syntax highlighting of errors, debugging assistance, integration with version control , and semi-automation of tests. Version control
4485-418: The user on the commandline determines which build tool chain to use. The build files are configured depending on the generator used (e.g. Unix Makefiles for make ) and associated toolchain files. Advanced users can also create and incorporate additional makefile generators to support their specific compiler and OS needs. Generated files are typically placed (by using cmake 's flag) into a folder outside of
4554-761: Was done via CMAKE_... -prefixed global variables that are also used to configure CMake itself and to set up initial defaults. The older approach is discouraged now. Depending on CMakeLists.txt configuration the build files may be either executables, libraries (e.g. libxyz , xyz.dll etc.), object file libraries or pseudo-targets (including aliases). CMake can produce object files that can be linked against by executable binaries/libraries, avoiding dynamic (run-time) linking and using static (compile-time) linking instead. This enables flexibility in configuration of various optimizations. Build dependencies may be determined automatically. It's possible to generate precompiled headers by using CMake since version 3.6. CMake has
4623-453: Was first implemented in 2000 and further developed in 2001. Historically CMake was conceived with the following major features in mind: Because of these constraints CMake didn't choose to use Tcl (popular at the time) scripting language as its default and instead, developers decided to create a simpler scripting language. Continued development and improvements were fueled by the incorporation of CMake into developers’ own systems, including
4692-466: Was modeled after an analog synthesizer design and has been used to develop real-time music performance software since the 1980s. Another early example was Prograph , a dataflow -based system originally developed for the Macintosh . The graphical programming environment "Grape" is used to program qfix robot kits . This approach is also used in specialist software such as Openlab, where the end-users want
4761-470: Was partially inspired by pcmaker , a predecessor to CMake, which was made by Ken Martin and other developers to support building of the Visualization Toolkit (VTK) . pcmaker was a C program that converted Make files into MS Windows' NMake counterparts. At Kitware , Bill Hoffman blended components of pcmaker with his own ideas, striving to mimic the functionality of Unix configure scripts . CMake
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