Misplaced Pages

#575424

85-483: The Community Development Block Grant ( CDBG ), one of the longest-running programs of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development , funds local community development activities with the stated goal of providing affordable housing , anti-poverty programs , and infrastructure development. CDBG, like other block grant programs, differs from categorical grants , made for specific purposes, in that they are subject to less federal oversight and are largely used at

170-446: A formula basis . Upon reauthorizing CDBG in 1978, Congress instituted a dual formula to strengthen controls on how money was spent and to better serve communities with different types of problems. A city's proportion of the overall CDBG allocation is either the average of the area's fractions of the US's total population, total poverty and total amount of housing overcrowding, or the average of

255-503: A basis of his South African Ashram, and then introduced it as a part of the Indian Swaraj movement, aiming at establishing economic interdependence at village level throughout India. With Indian independence , despite the continuing work of Vinoba Bhave in encouraging grassroots land reform , India under its first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru adopted a mixed-economy approach, mixing elements of socialism and capitalism. During

340-518: A commission of inquiry into the future of rural community development, examining such issues as land reform and climate change. Carnegie funded over sixty rural community-development action-research projects across the UK and Ireland and national and international communities of practice to exchange experiences. This included the International Association for Community Development (IACD). In 1999

425-399: A concern for the wider holistic development of those communities – socio-economically, environmentally, culturally and politically. By bringing together these occupational groups this created for the first time a single recognised employment-sector of nearly 300,000 full- and part-time paid staff within the UK, approximately 10% of these staff being full-time. The NTO continued to recognise

510-705: A full or part-time worker funded by the Department for Social Security. Dr Jim Ife, formerly of Curtin University , organised a ground-breaking text-book on community development. Community planning techniques drawing on the history of utopian movements became important in the 1920s and 1930s in East Africa , where community development proposals were seen as a way of helping local people improve their own lives with indirect assistance from colonial authorities. Mohandas K. Gandhi adopted African community development ideals as

595-464: A limit of $ 808 million per year. Federal subsidies helped alleviate potential hurdles in acquiring land with high purchase costs. In some cases, cities were unwilling to progress with slum clearance unless significant amounts of the original upfront cost could be reclaimed by sale of the improved land. Estimates from the National Association of Home Builders suggested that subsidies authorized to

680-621: A number of institutions of higher education offer community development as an area of study and research such as the University of Toronto , Leiden University , SOAS University of London , and the Balsillie School of International Affairs , among others. There are complementary definitions of community development. The United Nations defines community development broadly as "a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems." and

765-505: A part of our human condition). He considers that poverty results from the failure to satisfy a particular human need, it is not just an absence of money. Whilst human needs are limited, Max Neef shows that the ways of satisfying human needs is potentially unlimited. Satisfiers also have different characteristics: they can be violators or destroyers, pseudosatisfiers, inhibiting satisfiers, singular satisfiers, or synergic satisfiers. Max-Neef shows that certain satisfiers, promoted as satisfying

850-502: A particular need, in fact inhibit or destroy the possibility of satisfying other needs: e.g., the arms race , while ostensibly satisfying the need for protection, in fact then destroys subsistence, participation, affection and freedom; formal democracy , which is supposed to meet the need for participation often disempowers and alienates ; commercial television , while used to satisfy the need for recreation , interferes with understanding, creativity and identity. Synergic satisfiers, on

935-424: A plan of project selection that includes citizen participation, especially by citizens who live in "areas in which the grantee proposes to use CDBG funds". There are a number of other distribution methods of CDBG funds besides entitlement communities. The 1978 re-authorization also required HUD to award 30% of all CDBG funds to states for grants to municipalities and counties that are not entitlement communities. This

SECTION 10

#1732855303576

1020-404: A range of occupational settings and levels from development roles working with communities, through to managerial and strategic community planning roles. The Community Development Challenge report, which was produced by a working party comprising leading UK organizations in the field including the (now defunct) Community Development Foundation, the (now defunct) Community Development Exchange and

1105-405: A research methodology that allows local people to share and evaluate their own life conditions, was introduced to Vietnam in the early 1990s to help reform the way that government approaches local communities and development. PRA was used as a tool for mostly outsiders to learn about the local community, which did not effect substantial change. The village/ commune development (VDP/CDP) approach

1190-514: A suitable living environment; and To expand economic opportunities", that are taken directly from the Housing and Community Development Act. On the local level, however, each city is allowed to select their own objectives and priorities underneath each of those goals that they believe will best meet the needs of their community. Local governments receiving CDBG funds must submit two annual performance and evaluation reports. First, an Annual Action Plan for

1275-703: Is mainly due to the fact that NGOs in Vietnam are mostly donor-driven, urban, and elite-based organizations that employ staff with ties to the Communist Party and Central government. NGOs are also overlooked by the Vietnam Fatherland Front , an umbrella organization that reports observations directly to the Party and Central government. Since NGOs in Vietnam are not entirely non-governmental, they have been coined instead as 'VNGOs.' Most VNGOs have originated from either

1360-773: Is often called the "Small Cities" program, because it includes many small cities and rural counties. Other programs include the CDBG Insular Area Program (for American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands), the CDBG Program Colonias Set-Aside, and the Neighborhood Stabilization Program. Nominal levels of CDBG funding have remained fairly constant over time, but they have dramatically declined over

1445-443: Is to build communities based on justice, equality and mutual respect. Community development involves changing the relationships between ordinary people and people in positions of power, so that everyone can take part in the issues that affect their lives. It starts from the principle that within any community there is a wealth of knowledge and experience which, if used in creative ways, can be channeled into collective action to achieve

1530-434: Is too broad, making it difficult to measure program performance. Community development Community development is also understood as a professional discipline, and is defined by the International Association for Community Development as "a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes participative democracy, sustainable development, rights, economic opportunity, equality and social justice, through

1615-782: Is understood by IACD as being to work with communities to achieve participative democracy, sustainable development, rights, economic opportunity, equality and social justice. This practice is carried out by people in different roles and contexts, including people explicitly called professional community workers (and people taking on essentially the same role but with a different job title), together with professionals in other occupations ranging from social work , adult education , youth work , health disciplines , environmental education , local economic development , to urban planning , regeneration , architecture and more who seek to apply community development values and adopt community development methods. Community development practice also encompasses

1700-801: The 1952 presidential election , President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower referred to the requirement of having decent housing for Americans forced to live in slums as a "moral obligation". In 1957, Congress began planning for new legislation that would help to clear slum areas, having authorized the federal government to provide $ 1.25 billion of funding since 1949 to cities for regeneration or demolition of run-down neighborhoods. States that were promised funding included $ 143 million for New York , $ 83 million for Illinois and nearly $ 29 million for Massachusetts . Some states, such as Florida , Mississippi and South Carolina , did not pass laws that would have allowed their communities to participate in slum clearance schemes. The Eisenhower administration intended to reduce

1785-652: The Labour Government established a UK-wide organisation responsible for setting professional-training standards for all education and development practitioners working within local communities. This organisation, PAULO – the National Training Organisation for Community Learning and Development, was named after Paulo Freire (1921-1997). It was formally recognised by David Blunkett , the Secretary of State for Education and Employment . Its first chair

SECTION 20

#1732855303576

1870-738: The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development . First, "not less than 70 percent of CDBG funds must be used for activities that benefit low- and moderate-income persons". Secondly, funds must be spent on eligible activities, which are broadly defined as including "community development activities directed toward neighborhood revitalization, economic development, and improved community facilities and services". Such activities may include "Acquisition of real property, Relocation and demolition, Rehabilitation of residential and non-residential structures, Construction of public facilities and improvements", and more. Third, governments must follow

1955-502: The Urban Development Action Grants (UDAG). UDAG, along with urban renewal and other previous federal attempts to alleviate poverty and blight in US cities, was criticized as being a "top-down" approach. For these programs, federal planners would dictate how and where funds were spent. In contrast, CDBG was constructed to be a "bottom-up" approach. In order to receive CDBG funds, applicants must identify urgent needs of

2040-403: The "wrong" type of people to be living in the city, helpless to prevent it without proper policy or controls in place. Between 1932 and 1952, eradication of slums was federally supported, yet nearly every city still contained neighborhoods with derelict or unsafe housing. The Emergency Relief and Construction Act of 1932 approved slum clearance loans and new low-rent housing, yet New York City

2125-403: The (now defunct) Federation for Community Development Learning defines community development as: A set of values and practices which plays a special role in overcoming poverty and disadvantage, knitting society together at the grass roots and deepening democracy. There is a community development profession, defined by national occupational standards and a body of theory and experience going back

2210-550: The 1970s and 1980s, community development became a part of "Integrated Rural Development", a strategy promoted by United Nations Agencies and the World Bank . Central to these policies of community development were: In the 1990s, following critiques of the mixed success of "top down" government programs, and drawing on the work of Robert Putnam , in the rediscovery of social capital , community development internationally became concerned with social capital formation. In particular

2295-932: The 1974 Housing and Community Development Act , provided a way for state and municipal governments to channel funds to CDCs and to other nonprofit organizations . National organizations such as the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation (founded in 1978 and known since 2005 as NeighborWorks America ), the Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC) (founded in 1980), and the Enterprise Foundation (founded in 1981) have built extensive networks of affiliated local nonprofit organizations to which they help provide financing for numerous physical- and social-development programs in urban and rural communities . The CDCs and similar organizations have been credited by some with starting

2380-834: The Dragon Dreaming Project Management techniques have spread to 37 countries and are engaged in an estimated 3,250 projects worldwide. In the 19th century, the work of the Welsh early socialist thinker Robert Owen (1771–1851), sought to develop a more perfect community. At New Lanark and at later communities such as Oneida in the USA and the New Australia Movement in Australia, groups of people came together to create utopian or intentional communities , with mixed success. Some such communities, formed ex nihilo , contrast

2465-634: The International Association for Community Development (IACD). IACD, formed in the USA in 1953, moved to Belgium in 1978 and was restructured and relaunched in Scotland in 1999. Community development in Canada has roots in the development of co-operatives, credit unions and caisses populaires . The Antigonish Movement which started in the 1920s in Nova Scotia , through the work of Doctor Moses Coady and Father James Tompkins , has been particularly influential in

2550-530: The International Association for Community Development defines it as both a practice based profession and an academic discipline. Following the adoption of the IACD definition in 2016, the association has gone on to produce International Standards for Community Development Practice. The values and ethos that should underpin practice can be expressed as: Commitment to rights, solidarity, democracy, equality, environmental and social justice. The purpose of community development

2635-512: The National Training Organisation (NTO) for Social Care. The Community Learning and Development NTO represented all the main employers, trades unions, professional associations and national-development agencies working in this area across the four nations of the UK. The new body used the wording "community learning and development" to acknowledge that all of these occupations worked primarily within local communities, and that this work encompassed not just providing less formal learning support but also

Community Development Block Grant - Misplaced Pages Continue

2720-742: The area's fractions of the country's total growth lag, total poverty, and total age of housing. Formula A typically benefits rapidly growing cities with high poverty that lack affordable housing. Formula B tends to benefit cities with large shares of old housing and low growth, including many affluent suburbs. HUD calculates both formulas for all entitlement grantees and awards the larger amount, but Congressional appropriation has ultimate determination on program funding. These formulas have become less well matched to community need over time, and improvements or revisions have been proposed by several analytical reports. More than 1,100 local and state governments, called "entitlement communities", automatically qualify for

2805-437: The best part of a century. There are active citizens who use community development techniques on a voluntary basis, and there are also other professions and agencies which use a community development approach or some aspects of it. Community Development Exchange defines community development as: both an occupation (such as a community development worker in a local authority) and a way of working with communities. Its key purpose

2890-432: The bill's potential for reducing inefficient bureaucracy, as the grant replaced seven previous programs that were "too fragmented to provide comprehensive solutions to complex local needs". He also noted its potential for improving government effectiveness by "replacing Federal judgments on local development with the judgments of the people who live and work there": placing more decision-making power on local funding choices in

2975-476: The budget for the Urban Renewal Program from $ 250 million to $ 175 million for the 1958 fiscal year, however following protests from city mayors across the country, Congress ultimately chose to increase the budget to $ 350 million. As of June 1966, projects which had gained approval had clearance intended or completed for over 400,000 houses, displacing over 300,000 families. Within the clearance areas, 35%

3060-474: The communities' desired goals. Community development practitioners work alongside people in communities to help build relationships with key people and organizations and to identify common concerns. They create opportunities for :the community to learn new skills and, by enabling people to act together, community development practitioners help to foster social inclusion and equality. There are numerous overlapping approaches to community development. Some focus on

3145-454: The community, and solicit project ideas and plans from citizens and local organizations that address those needs. Thus, the CDBG program represents a significant shift in how the federal government addresses poverty and blight. Some researchers argue that because CDBG is a bottom-up program it is significantly more successful than previous programs. Others have said CDBG's scope of allowed activities

3230-495: The concepts of the development of a community at a later stage. In the United States in the 1960s, the term "community development" began to complement and generally replace the idea of urban renewal , which typically focused on physical development projects - often at the expense of working-class communities. One of the earliest proponents of the term in the United States was social scientist William W. Biddle (100-1973). In

3315-716: The context of larger social institutions . Community development as a term has taken off widely in anglophone countries, i.e. the United States , United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , as well as other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations . It is also used in some countries in Eastern Europe with active community development associations in Hungary and Romania . The Community Development Journal , published by Oxford University Press , since 1966 has aimed to be

3400-424: The control the program placed in the hands of private investors and the reduction it made in the role of the United States government . Decentralizing control over community development appealed to some Democrats because the central administration of previous programs meant benefits often did not reach the targeted low-income communities, while Republicans appreciated that the program was represented as meant to "limit

3485-429: The conversion of school buildings, public services, and economic development and job creation/retention activities. CDBG funds can also be used for preservation and restoration of historic properties in low-income neighborhoods. From the federal level, the Department of Housing and Urban Development has set three goals for Community Planning and Development (CPD) Programs – "To ensure decent housing; To create and maintain

Community Development Block Grant - Misplaced Pages Continue

3570-749: The course of the program's existence in inflation-adjusted terms, as can be seen in the figure to the right. Proposed CDBG projects must be consistent with broad national priorities for CDBG: activities that benefit low- and moderate-income people, the prevention or elimination of slums or blight, or other community development activities to address an urgent threat to health or safety. CDBG funds may be used for community development activities (such as real estate acquisition, relocation, demolition, rehabilitation of housing and commercial buildings), construction of public facilities and improvements (such as water, sewer, and other utilities, street paving, and sidewalks), construction and maintenance of neighborhood centers, and

3655-536: The development of community development in the UK from the latter 1960s to the 1980s. This included recommending that there be a national institute or centre for community development, able to support practice and to advise government and local authorities on policy. This resulted in the forma establishment in 1991 of the Community Development Foundation. In 2004 the Carnegie UK Trust established

3740-569: The discretion of the state and local governments and their subgrantees. The CDBG program was enacted in 1974 by President Gerald Ford through the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 and took effect in January 1975. Most directly, the law was a response to the Nixon administration's 1973 funding moratorium on many Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) programs. President Ford emphasized

3825-501: The domestic policy agenda, including the eradication of slums. Congress in 1949 approved the Housing and Home Finance Agency to offer local assistance with renewal projects with grants between 66 and 75% of the project cost. In some cities, slums were cleared solely for aesthetic reasons with little regard for those displaced. Despite 6.5 million new housing units built between 1945 and 1952, some cities saw an expansion in slum areas. While slum clearance did not feature prominently during

3910-476: The fifties and sixties, India ran a massive community development programme with focus on rural development activities through government support. This was later expanded in scope and was called integrated rural development scheme [IRDP]. A large number of initiatives that can come under the community development umbrella have come up in recent years. The main objective of community development in India remains to develop

3995-447: The governmental system is difficult because the Communist Party and Central government's policies on decentralization are not enforced in reality. Non-governmental organizations (NGO) in Vietnam, legalized in 1991, have claimed goals to develop civil society , which was essentially nonexistent prior to the Đổi Mới economic reforms. NGO operations in Vietnam do not exactly live up to their claimed goals to expand civil society. This

4080-472: The grant. Cities qualify if they have populations of at least 50,000 or are the principal city of a Metropolitan Area, as determined by the Office of Management and Budget . Counties qualify if they have populations of at least 200,000, excluding any entitlement cities, and are in a metropolitan area. They are required to submit allocation reports (showing to whom and where the money was spent) and quarterly reports to

4165-566: The hands of local governments who "are most familiar with local needs". The CDBG was presented as explicitly meant to "redistribute influence from the federal bureaucracies to local governments" - in Ford's words, to "return power from the banks of the Potomac to people in their own communities". It had bipartisan support, reportedly because liberal legislators shared its goal of extinguishing poverty and " urban blight " and conservative legislators appreciated

4250-518: The influence of such educators as Paulo Freire and his focus upon this work. Other key people who have influenced this field are Saul Alinsky ( Rules for Radicals ) and E. F. Schumacher ( Small Is Beautiful ). There are a number of international organisations that support community development, for example, Oxfam , UNICEF , The Hunger Project and Freedom from Hunger, run community development programs based upon community development initiatives for relief and prevention of malnutrition. Since 2006

4335-523: The introduction of the Housing Act of 1949 which offered federal subsidies towards redevelopments. The scheme ended in 1974 having driven over 2,000 projects with costs in excess of $ 50 billion. Contemporary slums have been dated back to population growth in industrial cities during the Industrial Revolution , where workers would crowd into subdivided or makeshift dwellings because no new housing

SECTION 50

#1732855303576

4420-667: The lack of attention given to the potential of regenerating existing structures deemed to be dilapidated . Some slums may have been viable for inexpensively cleaning up through use of stricter safety and sanitation enforcement. In the mid 20th century, a housing court was established in Baltimore with the power to impose penalties for violations of agreed codes of practice, which in turn helped to regenerate around 16,000 slum properties. The Housing Act of 1949 offered federal subsidies to local redevelopment projects, allowing local agencies to clear and sell blighted land for redevelopment, up to

4505-698: The late 1960s, philanthropies such as the Ford Foundation and government officials such as Senator Robert F. Kennedy took an interest in local nonprofit organizations. A pioneer was the Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation in Brooklyn, which attempted to apply business and management skills to the social mission of uplifting low-income residents and their neighborhoods. Eventually such groups became known as " Community development corporations " or CDCs. Federal laws, beginning with

4590-490: The late 19th century were successful in razing the Mulberry Bend area, then deemed to be one of the most blighted sections of the neighborhood. Mar Vista Gardens is a housing project completed in 1954 built on an abandoned celery field. Construction paused in the early 1950s when a 6.4 acre strip of land was discovered to be county territory and was annexed in 1952 as part of slum clearance measures. Manhattanville Houses

4675-529: The latter 1960s and 1970s. The main example of this activity, the CDP (Community Development Programme), piloted local area-based community development. This influenced a number of largely urban local authorities, in particular in Scotland with Strathclyde Region's major community-development programme (the largest at the time in Europe). The Gulbenkian Foundation was a key funder of commissions and reports which influenced

4760-456: The major forum for research and dissemination of international community development theory and practice. Community development approaches are recognised internationally. These methods and approaches have been acknowledged as significant for local social, economic, cultural, environmental and political development by such organisations as the UN, WHO, OECD, World Bank, Council of Europe and EU. There are

4845-450: The maximum amount could have cost in excess of $ 12 billion. The act was hindered by defensive priorities, with clearance grants deferred if the project was not consistent with defense requirements. Clearance of slum and blighted areas could be justified as serving the defensive effort as these areas were considered the most vulnerable in the event of enemy attack. In 1951, 32 cities and towns surveyed indicated that much of their cleared land

4930-414: The nineteen sixties and seventies through the various anti poverty programmes in both developed and developing countries, community development practitioners have been influenced by structural analyses as to the causes of disadvantage and poverty i.e. inequalities in the distribution of wealth, income, land, etc. and especially political power and the need to mobilise people power to affect social change. Thus

5015-486: The one-party "sameness" mentality of authoritarian rule. Slum clearance in the United States Slum clearance in the United States has been used as an urban renewal strategy to regenerate derelict or run-down districts, often to be replaced with alternative developments or new housing. Early calls were made during the 19th century, although mass slum clearance did not occur until after World War II with

5100-523: The organisation, education and empowerment of people within their communities, whether these be of locality, identity or interest, in urban and rural settings". Community development seeks to empower individuals and groups of people with the skills they need to effect change within their communities. These skills are often created through the formation of social groups working for a common agenda. Community developers must understand both how to work with individuals and how to affect communities' positions within

5185-418: The other hand, not only satisfy one particular need, but also lead to satisfaction in other areas: some examples are breastfeeding ; self-managed production; popular education ; democratic community organizations ; preventative medicine ; meditation; educational games. Community development in India was initiated by Government of India through Community Development Programme ( CDP ) in 1952. The focus of CDP

SECTION 60

#1732855303576

5270-567: The outstanding success of the work of Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh with the Grameen Bank from its inception in 1976, has led to the attempts to spread microenterprise credit schemes around the world. Yunus saw that social problems like poverty and disease were not being solved by the market system on its own. Thus, he established a banking system which lends to the poor with very little interest, allowing them access to entrepreneurship. This work

5355-492: The participation of local people, transparency and equality, and unity within local communities. Social and economic development planning (SDEP) in Vietnam uses top-down centralized planning methods and decision-making processes which do not consider local context and local participation. The plans created by SDEP are ineffective and serve mainly for administrative purposes. Local people are not informed of these development plans. The participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approach,

5440-472: The police and health workers to planners and architects, who have been influenced by community development approaches. Amongst the earliest community development approaches were those developed in Kenya and British East Africa during the 1930s. Community development practitioners have over many years developed a range of approaches for working within local communities and in particular with disadvantaged people. Since

5525-537: The powers of the federal bureaucracy", a political and ideological presentation reflective of "growing public resentment of big government and big bureaucracy". The law ultimately passed both houses with large bipartisan majorities. Later Congressional changes created additional small CDBG set-asides that fund programs in minority-serving universities (Section 107), in US territories such as Guam, and for large-scale rehabilitation loans (Section 108). CDBG funds are allocated on

5610-404: The presence of participatory governance institutions supports the implementation of poverty alleviation programs by local governments. The " human scale development " work of Right Livelihood Award -winning Chilean economist Manfred Max Neef promotes the idea of development based upon fundamental human needs, which are considered to be limited, universal and invariant to all human beings (being

5695-465: The previous fiscal year is submitted to HUD at the end of September to ensure the cities are meeting objectives. The CAPER includes "a description of the progress made in accomplishing the objectives" of the CDBG, and "a summary of the use of such funds during the preceding fiscal year". Nationally, CDBG funds were spent for the following purposes in 2011: In Fiscal Year 2017, the largest categories of CDBG spending were: The CDBG shares some features of

5780-620: The primary reason for government intervention. In 1949, the Senate Banking and Currency Committee stated in its report that 1 in 5 urban families lived in slum conditions. Federal law required cities to relocate displaced residents in safe and sanitary permanent residences prior to demolition of their slum home, with priority for available public housing. A report in 1950 suggested that over 6 million dwellings, representing around 20% of all city housing, did not meet minimum sanitation standards. Following World War II , housing issues became top of

5865-622: The process that stabilized and revived seemingly hopeless inner-city areas such as the South Bronx in New York City. In the UK, community development has had two main traditions. The first was as an approach for preparing for the independence of countries from the former British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s. Domestically, community development first came into public prominence with the Labour Government's anti deprivation programmes of

5950-400: The processes, some on the outcomes/ objectives. They include: There are a myriad of job titles for community development workers and their employers include public authorities and voluntary or non-governmental organisations, funded by the state and by independent grant making bodies. Since the nineteen seventies the prefix word 'community' has also been adopted by several other occupations from

6035-466: The range of occupations within it, for example specialists who work primarily with young people, but all agreed that they shared a core set of professional approaches to their work. In 2002 the NTO became part of a wider Sector Skills Council for lifelong learning. The UK currently hosts the only global network of practitioners and activists working towards social justice through community development approach,

6120-463: The solicitation of Requests for Proposals from city government departments and local nonprofits of activities that could be funded. Additionally, every five years the Annual Action Plan is submitted alongside a Consolidated Plan that outlines the area's long-term community development needs, priorities, and strategic plan. Second, a Consolidated Annual Performance Evaluation Report (CAPER) covering

6205-707: The state, hospital or university groups, or individuals not previously associated with any groups. VNGOs have not yet reached those most in need, such as the rural poor, due to the entrenched power networks' opposition to lobbying for issues such the rural poor's land rights. Authoritarianism is prevalent in nearly all Vietnamese civic organizations. Authoritarian practices are more present in inner-organizational functions than in organization leaders' worldviews. These leaders often reveal both authoritarian and libertarian values in contradiction. Representatives of Vietnam's NGO's stated that disagreements are normal, but conflicts within an organization should be avoided, demonstrating

6290-526: The subsequent expansion of community economic development work across Canada. Community development in Australia has often focussed on Aboriginal Australian communities, and during the period of the 1980s to the early 21st century funds channelled through the Community Employment Development Program, where Aboriginal people could be employed in "a work for the dole" scheme, gave the chance for non-government organisations to apply for

6375-659: The support of government organizations. Although VDP/CDP has been tested in many regions in Vietnam, it has not been fully implemented for a couple reasons. The methods applied in VDP/CDP are human resource and capacity building intensive, especially at the early stages. It also requires the local people to have an "initiative-taking" attitude. People in the remote areas where VDP/CDP has been tested have mostly passive attitudes because they already receive assistance from outsiders. There also are no sufficient monitoring practices to ensure effective plan implementation. Integrating VDP/CDP into

6460-489: The upcoming fiscal year that also serves as an application for funds is due to HUD in mid-May. This plan includes the area's expected funding resources and stated community development goals and provides information about planned projects including their geographic distribution and the activity categories and development objectives they fall under. The creation of the Action Plans includes community outreach, public meetings, and

6545-599: The villages and to help the villagers help themselves to fight against poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, etc. The beauty of Indian model of community development lies in the homogeneity of villagers and high level of participation. Community development became a part of the Ujamaa Villages established in Tanzania by Julius Nyerere , where it had some success in assisting with the delivery of education services throughout rural areas, but has elsewhere met with mixed success. In

6630-551: Was Charlie McConnell, the Chief Executive of the Scottish Community Education Council , who had played a lead role in bringing together a range of occupational interests under a single national-training standards body, including community education , community development and development education. The inclusion of community development was significant as it was initially uncertain as to whether it would join

6715-694: Was available. Congress authorized $ 20,000 for a survey of large city slum conditions in 1892, although did not take any action until the final year of the Hoover administration in 1932. The definition of a slum was classed by the Federal Housing Act of 1937 as "any area where dwellings predominate which, by reason of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements or design, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities, or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morals". Clearance programs garnered some criticism, particularly at

6800-561: Was developed as a more fitting approach than PRA to analyze local context and address the needs of rural communities. VDP/CDP participatory planning is centered around Ho Chi Minh's saying that "People know, people discuss and people supervise." VDP/CDP is often useful in Vietnam for shifting centralized management to more decentralization, helping develop local governance at the grassroots level. Local people use their knowledge to solve local issues. They create mid-term and yearly plans that help improve existing community development plans with

6885-470: Was honoured by the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize . Another alternative to "top down" government programs is the participatory government institution. Participatory governance institutions are organizations which aim to facilitate the participation of citizens within larger decision making and action implementing processes in society. A case study done on municipal councils and social housing programs in Brazil found that

6970-610: Was on rural communities. But, professionally trained social workers concentrated their practice in urban areas. Thus, although the focus of community organization was rural, the major thrust of Social Work gave an urban character which gave a balance in service for the program. International organizations apply the term community in Vietnam to the local administrative unit, each with a traditional identity based on traditional, cultural, and kinship relations. Community development strategies in Vietnam aim to organize communities in ways that increase their capacities to partner with institutions,

7055-591: Was proposed for residential redevelopment while just over a quarter was reserved for streets and footpaths. Although initially starting with wide political support, it became controversial over time. Federally subsidized clearances ended in 1974, after funding over 2,000 renewal projects at a cost of around $ 50 billion. Proposals for slum clearance came as early as the 1820s in relation to the Five Points neighborhood in Lower Manhattan , New York City. Efforts towards

7140-487: Was the only place where development occurred under the act. In 1933, the act was replaced with the National Industrial Recovery Act which focused on slum clearance and home construction for low-income families and produced nearly 60 projects that built around 24,500 new houses. The first federal slum clearance program was proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, citing the high cost of land as

7225-589: Was to be reused for private residential developments, with some public housing also included. Some slum clearance projects suffered delays as a result of local resident hostility towards clearance and forced migration. In some neighborhoods, foreign-born and minority ethnic residents occupied some of the worst city center housing, yet they feared moving away from their own language and cultural groups. African Americans in particular felt strongly that their areas and houses were targeted for urban renewal through means of ethnic cleansing and that they would be classed as

#575424