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40-889: CCBA is an abbreviation that could refer to: Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association , associations established in various parts of the United States with large populations of Chinese people. Climate, Community & Biodiversity Alliance , an initiative to promote the development of land management activities that simultaneously deliver significant benefits for climate, local communities, and biodiversity Coca-Cola Beverages Africa , beverage company in Southern and East Africa Cook County Bar Association , Illinois, United States Chinese Contract Bridge Association , governing body of contract bridge in China (People's Republic of) Topics referred to by

80-553: A human rights commission hearing held in San Francisco, the Wah Ching gang asked for a community clubhouse and a two-year program to help them gain vocational skills and earn high school diplomas. The CCBA advised the commission: "They have not shown that they are sorry or that they will change their ways. They have threatened the community. If you give in to this group, you are only going to have another hundred immigrants come in and have

120-515: A result, many Chinese immigrants moved to cities such as New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. Today these cities still have ethnic Chinese communities large enough to have developed Chinatowns. They have also been joined by new immigrants of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Many Chinese soon organized voluntary benevolent associations for support and protection. These are usually formed by people originating in their district in China, family name, or depending on what native dialect, for example in

160-605: A result, many tongs with little or no hereditary financial value had to either disband or operate criminal activities such as gambling houses and prostitution. This transformed them from benevolent associations to providers of illegal services. The term tong became unfavorably associated with the secret brotherhoods in Chinatowns, and they often battled with other associations in that area. Tongs were usually composed of young men, some with criminal backgrounds, or outcasts who had been expelled from their associations. Notably, many of

200-458: A safety net for sick Chinese workers, by lending them money. They opened a Chinese-language school, settled disputes among members, maintained a Chinese census, and helped members send remittances to their home villages through district associations. In 1875, they endorsed the position that continued Chinese immigration caused a general lowering of wages for both whites and Chinese in America. One of

240-538: A whole new series of threats and demands." In 2022, the first female CCBA president, head of the Yan Wo company, was installed. In New York City , the CCBA was established in 1883. It acts as an umbrella organization for sixty member organizations representing a cross section of New York's Chinese community. They include professional and trade organizations, civic, religious, cultural, and women's groups, and organizations such as

280-408: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association ( CCBA ) is a historical Chinese association established in various parts of the United States and Canada with large Overseas Chinese communities. The association's clientele were Chinese immigrants of

320-593: Is the common Chinese name. 中華 means "Chinese" in the context of the Chinese nation ( Zhonghua minzu ), while both 會館 and 公所 have historically referred to trade associations. Since its organization in the 1850s and formal establishment in 1882 in San Francisco's Chinatown , the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (CCBA) has received diverse publicity from American media. Much of

360-589: The Lin Sing Association . The CCBA spearheaded the move to form the Chinese Voters Federation in May 2004 to encourage qualified Chinese American citizens to register and vote in the 2004 presidential election . Immediately following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , the CCBA led an emergency community-wide campaign to raise funds for the victims, a drive that raised more than $ 500,000 for

400-580: The Qing government, which did not have a consulate in Chinatown until the end of the 1870s, and provided services for arriving Chinese immigrants and workers in San Francisco. Their early efforts included deterring prostitution in the Chinese community, encouraging Chinese immigrants to lead moral lives, and discouraging excessive Chinese immigration, which was causing hostility towards them. The Six Companies also created

440-584: The " Tong Wars ", which were a series of violent attacks between two branches of the Tong Gang, the Hip Sing Tong and On Leong Tong. The reasons for this conflict vary, from struggles over territory to assassinations of members. The "Tong Wars" of the 19th and early 20th centuries were often based on control of these women. In the early years the tongs employed "hatchet men" or boo how doy ( Chinese : 斧頭仔 ), also called highbinders , as hired killers to fight

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480-582: The 17th century, large numbers of Chinese, particularly from the Fujian and Canton areas, migrated to seek their fortunes in Southeast Asia and Taiwan. These Chinese immigrants quickly formed a trader and merchant class in many societies in various Asian countries such as the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Before the 1840s, very few Chinese had emigrated to the United States, Canada, or Australia. However, by

520-735: The American Red Cross Emergency Response Fund. In September 2005, right after the Hurricane Katrina disaster, the CCBA and Sing Tao Daily teamed up and raised $ 170,000 for the victims. The CCBA also works with many mainstream organizations to provide services to the Chinese American community, such as the Visiting Nurse Service of New York and the American Cancer Society . In December 2006,

560-503: The CCBA and the American Red Cross of Greater New York signed a memorandum of understanding to coordinate programs in Chinatown that will help prepare and train the Chinese community for any kind of emergency. The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association of New England, popularly known as CCBA, is a tax-exempt organization established in 1923. Currently with 35 members consisting of family associations and community organizations,

600-520: The CCBA serves as the umbrella organization for the Chinese communities of New England. Besides sponsoring activities, the CCBA manages Tai Tung Village and Waterford Place, apartment complexes that provide affordable housing to the Chinese community. Partnering with Chinatown Main Street and other organizations, the CCBA coordinates activities such as the lion dance celebration for the Lunar New Year and

640-467: The CCBA was established, in 1882. These immigrant organizations were rooted in the Chinese tradition of huiguan ( traditional Chinese : 會館 ; simplified Chinese : 会馆 ; pinyin : huìguǎn ; Jyutping : wui gun ), viz. , support groups for merchants and workers originating from a given area. The vast majority of Chinese in California were from various districts on the west side of

680-679: The Chinese leadership that endorsed doing so. Tongs in North America showed many similarities to the triads of Hong Kong and British colonies in Southeast Asia . These included similar initiation ceremonies and paying respect to the same deities. This is because both are similar organizations that follow the patterns of southern Chinese secret societies and sworn brotherhoods. The triad societies were underground organizations in British colonies that also existed for self-help of members, but spoke of

720-526: The Pearl River Delta formed the Sze Yup and Sam Yap associations in San Francisco's Chinatown . With more Chinese immigrants from other districts, who spoke different dialects, two more associations formed in 1852, followed by two more splitting off Sze Yup. These organizations became the six most important Chinese district associations in California. The associations had some mutual coordination before

760-617: The Pearl River Delta, in Guangdong province. Thus, the first huiguan , or ui-kun , as it was locally known in Cantonese San Francisco, the Sam Yap ( Chinese : 三邑 ; pinyin : sānyì ; Jyutping : sam1 jap1 ; lit. 'Three counties') Company, emerged in 1851. It was associated with the Nanhai, Panyu, Shunde, Sanshui, and Xingyun districts. Towards the end of 1851,

800-812: The Sze Yap ( Chinese : 四邑 ; pinyin : Sìyì ; Jyutping : sei3 jap1 ; lit. 'Four Counties') company of Xinhui, Kaiping, Xinning, and Enping districts was created. This was followed by the Yeong Wo ( Chinese : 陽 和 ) company of Heung-shan, Tung-kun, and Tsang-shing districts, in 1852; and the Hip Kat company, formed by Hakka immigrants from Bow On, Chak Tai, Tung Gwoon, and Chu Mui districts, in 1852. In this manner, "Chinese in California had become organized into four regional dialect groupings" or, as locally known, "four Ooe-Koons , or great Chinese houses of San Francisco". Owing to internal disputes in

840-737: The Tong for protection. While it is true that the Tong offered protection, it is unclear if this protection was forced as a means to gain control of territory for the distribution of the group's illicit activities. During the plague outbreak in Chinatown of San Francisco in the 1900s, the Chinese Six Companies recommended the vaccination plan to their members and the tongs. Doubting the effectiveness of vaccinations, many Chinese residents of Chinatown refused inoculations. Several tongs went so far as to threaten harm to those who did get vaccinated, as well as

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880-470: The US, including returning bodies of the deceased to China. With many families fragmented between China and across the US, the association also allowed for communal care of the sick or poor. When the association became more prominent and anti-Chinese sentiment increased, the organization also offered legal and physical protection. Physical abuse was not uncommon in Chinatown from racist Americans. Such incidents led to

920-578: The annual August Moon Festival , to attract visitors and to further economic growth in Chinatown; it also hosts dignitary visits to the Chinatown community. In Seattle , Washington, the Chong Wa Association was established around 1915. The CCBA has several branches in the United States and Canada, including: Tong (organization) These associations often provide services for Chinatown communities such as immigrant counseling, Chinese schools, and English classes for adults. Tongs follow

960-683: The association is also known by other names, such as the Chinese Six Companies in San Francisco , especially when it began in the 19th century; Chong Wa Benevolent Association in Seattle ; and United Chinese Society in Honolulu . In the Western and Midwestern United States as well as Western Canada , 中華會館 is the common Chinese name. In the Eastern United States and Eastern Canada , 中華公所

1000-504: The attention often overlooked inherent cultural differences, leading to misunderstanding by much of the American population. This factor, together with increasing anti-Chinese sentiment, hastened the need for an empowered Chinese organization in the US. Thus, the CCBA was formed out of the need for the Chinese to have organized social, political, and economic structures. The CCBA was set up to help Chinese people relocate and travel to and from

1040-435: The case of Hakka speakers, or sworn brotherhoods. The tongs provided services for immigrants such as employment and housing opportunities. They also helped resolve individual and group disputes within the community. Many of these volunteer societies did not have the financial ability to fund community events or look after their members, and those that did tended to focus inward and provide help only to their own members. As

1080-414: The culture. Many new Chinese immigrants came to America without savings, as most of their money was spent on transportation to the US. Many immigrant children were also affected by these conditions, having to work when they were not in school, and struggling to learn English. This led to many of the children of new immigrants dropping out and joining gangs that engaged in violence in Chinatown. In 1968, during

1120-583: The first tongs was established by the secret society Chee Kung Tong , which aimed to restore the power of the Ming dynasty by removing the new Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty. These Zhigongtang tongs were located in the province of Guangdong , which was home to many of the first Chinese migrants heading to the United States —some of whom would take with them the notion of a tong as an organization to set up there. After

1160-621: The large Sze Yup company, the Ning Yeung ( Chinese : 寧 陽 ) company emerged in 1853, and the Hop Wo ( Chinese : 合 和 ) company split off in 1862. In 1867, the twice-reduced Sze Yup was reorganized as the Kong Chow ( Chinese : 岡 州 ) company. Friction within the Hop Wo company led to the formation of the Sue Hing ( Chinese : 肇 慶 ) company in 1878. The Six Companies served as ambassadors of

1200-512: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly from eight districts on the west side of the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong , southern China, and their descendants. The later wave of Chinese immigrants, after 1965, who came from a much wider area in China, did not experience the level of hostility faced by the pioneers and did not join the CCBA, which greatly lessened its influence. In English,

1240-708: The mid-19th-century, Chinese immigrant numbers dramatically increased. Beginning with a few hundred immigrants, their numbers increased to an estimated hundreds of thousands of Chinese immigrants. Former Taiping Heavenly Kingdom military commander Yang Fuqing is alleged to have fled to the United States following the rebel state's defeat and started a secret society in Los Angeles. After settling in San Francisco and other California cities, Chinese workers were willing to work for lower wages than their American counterparts. Labor unions and American workers discouraged undercutting wages, so many Chinese left and went east. As

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1280-572: The mid-to-late 19th century argued that the influx of Chinese immigrants decreased job availability for American citizens. However, the job competition theory is disputed due to the strong language barrier that forced many Chinese to create their jobs. Upon their arrival during the California gold rush , Chinese immigrants felt the government in Gold Mountain did not protect their interests. To protect and support one another, these Chinese pioneers from

1320-441: The most important roles of the CCBA was that of defender and sometimes litigator of civil rights. For example, they hired police officers to watch over Chinese businesses and properties in San Francisco. They also hired White lawyers to help them fight anti-Chinese legislation on the city, state, and federal levels. The 1898 landmark case of Wong Kim Ark , which established US citizenship for American-born children of Chinese parents,

1360-597: The pattern of secret societies common to southern China and many are connected to a secret society called the Tiandihui , which follows this pattern. Other groups worldwide that follow this pattern and are connected with the Tiandihui are known as hui , Hongmen , and triads . Tongs first appeared in China in 1644 when the Ming dynasty was overthrown by the Qing dynasty . One of

1400-441: The rise of groups like the tongs , which were noted to have protected the Chinese from abuse by white miners. The CCBA also exerted political power, becoming authorized to speak on behalf of Chinatown throughout the US. Its board of directors became increasingly powerful, consisting of wealthy merchants and business people. The board had many dealings with local and federal governments, exerting influence in various methods. One

1440-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CCBA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CCBA&oldid=1228096353 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1480-445: The street battles that ensued over turf, business and women. San Francisco was the home of the first Tong in the United States; it formed in reaction to the hostility that Chinese immigrants faced from American workers upon their arrival to America. In Bill Lee 's memoirs in "The Chinese Playground", which recalls the activities of the Tong Gang in San Francisco, he states that the oppression Chinese immigrants faced led them to turn to

1520-756: The traditional tong activities, such as gambling, were legal in China, but not in North America. Early Chinese populations in the United States and Canada were overwhelmingly male, especially after sex-restrictive immigration laws were passed in 1882 in the U.S. and 1923 in Canada, respectively (see Chinese Exclusion Act and Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 ). For this reason tongs participated heavily in importing women from China for both marriage and prostitution. Many of these women did not come to America by choice, and some were deceived and forced into prostitution by procurers. Tongs associated with importing women to America fought over territories and profits. This became known as

1560-582: Was successfully argued in the US Supreme Court with the assistance of legal representation from the CCBA. Though the Six Companies discouraged the continuing immigration of Chinese to the US, the phenomenon persisted. In the 1960s, discrimination began to arise within these Chinese communities. Assimilation of Chinese communities increased through the years, causing a cultural clash between new arrivals and those who were American-born and had assimilated to

1600-495: Was the use of a Caucasian attorney, who was also the spokesperson of the organization, which likely helped reduce pushback. Through the 1800s, a large portion of Chinese immigrants to California came for the promise of work in the gold mines, and their contribution was integral to the economic boom the state experienced due to the discovery of gold. When this industry declined, the Chinese found other opportunities, such as fishing, food service, farming, and railroad building. Many in

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