A self-healing ring , or SHR , is a telecommunications term for loop network topology, a common configuration in telecommunications transmission systems. Like roadway and water distribution systems , a loop or ring is used to provide redundancy . SDH , SONET and WDM systems are often configured in self-healing rings.
12-469: CANTAT-2 was the second Canadian transatlantic telephone cable , in operation from 1974 to 1992. It could carry 1,840 simultaneous telephone calls between Beaver Harbour , Nova Scotia and England. The parties involved were Canadian Overseas Telecommunication Corporation (now Teleglobe ) and the British General Post Office . The cable was rerouted to Sable Island as Sitifofog 2000 for
24-529: A number of telecommunications companies, e.g. British Telecom . CANTAT cables terminate in Canada rather than in the US. There are a number of private non-TAT cables. Self-healing ring The system consists of a ring of bidirectional links between a set of stations, typically using optical fiber communications. In normal use, traffic is dispatched in the direction of the shortest path towards its destination. In
36-516: A period, and was eventually decommissioned. The work on the U.K. end of the cable involved an accident in which Pisces III , engaged in repeater burial of the newly laid cable on the shelf off Ireland, sank. The submersible sank in 1,575 ft (480.1 m) of water and was recovered with the crew safe after 76 hours. This article related to telecommunications is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Transatlantic telephone cable A transatlantic telecommunications cable
48-483: Is a submarine communications cable connecting one side of the Atlantic Ocean to the other. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, each cable was a single wire. After mid-century, coaxial cable came into use, with amplifiers. Late in the 20th century, all cables installed use optical fiber as well as optical amplifiers , because distances range thousands of kilometers. When the first transatlantic telegraph cable
60-403: Is often geographically easy to take multiple paths across the landscape and link them up into a ring with very little extra fiber length. Recent submarine communications cables are typically built in pairs to function as a self-healing ring. Very high resilience systems are typically built on interconnected meshes of self-healing rings. Another example of a self-healing ring network technology
72-475: The great circle route from London , UK to New York City , US. There has been a succession of newer transatlantic cable systems. All recent systems have used fiber optic transmission, and a self-healing ring topology. Late in the 20th century, communications satellites lost most of their North Atlantic telephone traffic to these low-cost, high-capacity, low- latency cables. This advantage only increases over time, as tighter cables provide higher bandwidth –
84-485: The 2012 generation of cables drop the transatlantic latency to under 60 milliseconds, according to Hibernia Atlantic , deploying such a cable that year. Some new cables are being announced on the South Atlantic: SACS (South Atlantic Cable System) and SAex (South Atlantic Express). The TAT series of cables constitute a large percentage of all North Atlantic cables. All TAT cables are joint ventures between
96-473: The cable's capacity from 37 (out of 51 available channels) to 72 speech circuits. TAT-1 was finally retired in 1978. Later coaxial cables, installed through the 1970s, used transistors and had higher bandwidth. The Moscow–Washington hotline was initially connected through this system. All cables presently in service use fiber optic technology. Many cables terminate in Newfoundland and Ireland, which lie on
108-446: The event of the loss of a link, or of an entire station, the two nearest surviving stations "loop back" their ends of the ring. In this way, traffic can still travel to all surviving parts of the ring, even if it has to travel "the long way round". A second break in the ring may divide it into two sub-rings, but in such a case each sub-ring will remain functional. Self-healing rings offer high levels of resilience at low cost, since it
120-430: Was discussed starting in the 1920s, to be practical it needed a number of technological advances which did not arrive until the 1940s. Starting in 1927, transatlantic telephone service was radio-based. TAT-1 (Transatlantic No. 1) was the first transatlantic telephone cable system. It was laid between Gallanach Bay, near Oban , and Clarenville , Newfoundland between 1955 and 1956 by the cable ship Monarch . It
132-539: Was inaugurated on September 25, 1956, initially carrying 36 telephone channels. In the first 24 hours of public service, there were 588 London–U.S. calls and 119 from London to Canada. The capacity of the cable was soon increased to 48 channels. Later, an additional three channels were added by use of C Carrier equipment. Time-assignment speech interpolation (TASI) was implemented on the TAT-1 cable in June 1960 and effectively increased
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#1732941051052144-511: Was laid in 1858 by Cyrus West Field , it operated for only three weeks; a subsequent attempt in 1866 was more successful. On July 13, 1866 the cable laying ship Great Eastern sailed out of Valentia Island , Ireland and on July 27 landed at Heart's Content in Newfoundland , completing the first lasting connection across the Atlantic. It was active until 1965. Although a telephone cable
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