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53-509: CABI is an international not-for-profit organisation. Their work is delivered through teams of CABI scientists and key partners working in over 40 countries across the world. CABI states its mission as "improving people's lives worldwide by solving problems in agriculture and the environment". These problems include loss of crops caused by pests and diseases , invasive weeds and pests that damage farm production and biodiversity , and lack of global access to scientific research. Donors listed in

106-449: A body of literature for that particular subject. The terms précis or synopsis are used in some publications to refer to the same thing that other publications might call an "abstract". In management reports, an executive summary usually contains more information (and often more sensitive information) than the abstract does. Academic literature uses the abstract to succinctly communicate complex research. An abstract may act as

159-580: A collection of over 28,000 fungus samples from around the world to carry out microbial identification, preservations, patenting , training and consultancy from their offices and labs in Egham , England. In 2009, these were merged with the collection at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . This move was supported by a £250,000 grant from the UK government. Chileshe Kapwepwe who has served as Secretary General for

212-511: A crop species, such as in the Andes mountains where up to 50 varieties of potato are grown. Strategies to raise genetic diversity can involve planting mixtures of crop varieties. Genetic diversity of crops can be used to help protect the environment. Crop varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases can reduce the need for application of harmful pesticides . Agriculture is the economic foundation of most countries, and for developing countries

265-460: A drought, or their ability to resist specific diseases and pests. Modern plant breeders develop new crop varieties to meet specific conditions. A new variety might, for example, be higher yielding, more disease resistant or have a longer shelf life than the varieties from which it was bred. The practical use of crop diversity goes back to early agricultural methods of crop rotation and fallow fields, where planting and harvesting one type of crop on

318-437: A gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces a natural insecticide toxin . Genes from Bt can be inserted into crop plants to make them capable of producing an insecticidal toxin and therefore a resistance to certain pests . Bt corn ( maize ) can however adversely affect non-target insects closely related to the target pest, as with the monarch butterfly . Abstract (summary) An abstract

371-471: A harvested plant can be the result of genetic differences: a crop may have genes conferring early maturity or disease resistance. Such traits collectively determine a crop's overall characteristics and their future potential. Diversity within a crop includes genetically-influenced attributes such as seed size, branching pattern, height, flower color, fruiting time, and flavor. Crops can also vary in less obvious characteristics such as their response to heat, cold,

424-871: A higher resilience to pests and diseases and allows scientists access to a more diverse genome than can be found in highly selected crops. The breeding of high performing crops steadily reduces genetic diversity as desirable traits are selected, and undesirable traits are removed. Farmers can increase within-crop diversity to some extent by planting mixtures of crop varieties. Agricultural ecosystems function effectively as self-regulating systems provided they have sufficient biodiversity of plants and animals. Apart from producing food, fuel, and fibre, agroecosystem functions include recycling nutrients, maintaining soil fertility , regulating microclimate , regulating water flow, controlling pests , and detoxification of waste products. However, modern agriculture seriously reduces biodiversity. Traditional systems maintain diversity within

477-492: A likely source of economic growth. Growth in agriculture can benefit the rural poor, though it does not always do so. Profits from crops can increase from higher value crops, better marketing, value-adding activities such as processing, or expanded access for the public to markets.  Profits can also decrease through reduced demand or increased production. Crop diversity can protect against  crop failure , and can also offer higher returns. Despite efforts to quantify them,

530-458: A particular crop or animal species. The genebanks of CGIAR centers hold some of the world's largest off site collections of plant genetic resources in trust for the world community. Collectively, the CGIAR genebanks contain more than 778,000 accessions of more than 3,000 crop, forage, and agroforestry species. The collection includes farmers' varieties and improved varieties and, in substantial measure,

583-407: A plot of land one year, and planting a different crop on that same plot the next year. This takes advantage of differences in a plant's nutrient needs, but more importantly reduces the buildup of pathogens. Both farmers and scientists must continually draw on the irreplaceable resource of genetic diversity to ensure productive harvests. While genetic variability provides farmers with plants that have

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636-489: A stand-alone entity instead of a full paper. As such, an abstract is used by many organizations as the basis for selecting research that is proposed for presentation in the form of a poster, platform/oral presentation or workshop presentation at an academic conference . Most bibliographic databases only index abstracts rather than providing the entire text of the paper. Full texts of scientific papers must often be purchased because of copyright and/or publisher fees and therefore

689-681: A variety of projects that address agricultural and environmental issues worldwide. Typically these focus on food security , climate change , gender and youth , biodiversity ,and increasing the impact of science . CABI hosts a large number of invasive species-related projects that it is currently planning to bring under one banner. Many of these projects don't focus on a particular area, but on specific species. Notable projects include research into invasive plants including Japanese Knotweed , Giant Hogweed and Himalayan Balsam . PlantwisePlus aims to reach 75 million smallholder farmers in low and lower-middle income countries, providing them with access to

742-474: Is a brief summary of a research article, thesis , review, conference proceeding , or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application . Abstracting and indexing services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling

795-586: Is a specialist bibliographic , abstracting and indexing database dedicated to public health research and practice. Publications from over 158 countries in 50 languages are abstracted and all relevant non-English-language papers are translated to give access to research not available through any other database. In 2010, CABI became an official supporting organisation of Healthcare Information For All by 2015 as part of its support to improve availability and use of healthcare information in low-income countries. Crop loss Crop diversity or crop biodiversity

848-527: Is an independent international organisation which exists to ensure the conservation and availability of crop diversity for food security worldwide. It was established through a partnership between the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and CGIAR acting through Bioversity International. The CGIAR is a consortium of international agriculture research centers (IARC) and others that each conduct research on and preserve germplasm from

901-424: Is gene banking. There are a number of organizations that enlist teams of local farmers to grow native varieties, particularly those that are threatened by extinction due to lack of modern-day use. There are also local, national and international efforts to preserve agricultural genetic resources through off-site methods such as seed and banks for further research and crop breeding. The Global Crop Diversity Trust

954-515: Is generally agreed that one must not base reference citations on the abstract alone, but the content of an entire paper. This is because abstracts may not be fully representative of the full report or article. Therefore, basing reference citations solely on the information present in the abstract could be misleading. According to the results of a study published in PLOS Medicine , the "exaggerated and inappropriate coverage of research findings in

1007-406: Is often expected to tell a complete story of the paper, as for most readers, abstract is the only part of the paper that will be read. It should allow the reader to give an elevator pitch of the full paper. An academic abstract typically outlines four elements relevant to the completed work: It may also contain brief references, although some publications' standard style omits references from

1060-547: Is tackling the challenges facing smallholder production through three impact pathways: Pest Preparedness, Pesticide Risk Reduction, and Farmer Advisory. PlantwisePlus CABI BioProtection Portal is a free global resource for biological pest management. It features a searchable directory of nationally registered biocontrol and biopesticide products alongside comprehensive information to help agricultural advisors and growers to source and effectively use sustainable natural products within integrated pest management programmes. CABI housed

1113-432: Is the variety and variability of crops , plants used in agriculture , including their genetic and phenotypic characteristics. It is a subset of a specific element of agricultural biodiversity . Over the past 50 years, there has been a major decline in two components of crop diversity; genetic diversity within each crop and the number of species commonly grown. Crop diversity loss threatens global food security , as

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1166-526: The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa since 2018, is currently CABI's Board Chair. The publishing division of CABI helps to fund the scientific research and projects undertaken by the other two divisions. CABI publishes books, abstract databases (such as CAB Direct ) and online resources. Subject areas include agriculture, plant sciences , veterinary sciences , environmental science , food, nutrition, and tourism. CABI's database 'Global Health'

1219-519: The Congo . The FAO emergency relief and rehabilitation program is assisting vulnerable returnee populations in the African Great Lakes Region through mass propagation and distribution of CMD resistant or highly tolerant cassava. A well known occurrence of disease susceptibility in crops lacking diversity concerns the ' Gros Michel ', a seedless banana that saw world marketing in the 1940s. As

1272-735: The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture , the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative , and the International Network for Improvement of Banana and Plantain. Members of the United Nations, at the World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002 at Johannesburg , said that crop diversity is in danger of being lost if measures are not taken. One such step taken in the action against the loss of biodiversity among crops

1325-695: The Tebtunis papyri found in the Ancient Egyptian town of Tebtunis contain abstracts of legal documents. During the Middle Ages , the pages of scholarly texts contained summaries of their contents as marginalia , as did some manuscripts of the Code of Justinian . The use of abstracts to summarise science originates in the early 1800s, when the secretary of the Royal Society would record brief summaries of talks into

1378-469: The World Conservation Union (IUCN) are non-profit organizations that provide funding and other support to off site and on site conservation efforts. The wise use of crop genetic diversity in plant breeding and genetic modification can also contribute significantly to protecting the biodiversity in crops. Crop varieties can be genetically modified to resist specific pests and diseases. For example,

1431-492: The complete abstract , is a compendious summary of a paper's substance and its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents. The descriptive abstract , also known as

1484-498: The limited abstract or the indicative abstract , provides a description of what the paper covers without delving into its substance. A descriptive abstract is akin to a table of contents in paragraph form. During the late 2000s, due to the influence of computer storage and retrieval systems such as the Internet , some scientific publications, primarily those published by Elsevier , started including graphical abstracts alongside

1537-408: The minutes of each meeting, which were referred to as 'abstracts'. The Royal Society abstracts from 1800 – 1837 were later collated and published in the society's journal Philosophical Transactions , with the first group appearing in 1832. These abstracts were generally one or more pages long. Other learned societies adopted similar practices. The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) may have been

1590-534: The abstract as an abstract and not about the work it summarizes: for instance, if you are writing about different styles of writing abstracts used in the sciences and humanities." The history of abstracting dates back to the point when it was felt necessary to summarise the content of documents in order to make the information contained in them more accessible. In Mesopotamia during the early second millennium BCE, clay envelopes designed to protect enclosed cuneiform documents from tampering were inscribed either with

1643-423: The abstract is a significant selling point for the reprint or electronic form of the full text. The abstract can convey the main results and conclusions of a scientific article but the full text article must be consulted for details of the methodology, the full experimental results, and a critical discussion of the interpretations and conclusions. Abstracts are occasionally inconsistent with full reports. This has

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1696-488: The abstract, reserving them for the article body (which, by definition, treats the same topics but in more depth). Abstract length varies by discipline and publisher requirements. Typical length ranges from 100 to 500 words, but very rarely more than a page and occasionally just a few words. An abstract may or may not have the section title of "abstract" explicitly listed as an antecedent to content. Sometimes, abstracts are sectioned logically as an overview of what appears in

1749-476: The accuracy of information reported in a journal abstract with that reported in the text of the full publication have found claims that are inconsistent with, or missing from, the body of the full article." According to the Modern Language Association , there are almost no circumstances in which it is acceptable to cite an abstract: "It only makes sense to cite an abstract if you are writing about

1802-438: The authors to easily explain their papers. Many scientific publishers currently encourage authors to supplement their articles with graphical abstracts, in the hope that such a convenient visual summary will facilitate readers with a clearer outline of papers that are of interest and will result in improved overall visibility of the respective publication. However, the validity of this assumption has not been thoroughly studied, and

1855-589: The company's 2023 financial report include the UK's The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands , the European Union , Agriculture and Agri Food Canada , Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and United States Agency for International Development . A not-insignificant portion of CABI's revenue is made up of member country contributions. CABI engages in

1908-584: The current main banana on the market, the 'Cavendish' , which in turn is (2015) at risk of total loss to a strain of the same fungus, 'Tropical Race 4'. Such threats can be countered by strategies such as planting multi-line cultivars and cultivar mixes, in the hope that some of the cultivars will be resistant to any individual outbreak of disease. The implications of crop diversity are at both local and world levels. Global organizations that aim to support diversity include Bioversity International (formerly known as International Plant Genetic Resources Institute),

1961-465: The financial values of crop diversity sources remain entirely uncertain. Along with insect pests, disease is a major cause of crop loss. Wild species have a range of genetic variability that allows some individuals to survive should a disturbance occur. In agriculture, resistance through variability is compromised, since genetically uniform seeds are planted under uniform conditions. Monocultural agriculture thus causes low crop diversity, especially when

2014-562: The first to publish its abstracts: the Monthly Notices of the RAS launched in 1827, containing (among other things) abstracts of talks given at their monthly meetings; the full papers were published months or years later in the Memoirs of the RAS . The RAS abstracts were between one and three paragraphs long. In both cases, these early abstracts were written by the learned society, not the author of

2067-510: The full text of the document or a summary. In the Greco-Roman world , many texts were abstracted: summaries of non-fiction works were known as epitomes , and in many cases the only information about works which have not survived to modernity comes from their epitomes which have survived. Similarly, the text of many ancient Greek and Roman plays commenced with a hypothesis which summed up the play's plot. Non-literary documents were also abstracted:

2120-507: The help of seed banks , international organizations are working to preserve crop diversity. The loss of biodiversity is considered one of today’s most serious environmental concerns by the Food and Agriculture Organization . If current trends persist, as many as half of all plant species could face extinction . Some 6% of wild relatives of cereal crops such as wheat, maize, rice, and sorghum are under threat, as are 18% of legumes ( Fabaceae ),

2173-441: The knowledge and skills they need to improve their production practices. This will be achieved by supporting countries to predict, prevent, and prepare for plant health threats in the face of a changing climate. This ensures that smallholder farmers reduce their crop losses and produce more and safer food through sustainable crop production practices. Delivered through gender-sensitive and climate-resilient approaches, PlantwisePlus

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2226-464: The market demand became high for this particular cultivar, growers and farmers began to use the Gros Michel banana almost exclusively. Genetically, these bananas are clones , and because of this lack of genetic diversity, are all susceptible to a single fungus, Fusarium oxysporum ( Panama disease ); large areas of the crop were destroyed by the fungus in the 1950s. 'Gros Michel' has been replaced by

2279-632: The monocultured 1970 US corn crop, causing a loss of over one billion dollars in production. A danger to agriculture is wheat rust , a pathogenic fungus causing reddish patches, coloured by its spores. A virulent form of the wheat disease, stem rust , strain Ug99, spread from Africa across to the Arabian Peninsula by 2007. In field trials in Kenya , more than 85% of wheat samples, including major cultivars , were susceptible, implying that higher crop diversity

2332-498: The news media" is ultimately related to inaccurately reporting or over-interpreting research results in many abstract conclusions. A study published in JAMA concluded that "inconsistencies in data between abstract and body and reporting of data and other information solely in the abstract are relatively common and that a simple educational intervention directed to the author is ineffective in reducing that frequency." Other "studies comparing

2385-467: The paper, with any of the following subheadings: Background, Introduction , Objectives , Methods , Results, Discussion, Conclusions. Abstracts in which these subheadings are explicitly given are often called structured abstracts . Abstracts that comprise one paragraph (no explicit subheadings) are often called unstructured abstracts . Abstracts are important enough that IMRAD is even sometimes recast as AIMRAD . The informative abstract , also known as

2438-653: The paper. Perhaps the earliest example of an abstract published alongside the paper it summarises was the 1919 paper On the Irregularities of Motion of the Foucault Pendulum published in the Physical Review of the American Physical Society , which often published abstracts thereafter. Abstracts are protected under copyright law just as any other form of written speech is protected. Abstract

2491-411: The potential to mislead clinicians who rely solely on the information present in the abstract without consulting the full report. An abstract allows one to sift through copious numbers of papers for ones in which the researcher can have more confidence that they will be relevant to their research. Once papers are chosen based on the abstract, they must be read carefully to be evaluated for relevance. It

2544-465: The seeds are mass-produced or when plants (such as grafted fruit trees and banana plants) are cloned. A single pest or disease could threaten a whole crop due to this uniformity (" genetic erosion "). A well-known historic case was the Great Famine of Ireland of 1845-1847, where a vital crop with low diversity was destroyed by a single fungus. Another example is when a disease caused by a fungus affected

2597-467: The text abstracts. The graphic is intended to summarize or be an exemplar for the main thrust of the article. It is not intended to be as exhaustive a summary as the text abstract, rather it is supposed to indicate the type, scope, and technical coverage of the article at a glance. The use of graphical abstracts has been generally well received by the scientific community . Moreover, some journals also include video abstracts and animated abstracts made by

2650-532: The wild relatives of beans , peas and lentils , and 13% of species within the botanical family ( Solanaceae ) that includes potato , tomato , eggplant (aubergine), and peppers ( Capsicum ). Within-crop diversity, a specific crop can result from various growing conditions, for example a crop growing in nutrient-poor soil is likely to have stunted growth than a crop growing in more fertile soil. The availability of water, soil pH level, and temperature similarly influence crop growth. In addition, diversity of

2703-484: The wild species from which those varieties were created. National germplasm storage centers include the U.S. Department of Agriculture 's National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, India's National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, the Taiwan Livestock Research Institute , and the proposed Australian Network of Plant Genetic Resource Centers. The World Resources Institute (WRI) and

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2756-421: The world's human population depends on a diminishing number of varieties of a diminishing number of crop species. Crops are increasingly grown in monoculture , meaning that if, as in the historic Great Famine of Ireland, a single disease overcomes a variety's resistance, it may destroy an entire harvest, or as in the case of the ' Gros Michel ' banana, may cause the commercial extinction of an entire variety. With

2809-570: Was required. The Nobel laureate Norman Borlaug argued for action to ensure global food security. Reports from Burundi and Angola warn of a threat to food security caused by the African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMD). ACMD is responsible for the loss of a million tons of cassava each year. CMD is prevalent in all the main cassava-growing areas in the Great Lakes region of east Africa, causing between 20 and 90 percent crop losses in

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