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114-492: C110 or C-110 may represent: Bombardier CSeries C110, later redesignated CS100 , now called Airbus A220-100 USAAF's C-110 transport, a variant of the Douglas DC-5 A model of HP 9000 workstation A model Seiko Epson Epson Stylus inkjet printer Honda Super Cub C110 Sports Cub version A model of Nissan Skyline , 1972–1977 [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

228-529: A η j {\displaystyle P_{br}={\frac {P_{a}}{\eta _{j}}}} The corresponding fuel weight flow rates can be computed now: F = c p P b r {\displaystyle F=c_{p}P_{br}} Thrust power is the speed multiplied by the drag, is obtained from the lift-to-drag ratio : P a = V C D C L W g ; {\displaystyle P_{a}=V{\frac {C_{D}}{C_{L}}}Wg;} here Wg

342-785: A = 7 5 R s T {\textstyle a={\sqrt {{\frac {7}{5}}R_{s}T}}} ; here R s {\displaystyle R_{s}} is the specific heat constant of air 287.16 J/kg K (based on aviation standards) and γ = 7 / 5 = 1.4 {\displaystyle \gamma =7/5=1.4} (derived from γ = c p c v {\textstyle \gamma ={\frac {c_{p}}{c_{v}}}} and c p = c v + R s {\displaystyle c_{p}=c_{v}+R_{s}} ). c p {\displaystyle c_{p}} and c v {\displaystyle c_{v}} are

456-532: A thrust specific fuel consumption , so that rate of fuel flow is proportional to drag , rather than power. F = c T T = c T C D C L W {\displaystyle F=c_{T}T=c_{T}{\frac {C_{D}}{C_{L}}}W} Using the lift equation, 1 2 ρ V 2 S C L = W {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\rho V^{2}SC_{L}=W} where ρ {\displaystyle \rho }

570-420: A 10% procurement costs decrease would add six gross margin points to the programme. Airbus waited to win several new orders before increasing pressure on suppliers and catching their attention in 2019 with the sale of 135 A220s to U.S. airlines, including a follow-up order from Delta. The market share was split between 80% A220-300 and 20% A220-100. Delivery rates continued to climb with the new brand, reaching

684-610: A day and by July up to nine a day with an average time of 1 hours 15 minutes. airBaltic's flight length averaged 3 hours, and the average fleet daily usage was 14 hours. On 8 August, following the steep approach certification by EASA, Swiss operated its first revenue flight from Zurich to London City, replacing the Avro RJ. As of September, the CSeries fleet had undergone 20 A Checks with no significant maintenance issues, and over 1.5 million passengers had 16,000 revenue flights in

798-639: A lift-to-drag ratio of 18:1, and a structural efficiency of 50%, the cruise range would be The range equation may be further extended to consider operational factors by including an operational efficiency ("ops" for flight operations) R = Z f η eng η aero η struc η ops {\displaystyle R=Z_{f}\eta _{\text{eng}}\eta _{\text{aero}}\eta _{\text{struc}}\eta _{\text{ops}}} The operational efficiency η o p s {\displaystyle \eta _{ops}} may be expressed as

912-510: A number of airplane weights from the equilibrium condition P a = P r {\displaystyle P_{a}=P_{r}} is noted . To each flight velocity, there corresponds a particular value of propulsive efficiency η j {\displaystyle \eta _{j}} and specific fuel consumption c p {\displaystyle c_{p}} . The successive engine powers can be found: P b r = P

1026-552: A package of CA$ 372.5 million in interest-free loans for the company, with the programme to receive one-third. In 2016, Bombardier achieved its goal of delivering seven CSeries aircraft to both launch operators, Swiss and airBaltic . Production was then set to ramp to 30–35 aircraft deliveries in 2017 after PW1500G engine supply and start issues were resolved. However, the CSeries delivery goal for 2017 had to be revised to 20–22 aircraft only, due to persistent engine delivery delays, and finally, only 17 deliveries were completed in

1140-492: A preliminary 80% anti-dumping duty, resulting in a duty of 300%. The DoC announced its final ruling, a total duty of 292%, on 20 December, hailing it as an affirmation of the " America First " policy. In October, with financial issues already mounting, Bombardier was indirectly forced by the US government tariffs to relinquish 50.01% of its stake in the CSeries program to Airbus for a symbolic CAD $ 1, and would produce CSeries aircraft in

1254-404: A second-half 2012 first flight as it was to receive the first fuselage package until mid-2012 at the earliest and Pratt & Whitney still had "a little bit more work to do" to meet the requirement. In June 2012, Bombardier reaffirmed the first flight should happen before the year's end with subsequent entry into service remaining 2013. In July 2012, Bombardier began discussions with AirAsia at

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1368-415: A significant upgrade in the event of an engine derivative for the CSeries program. Both prospective engine suppliers for the CSeries program were uncertain about the aircraft market projections after Bombardier failed to address these concerns, but they left the door open to future discussions of a potential program. Bombardier then returned to Pratt & Whitney (P&W) in search of the right engine for

1482-615: A specific range and fuel weight flow rate can be related to the characteristics of the airplane and propulsion system; if these are constant: R = η j g c p C L C D ln ⁡ W 1 W 2 = V ( L / D ) I s p L n ( W i / W f ) {\displaystyle R={\frac {\eta _{j}}{gc_{p}}}{\frac {C_{L}}{C_{D}}}\ln {\frac {W_{1}}{W_{2}}}=V(L/D)IspLn(Wi/Wf)} An electric aircraft with battery power only will have

1596-477: A strategic partner beyond the period required in the clauses, allowing it to acquire Investissement Québec's stake no earlier than 2023 and Bombardier's stake no earlier than 2025, but with main production remaining in Mirabel, Québec until at least 2041. The partnership was subject to regulatory approvals, and during competition investigation, Airbus and Bombardier were to operate separately and clean teams planned

1710-515: A total output of 33 in 2018, and then rising to 48 A220 in 2019. The groundbreaking ceremony for the $ 300 million final assembly line (FAL) at the Airbus Mobile plant in Mobile, Alabama was held on 16 January 2019; on this occasion Airbus confirmed its confidence that there is enough demand to justify two assembly sites and that the airliner can be profitable. On 5 August 2019, production started at

1824-557: Is d W d R = d W d t d R d t = − F V , {\displaystyle {\frac {dW}{dR}}={\frac {\frac {dW}{dt}}{\frac {dR}{dt}}}=-{\frac {F}{V}},} where V {\displaystyle V} is the speed), so that d R d t = − V F d W d t {\displaystyle {\frac {dR}{dt}}=-{\frac {V}{F}}{\frac {dW}{dt}}} It follows that

1938-1227: Is a height that a quantity of fuel could lift itself in the Earth's gravity field (assumed constant) by converting its chemical energy into potential energy. Z f {\displaystyle Z_{f}} for kerosene jet fuel is 2,376 nautical miles (4,400 km) or about 69% of the Earth's radius . There are two useful alternative ways to express the structural efficiency η struc = ln ⁡ W ^ 1 W ^ 2 = ln ⁡ ( 1 + W fuel W ^ 2 ) = − ln ⁡ ( 1 − W fuel W ^ 1 ) {\displaystyle \eta _{\text{struc}}=\ln {\frac {{\widehat {W}}_{1}}{{\widehat {W}}_{2}}}=\ln \left(1+{\frac {{W}_{\text{fuel}}}{{\widehat {W}}_{2}}}\right)=-\ln \left(1-{\frac {{W}_{\text{fuel}}}{{\widehat {W}}_{1}}}\right)} As an example, with an overall engine efficiency of 40%,

2052-526: Is again mass. When cruising at a fixed height, a fixed angle of attack and a constant specific fuel consumption, the range becomes: R = 2 c T C L C D 2 2 g ρ S ( W 1 − W 2 ) {\displaystyle R={\frac {2}{c_{T}}}{\sqrt {{\frac {C_{L}}{C_{D}^{2}}}{\frac {2}{g\rho S}}}}\left({\sqrt {W_{1}}}-{\sqrt {W_{2}}}\right)} where

2166-429: Is assumed that the thrust specific fuel consumption is constant as the aircraft weight decreases. This is generally not a good approximation because a significant portion (e.g. 5% to 10%) of the fuel flow does not produce thrust and is instead required for engine "accessories" such as hydraulic pumps , electrical generators , and bleed air powered cabin pressurization systems. This can be accounted for by extending

2280-404: Is assumed. The relationship D = C D C L W {\displaystyle D={\frac {C_{D}}{C_{L}}}W} is used. The thrust can now be written as: T = D = C D C L W ; {\displaystyle T=D={\frac {C_{D}}{C_{L}}}W;} here W is a force in newtons Jet engines are characterized by

2394-1032: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Airbus A220 The Airbus A220 is a family of five-abreast narrow-body airliners by Airbus Canada Limited Partnership (ACLP). It was originally developed by Bombardier Aviation and had two years in service as the Bombardier CSeries . The program was launched on 13 July 2008. The smaller A220-100 (formerly CS100) first flew on 16 September 2013, received an initial type certificate from Transport Canada on 18 December 2015, and entered service on 15 July 2016 with launch operator Swiss Global Air Lines . The longer A220-300 (formerly CS300) first flew on 27 February 2015, received an initial type certificate on 11 July 2016, and entered service with airBaltic on 14 December 2016. Both launch operators recorded better-than-expected fuel burn and dispatch reliability, as well as positive feedback from passengers and crew. In July 2018,

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2508-445: Is for Bombardier to win orders these days.[...]. It also raises the question of how profitable the next C Series order they win will be for them." On 28 April 2016, Bombardier Aerospace , a division of Bombardier Inc. , recorded a firm order from Delta Air Lines for 75 CSeries CS100s plus 50 options. On 27 April 2017, The Boeing Company filed a petition for dumping them at $ 19.6m each, below their $ 33.2m production cost. On

2622-451: Is the air density , and S the wing area , the specific range is found equal to: V F = 1 c T C L C D 2 2 ρ S W {\displaystyle {\frac {V}{F}}={\frac {1}{c_{T}}}{\sqrt {{\frac {C_{L}}{C_{D}^{2}}}{\frac {2}{\rho SW}}}}} Inserting this into ( 1 ) and assuming only W {\displaystyle W}

2736-628: Is the energy per mass of the battery (e.g. 150-200 Wh/kg for Li-ion batteries), η total {\displaystyle \eta _{\text{total}}} the total efficiency (typically 0.7-0.8 for batteries, motor, gearbox and propeller), L / D {\displaystyle L/D} lift over drag (typically around 18), and the weight ratio W battery / W total {\displaystyle {W_{\text{battery}}}/{W_{\text{total}}}} typically around 0.3. The range of jet aircraft can be derived likewise. Now, quasi-steady level flight

2850-412: Is the speed, and F {\displaystyle F} is the fuel consumption rate, is called the specific range (= range per unit mass of fuel; S.I. units: m/kg). The specific range can now be determined as though the airplane is in quasi-steady-state flight. Here, a difference between jet and propeller-driven aircraft has to be noticed. With propeller-driven propulsion, the level flight speed at

2964-607: Is the weight (force in newtons, if W is the mass in kilograms); g is standard gravity (its exact value varies, but it averages 9.81 m/s ). The range integral, assuming flight at a constant lift to drag ratio, becomes R = η j g c p C L C D ∫ W 2 W 1 d W W {\displaystyle R={\frac {\eta _{j}}{gc_{p}}}{\frac {C_{L}}{C_{D}}}\int _{W_{2}}^{W_{1}}{\frac {dW}{W}}} To obtain an analytic expression for range,

3078-503: Is the zero-fuel mass and W f {\displaystyle W_{f}} the mass of the fuel, the fuel consumption rate per unit time flow F {\displaystyle F} is equal to − d W f d t = − d W d t . {\displaystyle -{\frac {dW_{f}}{dt}}=-{\frac {dW}{dt}}.} The rate of change of aircraft mass with distance R {\displaystyle R}

3192-490: Is varying, the range (in kilometers) becomes: R = 1 c T C L C D 2 2 g ρ S ∫ W 2 W 1 1 W d W ; {\displaystyle R={\frac {1}{c_{T}}}{\sqrt {{\frac {C_{L}}{C_{D}^{2}}}{\frac {2}{g\rho S}}}}\int _{W_{2}}^{W_{1}}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {W}}}dW;} here W {\displaystyle W}

3306-726: The 737-600 first delivered in September 1998. Bombardier appointed Gary Scott on 8 March 2004 to evaluate the creation of a New Commercial Aircraft Program. A feasibility study for a five-seat abreast CSeries was then launched at the biennial Farnborough Airshow in July to investigate development of an aircraft to replace rival manufacturers' aging models: DC-9/MD-80, Fokker 100, Boeing 737 Classic and BAe-146 with 20% lower operating costs, and 15% lower operating costs than then-in-production models: Embraer E-Jet, Boeing 717, etc. The smaller variant ( C110 ) should carry 110 to 115 passengers and

3420-593: The A220 pre-FAL , a U-shaped pre-assembly line with four stations used for preparatory work and seven for the actual equipping, in order to install systems earlier, stabilising the production process. The equipped fuselage sections are then moved to the FAL in Mirabel or in Mobile at a rate of six per month as of November 2022. These investments had accelerated A220 production and confirmed that

3534-549: The A319neo in the Airbus range and competes with Boeing 737 MAX 7 , as well as the smaller four-abreast Embraer E195-E2 and E190-E2 , with the A220 holding over 55% market share in this small airliner category. Bombardier began discussions with Fokker on 5 February 1996 about acquiring that company's assets, including the 100-seat Fokker 100 short-haul aircraft. However, after evaluating

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3648-520: The A320neo re-engine. Airbus opted to compete aggressively against the CSeries rather than ignoring it, as Boeing had done with Airbus. Airbus dropped the A320's price in head-to-head competition, successfully blocking Bombardier from several deals. The effect of stiff competition and production delays was apparent in early 2016. On 20 January, United Continental Holdings ordered 40 Boeing 737-700s instead of

3762-450: The Airbus partnership ; these could include putting doors on the exposed main wheels, reducing drag but adding weight and complexity, and adding two to three more seats by moving the aft lavatory, without reducing the seat pitch. On 21 May 2019, Airbus announced a 2,268 kg (5,000 lb) MTOW increase from the second half of 2020, from 60.8 to 63.1 t (134,000 to 139,000 lb) for

3876-572: The COVID-19 pandemic , the A220 was expected to reach a production rate of five aircraft per month by the end of the first quarter as previously foreseen. In May 2021, Airbus targeted a production rate of six per month from early 2022, and intends to reach 14 (ten in Quebec and four in Alabama) per month by the middle of the decade to be profitable. On 10 January 2022, Airbus introduced a "sub-assembly line" or

3990-597: The Government of Quebec US$ 87.5 million and the Government of the United Kingdom US$ 340 million (£180 million), repayable on a royalty basis per aircraft. The UK contribution is part of an investment partnership for the location of the development of the composite wings and other parts at the Belfast plant, where Bombardier bought Short Brothers in 1989. Despite government support, Bombardier had difficulty finding

4104-558: The Paris Air Show in June, Bombardier released updated performance data, showing improvements over the initial specifications. The CS100 passed the required certification tests by mid-November. On 25 November, Bombardier completed the first phase of its route proving capabilities, with a 100% dispatch reliability. The final prototype, FTV8, the second CS300 with a complete interior, made its first flight on 3 March 2016. The smallest model in

4218-517: The great-circle distance divided by the actual route distance η route = D GC D actual {\displaystyle \eta _{\text{route}}={\frac {D_{\text{GC}}}{D_{\text{actual}}}}} Off-nominal temperatures may be accounted for with a temperature efficiency factor η temp {\displaystyle \eta _{\text{temp}}} (e.g. 99% at 10 deg C above International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) temperature). All of

4332-574: The integration with privileged access to competitively sensitive data but separated from their management. Embraer assured at the Dubai Airshow in November 2017 that its base country Brazil would sue Canada for its subsidies to Bombardier through the World Trade Organization , because the competitor viewed CSeries as a heavy, expensive, and long, thin-haul aircraft outperforming

4446-472: The landing gear , air management system and pneumatics; UTC Aerospace for the electrical system and lighting; Parker for the fuel, hydraulics and fly by wire systems, Goodrich for the engine nacelle ; Meggitt for the wheels and brakes; Michelin for the tires; Spirit for the pylons; Honeywell for the APU ; and PPG supplies the windows. Supplier costs could be cut by 30–40% through Airbus's market power , as

4560-728: The thrust specific fuel consumption has been adjusted down and the virtual aircraft weight has been adjusted up to maintain the proper fuel flow while making the adjusted thrust specific fuel consumption truly constant (not a function of virtual weight). Then, the modified Breguet range equation becomes R = a M g c ^ T C L C D ln ⁡ W ^ 1 W ^ 2 {\displaystyle R={\frac {aM}{g{\widehat {c}}_{T}}}{\frac {C_{L}}{C_{D}}}\ln {\frac {{\widehat {W}}_{1}}{{\widehat {W}}_{2}}}} The above equation combines

4674-424: The 100- to 150-seat market, and needed a supply chain cost reduction over 10%. It then sought to reduce costs from all suppliers, including Bombardier, wing builder Short Brothers and engine manufacturer Pratt & Whitney, and had reportedly pushed its suppliers to lower their prices by 20% for more volume, or to switch them, towards 150 yearly deliveries. As of January 2019, the A220 suppliers were Liebherr for

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4788-531: The 108-seat A220-100 could reach 3,800 nmi (7,000 km; 4,400 mi) and the 130-seat A220-300 would achieve a range of 3,500 nmi (6,500 km; 4,000 mi) while being limited by its fuel capacity. With a denser economy seating at a 30-inch pitch down from 32, a 116-seat A220-100 would still reach 3,700 nmi (6,900 km; 4,300 mi) and a 141-seat A220-300 would exceed 3,350 nmi (6,200 km; 3,860 mi). Range (aircraft) Some aircraft can gain energy while airborne through

4902-459: The 18 aircraft in service, making up to 100 revenue flights per day on 100 routes: most used were up to 17 hours per day and up to 10 legs per day. Thirty-five minute turnarounds allowed 11 legs per day. On 22 December, after months of engine delivery delays, Korean Air became the third and latest operator of CSeries after receiving its first CS300, and completed its first revenue flight from Seoul to Ulsan on 20 January 2018. The aircraft

5016-634: The 38.7 m (127 ft) long A220-300 seats 130 to 160. The ACJ TwoTwenty is the business jet version of the A220-100, launched in late 2020. Delta Air Lines is the largest A220 customer and operator with 72 aircraft in its fleet as of October 2024 . A total of 912 A220s have been ordered of which 367 have been delivered and are all in commercial service with 22 operators. The global A220 fleet has completed more than 1.33 million flights over 2.32 million block hours, transporting more than 100 million passengers without accidents. The A220 family complements

5130-478: The A220-100 and 67.6 to 69.9 t (149,000 to 154,000 lb) for the A220-300, expanding the range by 450 nmi (830 km; 520 mi): the A220-300 to 3,350 and 3,400 nmi (6,200 and 6,300 km; 3,860 and 3,910 mi) for the A220-100. With the Airbus ruleset (90 kg (200 lb) passengers with bags, 3% enroute reserve, 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) alternate and 30 minutes hold),

5244-824: The CS100 18 to 27% less per seat than the Avro RJ100 . Furthermore, the CS300 was designed to be 6 t (13,000 lb) lighter than the Airbus A319neo and nearly 8 t (18,000 lb) lighter than the Boeing 737 MAX 7, giving it an operating cost advantage of up to 12%. After 28,000 engine hours in 14 in-service aircraft with a dispatch reliability of 99.9%, Swiss replaced an engine pair in May 2017 after 2,400 hours, while airBaltic replaced another one in June. Swiss initially flew six sectors

5358-465: The CS100 received Transport Canada and EASA steep approach certification. The first CSeries, a CS100, was delivered to Swiss Global Air Lines on 29 June 2016 at Montréal–Mirabel International Airport , and began commercial service on 15 July with a flight between Zürich and Paris . The launch operator stated in August, that "the customer feedback is very positive with the expected remarks concerning

5472-513: The CS300 range was 2% better, as were its per seat and per trip cost , and burned over 1% less fuel at 2,600 L/h. On long missions, the CS100 was up to 1% more fuel efficient than the brochure and the CS300 up to 3%. Therefore, Bombardier would update its performance specifications later in 2017. The CS300 burned 20% less fuel than the Airbus A319ceo , 21% less than the Boeing 737 Classic while

5586-622: The CSeries at one of the most important aerospace events in that year, Farnborough Airshow. On 7 September, flight testing was resumed after the engine problem had been isolated to a fault in the lubrication system. On 18 September, Bombardier relocated the FTV4 to Wichita , Kansas (USA) joined FTV3 at the Bombardier Flight Test Center to take advantage of better weather for flight testing. The CS300 (FTV7) made its maiden flight from Mirabel airport on 27 February 2015, seven days after

5700-588: The CSeries business plan and were further tasked to include other risk-sharing partners in the program. Bombardier announced on 31 January 2007 that work on the aircraft would continue, with entry into service planned for 2013. In November 2007, Bombardier finally selected the P&;W Geared Turbofan (GTF), now the PW1500G , already selected to power the Mitsubishi Regional Jet , to be the exclusive powerplant for

5814-528: The CSeries due to the availability of the type that already in full production, and commonality with the United's 737 fleet of 310 aircraft. Boeing also reportedly gave United a massive 73% discount on the 737 deal, dropping the price to $ 22 million per unit, well below the CS300 market value at $ 36 million. David Tyerman, an analyst with Canaccord Genuity said to the Toronto Star : "This just shows how difficult it

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5928-587: The CSeries programme into Airbus hands by pressing the U.S. administration for massive tariffs on the aircraft. Bombardier CEO predicted that the partnership would significantly accelerate sales as it would bring certainty to the CSeries programme through Airbus's global scale. AirInsight estimated that Airbus's corporate strength would increase the CSeries share of the 100- to 150-seat aircraft market over 20 years, from 40% of 5,636 aircraft (2254 sales) to 55–60%, around 3,010 aircraft. Airbus would retain Bombardier as

6042-559: The CSeries would be done in Mirabel , wings would be developed and manufactured in Belfast and the aft fuselage and cockpit would be manufactured in Saint-Laurent, Quebec . The centre fuselage was to be built by China Aviation Industry Corporation (AVIC)'s affiliate Shenyang Aircraft Corporation . In March 2009, Bombardier confirmed major suppliers: Alenia Aeronautica for the composite horizontal and vertical stabilisers, Fokker Elmo for

6156-505: The CSeries, although the company had already rejected a PW6000 derivative offered by P&W a year earlier, maintaining its original plan to launch the all-new aircraft program only with a new centreline engine as well. Bombardier announced on 31 January 2006 that market conditions could not justify the launch of the program, and that the company would reorient CSeries project efforts, team and resources to regional jet and turboprop aircraft. A small team of employees were kept to develop

6270-408: The CSeries, rated at 100 kN (23,000 lbf). Bombardier's Board of Directors authorized offering formal sales proposals of the CSeries to airline customers on 22 February 2008, due to its 20% lower fuel burn and up to 15% better operating costs compared to similarly sized aircraft produced at the time. This interested Lufthansa , Qatar Airways and ILFC . In a press conference on the eve of

6384-591: The EASA on 7 October that cleared the delivery to its launch operator airBaltic , and from the FAA on 14 December 2016. Both models were awarded a common type rating on 23 November 2016 simultaneously from Transport Canada and EASA, allowing pilots to qualify on both types interchangeably. Bombardier conducted steep 5.5˚ approach landings tests at London City Airport (LCY) in March 2017, and announced one month later, April 2017, that

6498-484: The Farnborough Airshow about a 160-seat high-density CS300 concept, which was subsequently added to the CSeries program in November, despite the low cost airline 's refusal to order 100 units of this version.. In the same month, Bombardier announced a six-month delay in both the first flight to June 2013 and the entry into service (EIS) of the CS100 a year later due to unspecified supplier issues in some areas of

6612-527: The French aviation pioneer, Louis Charles Breguet . It is possible to improve the accuracy of the Breguet range equation by recognizing the limitations of the conventionally used relationships for fuel flow: F = c T T = c T C D C L W {\displaystyle F=c_{T}T=c_{T}{\frac {C_{D}}{C_{L}}}W} In the Breguet range equation, it

6726-455: The Mobile facility, which was not due to be finished until 2020; work started early to ensure that the first delivery schedule could be met. The removal of Bombardier's financial constraints in February 2020 gave Airbus greater latitude for further investment in the programme, which will be needed to ramp up production rates, though this will push back the break-even point of the programme to

6840-502: The Swedish lessor. In August 2014, Bombardier changed the programme's management and slashed its workforce. In 2015, in exchange for help in the final development stages of the "overdue and over-budget" aircraft, Bombardier offered to sell a controlling stake in the CSeries programme to Airbus but then had to look for alternatives after the latter confirmed in October that it had turned down

6954-524: The United States. On 10 January 2018, Canada formally filed a complaint at the World Trade Organization (WTO) against the United States over the affair. On 26 January, the four USITC commissioners unanimously reversed their earlier claims, finding that US industry is no longer threatened and no duty orders will be issued, overturning the imposed duties. The Commission public report was made available by February 2018. On March 22, Boeing declined to appeal

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7068-421: The acceleration of the A220 production rate to 14 A220s per month. Accordingly, Airbus would invest $ 900m into the aircraft programme and Investissement Québec $ 300m, allowing the partnership to continue until the programme becomes profitable in the middle of the decade. In addition, 2030 had been set as the new earliest date for Airbus to acquire the remaining shares, with Quebec hoping to definitely profit from

7182-499: The acquisition terms Airbus acquired Bombardier's option to buy out Investissement Québec's share from 2023, with a revised option date of 2026. Airbus also agreed to acquire A220 and A330 work package production capabilities from Bombardier in Saint-Laurent , to be taken through the Airbus subsidiary, Stelia Aerospace . Airbus and the government of Quebec agreed in February 2022 to invest a further $ 1.2b in Airbus Canada, to support

7296-479: The air management system, and it was also anticipated that wireless In-Flight Entertainment (IFE) might be feasible when the CSeries entered service. By November, the first wing had been assembled at the Bombardier Aerostructures and Engineering Services (BAES) site in Belfast, Northern Ireland . In the same month, construction of a composite wing manufacturing facility at the Belfast site started and

7410-524: The aircraft in U.S. could circumvent the 292% duties proposed in the Boeing dumping petition , Airbus CEO Tom Enders and Bombardier CEO Alain Bellemare assured that this factor did not drive the partnership. However, negotiations began in August 2017 after the filing in April and the decision in June to proceed, and Boeing was therefore suspicious. Airbus CCO John Leahy considered that Boeing indirectly forced

7524-617: The aircraft was rebranded as the A220 after Airbus acquired a majority stake in the programme through a joint venture that became ACLP in June 2019. The A220 thus became the only Airbus commercial aircraft programme managed outside of Europe. In August, a second A220 final assembly line opened at the Airbus Mobile facility in Alabama , supplementing the main facility in Mirabel, Quebec . In February 2020, Airbus increased its stake in ACLP to 75% through Bombardier's exit, while Investissement Québec held

7638-517: The airframe weight would be in composite materials for the centre and rear fuselages, tail cone, empennage and wings. The first flight was planned for 2008 and entry into service for 2010. Bombardier's Board of Directors authorized marketing the CSeries on 15 March 2005, seeking firm commitments prior to program launch. In May, the CSeries development was evaluated at US$ 2.1 billion, shared with suppliers and partner governments for one-third each. The Government of Canada would invest US$ 262.5 million,

7752-686: The assumed fuel flow formula in a simple way where an "adjusted" virtual aircraft gross weight W ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {W}}} is defined by adding a constant additional "accessory" weight W acc {\displaystyle W_{\text{acc}}} . W ^ = W + W acc {\displaystyle {\widehat {W}}=W+W_{\text{acc}}} F = c ^ T C D C L W ^ {\displaystyle F={\widehat {c}}_{T}{\frac {C_{D}}{C_{L}}}{\widehat {W}}} Here,

7866-668: The bright cabin, reduced noise, enough leg room and space for hand luggage as well as the comfortable seats. Also, the feedback from our pilots is gratifying. They especially like the intuitive flying experience." The first CS300 was delivered to second CSeries operator AirBaltic on 28 November, and began revenue service on 14 December with a flight from Riga to Amsterdam in a two-class, 145-seat configuration. The type launch operator lauded lower noise levels for passengers and more space for luggage than its Boeing 737-300s . Upon introduction, both variants were performing above their original specifications, with airBaltic reporting that

7980-566: The company expected to generate up to half of that. Bombardier redesignated the C110 and C130 as CS100 and CS300 , respectively in March 2009. The models were offered in standard- and extended-range (ER) variants; and additionally, an extra thrust (XT) variant of the CS300 was also offered. Bombardier subsequently settled on a single variant, with the ER becoming the new standard. At the program launch in July 2008, Bombardier announced that final assembly of

8094-465: The company to save the struggling programme. In early November, a Scotiabank report indicated that the company and the programme would probably need a second bailout , and that even then the CSeries would probably not make money. When Transport Canada granted type certification for the CS100 in December 2015, CSeries' total development costs, including the aforementioned write-offs, were $ 5.4 billion. At

8208-437: The compressibility on the aerodynamic characteristics of the airplane are neglected as the flight speed reduces during the flight. For jet aircraft operating in the stratosphere (altitude approximately between 11 and 20 km), the speed of sound is approximately constant, hence flying at a fixed angle of attack and constant Mach number requires the aircraft to climb (as weight decreases due to fuel burn), without changing

8322-698: The energy characteristics of the fuel with the efficiency of the jet engine. It is often useful to separate these terms. Doing so completes the nondimensionalization of the range equation into fundamental design disciplines of aeronautics . R = Z f a M Z f g c ^ T C L C D ln ⁡ W ^ 1 W ^ 2 {\displaystyle R=Z_{f}{\frac {aM}{Z_{f}g{\widehat {c}}_{T}}}{\frac {C_{L}}{C_{D}}}\ln {\frac {{\widehat {W}}_{1}}{{\widehat {W}}_{2}}}} where giving

8436-405: The environment (e.g. collecting solar energy or through rising air currents from mechanical or thermal lifting) or from in-flight refueling. These aircraft could theoretically have an infinite range. Ferry range means the maximum range that an aircraft engaged in ferry flying can achieve. This usually means maximum fuel load, optionally with extra fuel tanks and minimum equipment. It refers to

8550-426: The final form of the theoretical range equation (not including operational factors such as wind and routing) R = Z f η eng η aero η struc {\displaystyle R=Z_{f}\eta _{\text{eng}}\eta _{\text{aero}}\eta _{\text{struc}}} The geopotential energy height of the fuel is an intensive property . A physical interpretation

8664-518: The first flight of the CSeries was expected by 2012. In 2010, Ghafari Associates was retained to develop the Montreal manufacturing site to accommodate the aircraft production. Bombardier was about to reach the design freeze for the CSeries in January 2010 and announced that CS100 deliveries were planned to start in 2013, and CS300 deliveries would follow a year later. In November 2011, Bombardier expected

8778-438: The four tested FTVs had accumulated over 1,000 flight hours. The flight test results surpassed the company's guarantees for noise, economics and performance, meaning a longer range than advertised could be possible. The fifth CS100 (FTV5) with a complete interior made its first flight on 18 March, while the sixth CS100 (not officially designated as FTV6) was the first production unit used for function and reliability flights. At

8892-530: The larger ( C130 ) between 130 and 135 passengers over 3,200 nautical miles. The C110 was planned to weigh 60,420 kg (133,200 lb) at MTOW and have a length of 35.0 m (114.7 ft), while the C130 should be 38.2 m (125.3 ft) long and have a 66,000 kg (146,000 lb) MTOW. The aircraft would have 3-by-2 standard seating and 4-abreast business class, 2.1 m (7 ft) stand-up headroom, fly-by-wire and side stick controls. 20 percent of

9006-487: The mid-2020s. The program cost was US$ 7 billion. On 2 June 2020, the first A220 produced in Alabama completed its first flight. By that date, production of the first aircraft for JetBlue Airways had also started. The first US-assembled A220 aircraft, an A220-300, was delivered to Delta on 22 October 2020. In January 2021, as Airbus reviewed its production rates following a shift in demand away from wide-bodies affected by

9120-565: The next 20 years. The Airbus partnership in July 2018 decided to keep the primary final assembly line (FAL) in Mirabel, Quebec, with its 2,200 workforce . The secondary FAL in Mobile would start deliveries in 2020 with a monthly production rate of four, rising to six for a capacity of eight while the main Mirabel FAL could go to ten. Airbus CFO predicted a production potential of more than 100 A220 per year. The company targeted over 100 orders of A220 in 2018 and 3,000 over 20 years, half of

9234-441: The offer. Just days prior, the Government of Quebec reiterated its willingness to provide Bombardier with financial aid, if it were requested. On 29 October, Bombardier took a CA$ 3.2 billion write-down on the CSeries. The Trudeau government indicated that it would reply to Bombardier's request for $ 350 million in assistance after it took power in early November. On the same day, the Quebec government invested CA$ 1 billion in

9348-400: The only Airbus commercial aircraft programme managed outside of Europe, making Canada Airbus's largest presence other than Europe. After reassessing its participation in January 2020, Bombardier exited the A220 programme in February 2020, selling its share to Airbus for $ 591 million. Airbus thus owned 75% of the programme; the remaining 25% of shares were held by Investissement Québec . Under

9462-502: The opening of the Farnborough Airshow on 13 July, Bombardier Aerospace formally launched the CSeries, with a letter of interest from Lufthansa for 60 aircraft, including 30 options, at a US$ 46.7 million list price. The aircraft fuel efficiency would be 2 litres per 100 kilometres (120 mpg ‑US ) per passenger in a dense seating. Bombardier estimated the market for the 100- to 150-seat segment at 6,300 aircraft over twenty years, representing more than $ 250 billion in revenue, with

9576-437: The operational efficiency factors may be collected into a single term η ops = η route η wind η temp ⋯ {\displaystyle \eta _{\text{ops}}=\eta _{\text{route}}\eta _{\text{wind}}\eta _{\text{temp}}\cdots } While the peak value of a specific range would provide maximum range operation, long-range cruise operation

9690-629: The potential purchase, Bombardier announced an end to the talks on 27 February, and two weeks later, on 15 March, Fokker was declared bankrupt. Bombardier then launched the BRJ-X , or "Bombardier Regional Jet eXpansion" on 8 September, a larger regional jet than the CRJ Series or "Canadair Regional Jet" due to enter service in 2003. Instead of 2–2 seating, the BRJ-X was to have a wider fuselage with 2–3 seating for 85 to 110 passengers, and underwing engine pods . It

9804-587: The product of individual operational efficiency terms. For example, average wind may be accounted for using the relationship between average GroundSpeed (GS), True AirSpeed (TAS, assumed constant), and average HeadWind (HW) component. η wind = T A S − H W avg T A S = G S avg T A S {\displaystyle \eta _{\text{wind}}={\frac {TAS-HW_{\text{avg}}}{TAS}}={\frac {GS_{\text{avg}}}{TAS}}} Routing efficiency may be defined as

9918-472: The program. An extensive program update was presented on 7 March 2013, with the Flight Test Vehicle 1 (FTV1) was displayed in a near-complete state, along with three other FTVs in various states of assembly: one such FTV confirmed the 160 seat high-density concept for the CS300, featuring two sets of over-wing emergency exits. The first FTV's electrical system was powered up in March, while tests on

10032-476: The programme is on track to reach its target rate of 14 aircraft per month by mid-decade. The 50th US-assembled A220 aircraft, an A220-300, was delivered to Breeze Airways on 30 August 2023. After 1,600 new hires over the last two years, an increase of 75%, a total of 3,500 employees were working on the A220 programme in Quebec as of July 2024. After beating performance promises by 3%, performance improvement packages shaving operating costs were explored prior to

10146-434: The programme launch, development costs for the CSeries were evaluated at $ 2.1 billion in May 2005, shared with suppliers and partner governments for one-third each. In November 2009, when the first CSeries wing was assembled for prototype manufacture , development costs rose to approximately $ 3.5 billion. Programme delays during the test preparation and flight test phase also resulted in order cancellations, including from

10260-448: The range equation can only be calculated exactly for powered aircraft. It will be derived for both propeller and jet aircraft. If the total mass W {\displaystyle W} of the aircraft at a particular time t {\displaystyle t} is: W = W 0 + W f , {\displaystyle W=W_{0}+W_{f},} where W 0 {\displaystyle W_{0}}

10374-528: The range is obtained from the definite integral below, with t 1 {\displaystyle t_{1}} and t 2 {\displaystyle t_{2}} the start and finish times respectively and W 1 {\displaystyle W_{1}} and W 2 {\displaystyle W_{2}} the initial and final aircraft masses The term V F {\textstyle {\frac {V}{F}}} , where V {\displaystyle V}

10488-423: The range of its own E-Jet E2 , a close rival for market share . Previously, in October 2017, Boeing was reportedly concerned over its ability to match fleet package deals enabled by the partnership. Then, in December 2017, The Wall Street Journal reported Boeing was planning to offer Embraer more than the company's $ 3.7 billion market value to set up a joint venture, in what aviation industry analysts said

10602-535: The remaining stake. Powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1500G geared turbofan engines under its wings, the twinjet features fly-by-wire flight controls, a carbon composite wing, an aluminium-lithium fuselage, and optimised aerodynamics for better fuel efficiency . The aircraft family offers maximum take-off weights from 63.1 to 70.9 t (139,000 to 156,000 lb), and cover a 3,450–3,600 nmi (6,390–6,670 km; 3,970–4,140 mi) range . The 35 m (115 ft) long A220-100 seats 108 to 133, while

10716-408: The right powerplant for the CSeries in June 2005 after failing to get the two engine consortia International Aero Engines and CFM International to compete for the CSeries contract. The former engine manufacturer had offered a new centreline engine in the 21,000–23,000 lb (93–102 kN) thrust class, while the latter was not yet ready to offer its next-generation CFM56 engine, as Bombardier required

10830-540: The ruling. Bombardier and Airbus announced on 16 October 2017 that Airbus would acquire a 50.01% majority stake in the CSALP partnership, with Bombardier keeping 31% and Investissement Québec 19%. Airbus paid no money, incurred no debt and assumed no liability for its share in the programme, but its supply chain expertise should save production costs, and a second assembly line would be built at its production facility, Airbus Mobile , in Mobile, Alabama . While assembling

10944-463: The sale. Under the latest agreement in July 2024 the threshold for Airbus to buy out Québec's share will be further extended to 2035, securing that two-thirds of the jobs linked to the production of the A220 will remain in Quebec. Meanwhile, the A220 held a market share of over 55% in its category and PwC estimated the aircraft programme will have an economic impact in Canada of more than $ 40 billion over

11058-552: The same day, both Bombardier and the government of Canada rejected Boeing's claim, vowing to mount a "vigorous defence". On 9 June 2017, the US International Trade Commission (USITC) found that the US industry could be threatened and should be protected . On 26 September, after lobbying by Boeing, the US Department of Commerce (DoC) alleged subsidies of 220% and intended to collect deposits accordingly, plus

11172-612: The same mass at takeoff and landing. The logarithmic term with weight ratios is replaced by the direct ratio between W battery / W total {\displaystyle W_{\text{battery}}/W_{\text{total}}} R = E ∗ 1 g η total L D W battery W total {\displaystyle R=E^{*}{\frac {1}{g}}\eta _{\text{total}}{\frac {L}{D}}{\frac {W_{\text{battery}}}{W_{\text{total}}}}} where E ∗ {\displaystyle E^{*}}

11286-449: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C110&oldid=1017184740 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

11400-402: The second half of 2018 to 2021. Ten days after programme control was transferred to Airbus, the aircraft was rebranded with A220 as the family name (formerly CSeries) and A220-100/300 for the former CS100/CS300 variants. Later, on 1 June 2019, the CSALP joint venture was renamed to Airbus Canada Limited Partnership (ACLP) and adopted the Airbus logo as its sole visual identity. The A220 became

11514-473: The second time on 1 October. The FTV2 completed its first flight on 3 January 2014, while the planned entry-into-service date was delayed into the second half of 2015 due to certification testing issues. On 29 May 2014, the FTV1 suffered an uncontained engine failure and flight testing of the four FTVs was subsequently suspended until an investigation could be completed. The incident kept Bombardier from displaying

11628-449: The series, the 110- to 125-seat CS100, received type certificate from Transport Canada on 18 December 2015, and simultaneously from US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in June 2016, clearing the way for delivery to the launch operator, Swiss International Air Lines . The largest model, the 130- to 145-seat CS300, obtained its type certificate from Transport Canada on 11 July 2016, from

11742-455: The six available models (B737-700, A318/A319, CS100/CS300 and E195) was fewer than 80 aircraft per year for the first 10.5 years. The CSeries competed with the smaller variants of the A320 family aircraft. The 2010 order for 40 CS300s and 40 options from Republic Airways Holdings  – then owner of exclusive A319/320 operator Frontier Airlines  – also pushed Airbus into

11856-469: The specific heat capacities of air at constant pressure and constant volume respectively. Or R = a M g c T C L C D ln ⁡ W 1 W 2 {\textstyle R={\frac {aM}{gc_{T}}}{\frac {C_{L}}{C_{D}}}\ln {\frac {W_{1}}{W_{2}}}} , also known as the Breguet range equation after

11970-720: The static airframe proceeded satisfactorily and on schedule. In June, Bombardier again delayed the first flight into July on account of software upgrades and final ground testing. On 24 July, after a protracted system integration process, the first flight was delayed into "the coming weeks". On 30 August, Bombardier received the flight test permit from Transport Canada , granting permission to perform high speed taxi testing and flight testing. The CS100 (FTV1) took off for its maiden flight from Bombardier's facility at Montréal–Mirabel International Airport in Quebec on 16 September 2013. After reconfiguration and software upgrades, FTV1 flew for

12084-557: The time, the CSeries had 250 firm orders and letters of intent, plus commitments for another 360, mostly for the CS300. Bombardier reportedly requested a CA$ 1 billion aid package from the Canadian Government in April 2016. The Government then offered an aid package without divulging the amount or conditions imposed. In July, Bombardier set up the C Series Aircraft Limited Partnership (CSALP) together with Investissement Québec . The Government finally announced in February 2017

12198-481: The transport of aircraft without any passengers or cargo. Combat radius is a related measure based on the maximum distance a warplane can travel from its base of operations, accomplish some objective, and return to its original airfield with minimal reserves. For most unpowered aircraft, the maximum flight time is variable, limited by available daylight hours, aircraft design (performance), weather conditions, aircraft potential energy, and pilot endurance. Therefore,

12312-629: The value of the local speed of sound. In this case: V = a M {\displaystyle V=aM} where M {\displaystyle M} is the cruise Mach number and a {\displaystyle a} the speed of sound . W is the weight. The range equation reduces to: R = a M g c T C L C D ∫ W 2 W 1 d W W {\displaystyle R={\frac {aM}{gc_{T}}}{\frac {C_{L}}{C_{D}}}\int _{W_{2}}^{W_{1}}{\frac {dW}{W}}} where

12426-466: The wiring and interconnection systems and Goodrich Corporation Actuation Systems: design and production of the flap and slat actuation systems. By June 2009, 96% of billable materials had been allocated, with the company settling on various companies for remaining components and systems: Rockwell Collins for the avionics, Zodiac Aerospace for the interiors, Parker Hannifin for the fully integrated fuel and hydraulics systems, Liebherr-Aerospace for

12540-410: The year. By the time the Airbus partnership came into effect on 1 July 2018, a total of 37 CSeries had been delivered, which was a very low production rate considering Bombardier had forecast at the programme launch, 315 annual deliveries from 2008 to 2027 for 100- to 150-seat airliners, up to half of that (157 units) would be delivered by the company itself. However, the average production rate of

12654-413: Was a reaction to the partnership. The Boeing–Embraer joint venture was announced in February 2019, but before the antitrust investigations were completed, the deal was unilaterally terminated by Boeing in April 2020 due to impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on aviation . The antitrust investigation was due to be completed ahead of Farnborough Airshow 2018 to allow for a marketing boost, and it

12768-614: Was comparable to the smallest narrow-body jetliners , like the 2–3 DC-9 / MD-80 / Boeing 717 or the 3–3 Airbus A318 and Boeing 737-500 / 737-600 . At the end of 2000, the project was shelved by Bombardier in favour of stretching the CRJ700 into the CRJ900 . Meanwhile, Embraer launched its four-abreast E-Jet family for 70 to 122 passengers in June 1999, which entered service in 2004. Airbus launched its 107–117 passengers A318 on 21 April 1999, which entered service in July 2003, as Boeing had

12882-579: Was planned to rebrand the CSeries as an Airbus model, with A200 suggested as a family name and A210/A230 for the CS100 and CS300. On 8 June, following regulatory approval, the partnership confirmed that Airbus would take a majority stake on 1 July. The head office, and leadership team would remain in Mirabel, while the programme team would be formed by leaders from both Airbus and Bombardier and headed by Philippe Balducchi, then Head of Performance Management at Airbus Commercial Aircraft. Bombardier would fund any required cash shortfalls up to US$ 610 million from

12996-413: Was rebranded A220 as a family name (formerly CSeries ) with A220-100/300 (formerly CS100/CS300 ) as variant name on 10 July 2018, following the Airbus partnership  ten days earlier. Financial issues at Bombardier due to the CSeries programme and production delays, stiff competition and ultimately a dumping petition by Boeing paved the way for the partnership. During the feasibility study prior to

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