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27-497: (Redirected from C-3 ) C3 , C-3 , C.3 , C03 , C.III or C-III may refer to: Life and biology [ edit ] C 3 carbon fixation in plants C3-convertase , an enzyme Complement component 3 , a protein of the innate immune system Apolipoprotein C3 , a human very low density lipoprotein ATC code C03 Diuretics , a subgroup of

54-491: A 1921 Spanish experimental autogyro Citroën C3 , a car Cowin C3 , a car LB&SCR C3 class , a British LB&SCR locomotive London Buses route C3 , a Transport for London contracted bus route C3 (railcar) , a bi-level railcar built by Kawasaki Railcar for the non-electrified branches of the Long Island Rail Road Nimrod NRA/C3 , a 1983 Group C racing car never achieved Yamaha C3 ,

81-565: A 1999 video game Crysis 3 , a 2013 video game Cluster 3 , also known as Samba, an ESA satellite Transportation [ edit ] Aeronca C-3 , an American airplane Bavarian C III , a German steam locomotive model Bavarian C III (Ostbahn) , an 1867 German steam locomotive model Chevrolet Corvette (C3) , the third production design of the Chevrolet Corvette Circumferential Road 3 or C-3, an arterial road of Manila, Philippines Cierva C.3 ,

108-665: A 2007 liquid cooled 49cc four-stroke motor scooter Two different ring expressways in Japan that are numbered C3: Tokyo Gaikan Expressway in Tokyo, Saitama and Chiba Prefectures Tōkai-Kanjō Expressway in Aichi, Gifu and Mie Prefectures Music [ edit ] Hammond C3 organ High C in music (c3 in European notation) Low C in music (C3 in American notation) Tha Carter III ,

135-592: A World War II Imperial Japanese Navy cargo carrier submarine Spanish submarine C-3 HMS C3 , a 1906 British C class submarine Type C3-class ship , a type of merchant cargo ships of United States Maritime Commission "C" design USS C-3 (SS-14) , a 1909 United States C class submarine USS Baltimore (C-3) , an 1888 protected cruiser of the United States Navy Garda Crime and Security Branch (CSB), domestic security agency of Ireland's national police, also known as "C3" C3 Howitzer,

162-534: A barred spiral galaxy in Draco C3 policing , a methodology being employed by police to combat gangs in Springfield, Massachusetts Nielsen ratings that include recorded programs watched three days later Championing Community Children , a Philippine charitable organization abbreviated as C3 Charles Keating III (born 1955), American former swimmer and real estate executive Charles III (born 1948), King of

189-576: A computer science algorithm for resolving the order of method resolution in multiple inheritance conditions Delfi-C3 , a Dutch CubeSat satellite Saturn C-3 , a 1960 rocket in the Saturn C series Chaos Communication Congress , the biggest annual hacker event in Europe Chrysler Comprehensive Compensation System , important in the development of Extreme Programming VIA C3 , a computer processor Creatures 3 ,

216-556: A lengthened variant of the M101 used by the Canadian Armed Forces Technology [ edit ] C 3 , characteristic energy , in astrodynamics, a measure of the rocket energy for an interplanetary mission that requires attaining an orbital velocity above escape velocity C 3 , the chemical symbol for Tricarbon Cyclopropatriene C3.ai , an AI company founded by Thomas Siebel C3 linearization ,

243-405: A medical technology company C03, Malignant neoplasm of gum ICD-10 code C3 Collaborating for Health , a health-promotion NGO C3: an EEG electrode site according to the 10-20 system Military [ edit ] C, Command, control, and communications , a military concept C-3 (plastic explosive) , a plastic explosive related to C4 C-3, a United States military designation for

270-601: Is also performed by a wide variety of plants. The common approach involving growing a bigger bundle sheath leads down to C2 photosynthesis . C3 carbon fixation is prone to photorespiration (PR) during dehydration, accumulating toxic glycolate products. In the 2000s scientists used computer simulation combined with an optimization algorithm to figure out what parts of the metabolic pathway may be tuned to improve photosynthesis. According to simulation, improving glycolate metabolism would help significantly to reduce photorespiration. Instead of optimizing specific enzymes on

297-583: Is based on a 3-Unit CubeSat . Some other mission characteristics include: The Delfi-C ground segment consists of two command ground stations, the primary being in Delft and the backup station at the TU Eindhoven in Eindhoven. For data collection, a distributed ground station network (DGSN) is used in which radio amateurs receive packets and sent these via internet to the central data collection server. Data decoding

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324-543: Is plentiful. The C 3 plants, originating during Mesozoic and Paleozoic eras, predate the C 4 plants and still represent approximately 95% of Earth's plant biomass, including important food crops such as rice, wheat, soybeans and barley. C 3 plants cannot grow in very hot areas at today's atmospheric CO 2 level (significantly depleted during hundreds of millions of years from above 5000 ppm) because RuBisCO incorporates more oxygen into RuBP as temperatures increase. This leads to photorespiration (also known as

351-402: Is technology demonstration and development. It is carrying new types of solar cells , a solar sensor for TNO Science and Industry, and a high-efficiency amateur radio transceiver experiment. Delfi-C does not contain batteries, as the experiments are dependent on the sun. She is the fourth Dutch Satellite, after ANS , IRAS and SLOSHSAT . It is the first Dutch university Satellite and

378-497: Is the most common of three metabolic pathways for carbon fixation in photosynthesis , the other two being C 4 and CAM . This process converts carbon dioxide and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar) into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate through the following reaction: This reaction was first discovered by Melvin Calvin , Andrew Benson and James Bassham in 1950. C 3 carbon fixation occurs in all plants as

405-570: Is then split into pyruvate and CO 2 ; the former in turn splits into acetyl-CoA and CO 2 . By forgoing all transport among organelles, all the CO 2 released will go into increasing the CO 2 concentration in the chloroplast, helping with refixation. The end result is 24% more biomass. An alternative using E. coli glycerate pathway produced a smaller improvement of 13%. They are now working on moving this optimization into other C 3 crops like wheat. Delfi-C3 The satellite's primary mission

432-556: The Ford Trimotor the designation for several German World War I and World War II armed reconnaissance aircraft AEG C.III AGO C.III , a reconnaissance biplane of World War I Albatros C.III DFW C.III , a DFW aircraft NAG C.III , an engine powering the Gotha G.IV aircraft C-3, a U.S. military transport version of the Martin 4-0-4 Type C3 submarine (disambiguation) ,

459-510: The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System Castavinol C3 , a natural phenolic compound found in red wines Cytochrome-c3 hydrogenase , an enzyme Haplogroup C-M217 , called C3 in older publications In human anatomy, C3 may refer to: Cervical vertebra 3 , one of the cervical vertebrae of the vertebral column Cervical spinal nerve 3 Clinical Cell Culture ,

486-407: The Calvin cycle. The enzyme Rubisco largely discriminates against carbon isotopes, evolving to only bind to C isotope compared to C (the heavier isotope), contributing to more C depletion seen in C 3 plants compared to C 4 plants especially since the C 4 pathway uses PEP carboxylase in addition to Rubisco. Not all C3 carbon fixation pathways operate at the same efficiency. Bamboos and

513-451: The PR pathway for glycolate degradation, South et al. decided to bypass PR altogether. In 2019, they transferred Chlamydomonas reinhardtii glycolate dehydrogenase and Cucurbita maxima malate synthase into the chloroplast of tobacco (a C 3 model organism ). These enzymes, plus the chloroplast's own, create a catabolic cycle: acetyl-CoA combines with glyoxylate to form malate , which

540-705: The United Kingdom C3, the UEFA Europa League in football C3, a standard paper size defined in ISO 216 Tippmann C-3 , a pump-action paintball marker that uses propane gas C3 Church Global , a worldwide Pentecostal denomination C3, a class in FM radio broadcasting in North America Argus C3 , a 35mm rangefinder camera Nokia C3 (disambiguation) , various Nokia cellphones Caldwell 3 ( NGC 4236 ),

567-544: The United Kingdom and 14 other Commonwealth realms since 2022. C-III Capital Partners, an asset management and commercial real estate services company Hexadecimal number C3 (decimal 195 ) See also [ edit ] CCC (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

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594-665: The concentration of CO 2 in the leaves. This lowers the CO 2 :O 2 ratio and therefore also increases photorespiration. C 4 and CAM plants have adaptations that allow them to survive in hot and dry areas, and they can therefore out-compete C 3 plants in these areas. The isotopic signature of C 3 plants shows higher degree of C depletion than the C 4 plants, due to variation in fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis across plant types. Specifically, C 3 plants do not have PEP carboxylase like C 4 plants, allowing them to only utilize ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) to fix CO 2 through

621-465: The first step of the Calvin–Benson cycle . (In C 4 and CAM plants, carbon dioxide is drawn out of malate and into this reaction rather than directly from the air .) Plants that survive solely on C 3 fixation ( C 3 plants ) tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, temperatures are moderate, carbon dioxide concentrations are around 200 ppm or higher, and groundwater

648-412: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C3&oldid=1226271894 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages C3 carbon fixation C 3 carbon fixation

675-399: The oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle , or C2 photosynthesis ), which leads to a net loss of carbon and nitrogen from the plant and can therefore limit growth. C 3 plants lose up to 97% of the water taken up through their roots by transpiration. In dry areas, C 3 plants shut their stomata to reduce water loss, but this stops CO 2 from entering the leaves and therefore reduces

702-491: The related rice have an improved C3 efficiency. This improvement might be due to its ability to recapture CO 2 produced during photorespiration, a behavior termed "carbon refixation". These plants achieve refixation by growing chloroplast extensions called "stromules" around the stroma in mesophyll cells, so that any photorespired CO 2 from the mitochondria has to pass through the RuBisCO-filled chloroplast. Refixation

729-493: The title of an album by rapper Lil Wayne C3 Presents , independent American concert promoters Other uses [ edit ] C3 (classification) , a para-cycling classification C-3 , Nickelodeon 's old name C (light novel) , a 2011 Japanese light novel series and anime by Hazuki Minase C3, a New Zealand logistics company owned by Linx Cargo Care Group C3, the code for permission to use specific land or premises for dwellings in town and country planning in

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