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118-458: Despite some claims about a Celtic heritage, recent studies suggest that the " Bustocchi " ' s ancestors were Ligurians , called "wild" by Pliny , "marauders and robbers" by Livy and "unshaven and hairy" by Pompeius Tragus. They were skilled ironworkers and much sought after as mercenary soldiers. A remote Ligurian influence is perceptible in the local dialect, Büstócu , slightly different from other Western Lombard varieties, according to

236-666: A frazione of Armeno in the province of Novara. Holohan was a forty-year-old lawyer who had a peacetime reserve commission in the cavalry. Twenty-two-year-old Lieutenant Icardi was the only mission member able to speak the dialect of the region. Lieutenant Gianinno spoke Italian and LoDolce spoke Sicilian. Holohan was entrusted with about $ 16,000 worth of U.S. dollars, gold Louis d'ors , Swiss francs , and Italian lire to fund mission activities. Holohan insisted that his men wear their uniforms in accordance with OSS directives to protect against being executed as spies if captured. The situation in northern Italy, 600 miles (1,000 km) from

354-551: A bustum (burnt, in Latin ), that is a new settlement which, in order to be distinguished from the other nearby settlements, was assigned a name: arsicium (again "burnt", or better "arid") for Busto Arsizio, whose name is actually a tautology ; carulfì for nearby Busto Garolfo , cava for Busto Cava, later Buscate . The slow increase in population was helped by the Insubres , a Gaulish tribe who arrived in successive waves by crossing

472-465: A Brittonic language of northern Britain. Celtic regions of mainland Europe are those whose residents claim a Celtic heritage, but where no Celtic language survives; these include western Iberia, i.e. Portugal and north-central Spain ( Galicia , Asturias , Cantabria , Castile and León , Extremadura ). Continental Celts are the Celtic-speaking people of mainland Europe and Insular Celts are

590-682: A Celtic language are the Lepontic inscriptions of Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy), the oldest of which pre-date the La Tène period . Other early inscriptions, appearing from the early La Tène period in the area of Massilia , are in Gaulish , which was written in the Greek alphabet until the Roman conquest. Celtiberian inscriptions, using their own Iberian script, appear later, after about 200 BC. Evidence of Insular Celtic

708-559: A borrowing from Frankish * Walholant , 'Roman-land' (see Gaul: Name ) , the root of which is Proto-Germanic * walha- , 'foreigner, Roman, Celt', whence the English word Welsh ( Old English wælisċ ). Proto-Germanic * walha comes from the name of the Volcae , a Celtic tribe who lived first in southern Germany and central Europe, then migrated to Gaul. This means that English Gaul , despite its superficial similarity,

826-592: A chapel demolished in 1862 that featured a depiction of St Barnabas . The current name of Via Roma dates back to the time when the Capitoline city became capital of the Kingdom of Italy (20 September 1870). Located outside the ancient town, it partially corresponded to today's Piazza Giuseppe Garibaldi. It owes its name to the district of the same name that led here. Already mentioned in the Libro della Decima of 1399, this meadow

944-798: A collection of Indo-European peoples in Europe and Anatolia , identified by their use of Celtic languages and other cultural similarities. Major Celtic groups included the Gauls ; the Celtiberians and Gallaeci of Iberia; the Britons , Picts , and Gaels of Britain and Ireland; the Boii ; and the Galatians . The interrelationships of ethnicity, language and culture in the Celtic world are unclear and debated; for example over

1062-752: A common cultural and linguistic heritage more than a genetic one. Celtic cultures seem to have been diverse, with the use of a Celtic language being the main thing they had in common. Today, the term 'Celtic' generally refers to the languages and cultures of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Cornwall , the Isle of Man , and Brittany ; also called the Celtic nations . These are the regions where Celtic languages are still spoken to some extent. The four are Irish , Scottish Gaelic , Welsh , and Breton ; plus two recent revivals, Cornish (a Brittonic language ) and Manx (a Goidelic language ). There are also attempts to reconstruct Cumbric ,

1180-610: A dispute over providing aid to communist partisans. The members of the mission had drawn lots to see who would kill Holohan. Another former OSS sergeant who served on Chrysler, Arthur P. Ciaramicoli, declared the allegations "silly." As for feelings towards Holohan, Ciaramicoli told a reporter, "We all didn't particularly like the major. He was older than the rest of us and was content to sit back and take things easy. He endangered our lives on several occasions by his attitude". Icardi denied involvement in Holohan's death, and LoDolce repudiated

1298-509: A lawyer who told the court that Major Holohan had to be eliminated "as an obstacle in the fight for victory." The Italians (who spent three years in jail) were acquitted by the judges who felt that the partisans acted "out of necessity" and were following orders. The Americans were convicted in absentia of murder. Icardi was sentenced to life imprisonment and LoDolce was sentenced to 17 years. Since neither man could be forced to go to Italy, neither served time. The U.S. Congress then entered

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1416-525: A local expert and historian Luigi Giavini. Traditionally these first inhabitants used to set fire to woods made of old and young oaks and black hornbeams, which at that time, covered the whole Padan Plain . This slash-and-burn practice, known as "debbio" in Italian , aimed to create fields where grapevines or cereals such as foxtail, millet and rye were grown, or just to create open spaces where stone huts with thatched roofs were built. By doing this, they created

1534-1125: A resolution of the City Council on 26 June 1964 the name became Via Emilio Parona. It corresponds to the current intersection of Via Roma and Via Bramante and kept the name of Piazza della Pretura Vecchia until 1910, when the offices of the Magistrate's Court moved to Palazzo Marliani-Cicogna, and the square became Piazza Bramante, the name that remains of the street that goes from Piazza Santa Maria to Via Roma. Celts Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Celts ( / k ɛ l t s / KELTS , see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples ( / ˈ k ɛ l t ɪ k / KEL -tik ) were

1652-728: A result, these items quickly became associated with the Celts, so much so that by the 1870s scholars began to regard finds of the La Tène as 'the archaeological expression of the Celts'". This cultural network was overrun by the Roman Empire, though traces of La Tène style were still seen in Gallo-Roman artifacts . In Britain and Ireland, the La Tène style survived precariously to re-emerge in Insular art . The Urnfield-Hallstatt theory began to be challenged in

1770-615: A rethinking of the meaning of "Celtic". John T. Koch and Barry Cunliffe have developed this 'Celtic from the West' theory. It proposes that the proto-Celtic language arose along the Atlantic coast and was the lingua franca of the Atlantic Bronze Age cultural network, later spreading inland and eastward. More recently, Cunliffe proposes that proto-Celtic had arisen in the Atlantic zone even earlier, by 3000 BC, and spread eastwards with

1888-524: A revival. The first recorded use of the name 'Celts' – as Κελτοί ( Keltoi ) in Ancient Greek – was by Greek geographer Hecataeus of Miletus in 517 BC, when writing about a people living near Massilia (modern Marseille ), southern Gaul . In the fifth century BC, Herodotus referred to Keltoi living around the source of the Danube and in the far west of Europe. The etymology of Keltoi

2006-651: A single culture or ethnic group. A new theory suggested that Celtic languages arose earlier, along the Atlantic coast (including Britain, Ireland, Armorica and Iberia ), long before evidence of 'Celtic' culture is found in archaeology. Myles Dillon and Nora Kershaw Chadwick argued that "Celtic settlement of the British Isles" might date to the Bell Beaker culture of the Copper and Bronze Age (from c. 2750 BC). Martín Almagro Gorbea (2001) also proposed that Celtic arose in

2124-677: A toss of a coin selected LoDolce to go to Holohan's room, where LoDolce shot him twice in the head. The Italians stuffed Holohan's body into a sleeping bag and then dumped it into the lake. The men assisted the Italian police in recovering the body, which was identified as Holohan's. The skull showed two bullet wounds. On August 3, 1950, former Sergeant Carl G. LoDolce gave a statement to Army CID (Criminal Investigative Division) in Rochester, New York . LoDolce alleged that he and former Lieutenant Aldo Icardi, both members of Holohan's team, had killed Holohan in

2242-536: A tribal surname, which epigraphic findings have confirmed. A Latin name for the Gauls, Galli ( pl. ), may come from a Celtic ethnic name, perhaps borrowed into Latin during the Celtic expansion into Italy from the early fifth century BC. Its root may be Proto-Celtic *galno , meaning "power, strength" (whence Old Irish gal "boldness, ferocity", Welsh gallu "to be able, power"). The Greek name Γαλάται ( Galatai , Latinized Galatae ) most likely has

2360-535: Is available only from about 400 AD, in the form of Primitive Irish Ogham inscriptions . Besides epigraphic evidence, an important source of information on early Celtic is toponymy (place names). Arnaiz-Villena et al. (2017) demonstrated that Celtic-related populations of the European Atlantic (Orkney Islands, Scottish, Irish, British, Bretons, Basques, Galicians) shared a common HLA system . Holohan murder case The Holohan murder case concerns

2478-540: Is found in the 1857 Cadastre as the result of the levelling of the moat and the defensive embankment of the village. It runs parallel to the Contrada dei Ratti and in the second half of the 19th century was known as Via dei Giardini and connected to Via dell'Ospedale. The current dedication to the priest Antonio Pozzi dates back to the early 20th century. This is the current Vicolo Purificazione (Purification Alley), which runs southwards for about 30 metres from Via San Michele in

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2596-568: Is found in the Land Registry of 1857 and owes its origin to the toponym Pobega , already present in the Libro della Decima of 1399, which derives from the Lombard word pobia , meaning ‘poplar’. In the 1930s, it was given its current name. The route of this road, already present in the Teresian Cadastre, corresponds to today's Via XXII Marzo, between Via Giacomo Matteotti and Corso Europa, in

2714-502: Is not actually derived from Latin Gallia (which should have produced * Jaille in French), though it does refer to the same ancient region. Celtic refers to a language family and, more generally, means 'of the Celts' or 'in the style of the Celts'. Several archaeological cultures are considered Celtic, based on unique sets of artefacts. The link between language and artefact is aided by

2832-526: Is primarily a linguistic label. In his 'Celtic from the Centre' theory, he argues that the proto-Celtic language did not originate in central Europe nor the Atlantic, but in-between these two regions. He suggests that it "emerged as a distinct Indo-European dialect around the second millennium BC , probably somewhere in Gaul [centered in modern France] ... whence it spread in various directions and at various speeds in

2950-456: Is the ancient odonym of today's Via Goffredo Mameli, which today connects Piazza Giuseppe Garibaldi with Busto Arsizio station . The name Strà Garotola can be traced back to the 1920s and derives from the word garro , meaning ‘stony river bed’. It was the road that led from the meadow of Porta Basilica to the banks of the Olona river, precisely to the mill of the same name (where during the plague

3068-497: Is unclear. Possible roots include Indo-European * kʲel 'to hide' (seen also in Old Irish ceilid , and Modern Welsh celu ), * kʲel 'to heat' or * kel 'to impel'. It may come from the Celtic language . Linguist Kim McCone supports this view and notes that Celt- is found in the names of several ancient Gauls such as Celtillus, father of Vercingetorix . He suggests it meant the people or descendants of "the hidden one", noting

3186-641: The Histories of Herodotus, which placed the Celts at the source of the Danube . However, Stephen Oppenheimer shows that Herodotus seemed to believe the Danube rose near the Pyrenees , which would place the Ancient Celts in a region which is more in agreement with later classical writers and historians (i.e. in Gaul and Iberia). The theory was also partly based on the abundance of inscriptions bearing Celtic personal names in

3304-520: The 3rd millennium BC , suggesting that the spread of the Bell Beaker culture explained the wide dispersion of the Celts throughout western Europe, as well as the variability of the Celtic peoples. Using a multidisciplinary approach, Alberto J. Lorrio and Gonzalo Ruiz Zapatero reviewed and built on Almagro Gorbea's work to present a model for the origin of Celtic archaeological groups in Iberia and proposing

3422-677: The Gaels ( Irish , Scots and Manx ) and the Celtic Britons ( Welsh , Cornish , and Bretons ) of the medieval and modern periods. A modern Celtic identity was constructed as part of the Romanticist Celtic Revival in Britain, Ireland, and other European territories such as Galicia . Today, Irish , Scottish Gaelic , Welsh , and Breton are still spoken in parts of their former territories, while Cornish and Manx are undergoing

3540-528: The Iberian Peninsula , Ireland and Britain. The languages developed into Celtiberian , Goidelic and Brittonic branches, among others. The mainstream view during most of the twentieth century is that the Celts and the proto-Celtic language arose out of the Urnfield culture of central Europe around 1000 BC, spreading westward and southward over the following few hundred years. The Urnfield culture

3658-533: The Lepontic inscriptions from the 6th century BC. Continental Celtic languages are attested almost exclusively through inscriptions and place-names. Insular Celtic languages are attested from the 4th century AD in Ogham inscriptions , though they were being spoken much earlier. Celtic literary tradition begins with Old Irish texts around the 8th century AD. Elements of Celtic mythology are recorded in early Irish and early Welsh literature. Most written evidence of

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3776-588: The Ossola mountains, but strengthened in time, suffering grievous losses to arrests, tortures and deportation to the Nazi lager system. The names of Mauthausen-Gusen and Flossenbürg concentration and extermination camps are sadly known to the Bustocchi , as dozens of their fellow citizens died there. On 25 April 1945, when the partisans took over, Busto Arsizio gave voice to the first free radio channel in northern Italy since

3894-516: The Savoy family . In 1944 it assumed its current name of Piazza Carlo Noè. Piazza Grande was also the ancient toponym in the 1857 cadastre of the current Piazza Pietro Toselli in the centre of Borsano  [ it ] , now a district of Busto Arsizio, but an autonomous municipality until 1928. Like the square of the same name in Sacconago, in 1931 the square, previously named after Vittorio Emanuele II,

4012-457: The first millennium BC ". Sims-Williams says this avoids the problematic idea "that Celtic was spoken over a vast area for a very long time yet somehow avoided major dialectal splits", and "it keeps Celtic fairly close to Italy, which suits the view that Italic and Celtic were in some way linked ". The Proto-Celtic language is usually dated to the Late Bronze Age. The earliest records of

4130-520: The plague , which hit hard in 1630, traditionally being stopped by the Virgin Mary after the Bustocchi , always a pious Catholic flock, prayed for respite from the deadly epidemic. By the mid-19th century, modern industry began to take over strongly; in a few decades, Busto Arsizio became the so-called " Manchester of Italy". In 1864, while the "Bustocco" Eugenio Tosi was the Archbishop of Milan , it

4248-568: The 13th century, there is evidence of the existence of a Via de Bollono that ran from the Porta Basilica meadow to the Cairora farmstead, in the direction of today's Corso Sempione. The toponym does not appear in the Libro della decima (Book of the tithe) of 1399, probably because, as Pietro Antonio Crespi Castoldi reports, not all the houses in the village were subject to the tithe, particularly those located along this road axis. The name Via Bollono

4366-459: The 18th century, Canon Petazzi reported a district called Paiè, which was travelled by processions to reach the church of San Gregorio, probably due to the dialectal contraction of Palearia into Paiè. In the Land Register of 1857, the street, limited to the section corresponding to today's Via Roma, is given the odonym of Contrada di San Barnaba, and the name, according to Enrico Crespi, is due to

4484-518: The Allied armies, was particularly complex. There were four major anti-fascist groups: the Socialists, Action Party, Christian Democrat, and Communist , plus smaller groups under commanders with imprecise allegiances. Originally, Mission Chrysler was to establish a show of authority and liaison in the area in anticipation of an early Axis capitulation. When this did not happen, the mission was changed to assist

4602-523: The Alps c.  500 BCE . It is said that they defeated the Etruscans , who by then controlled the area, leaving some geographical names behind (Arno creek (not to be confused with Florence's river), Castronno , Caronno, Biandronno , etc.). Busto Arsizio was created on the route between Milan and Lake Maggiore (called "Milan’s road", an alternative route to the existent Sempione ), part of which, before

4720-518: The Army in order to submit to a court-martial and clear up any questions. In January 1949, Italian Carabiniere Lieutenant Elio Albieri became interested in the case. When he questioned ex-partisans Tozzini and Mannini in March 1950, they told a story of Icardi becoming resentful of Holohan's refusal to support the communists and hatching a plot to murder the major. When an attempt to poison Holohan's soup failed,

4838-467: The Bell Beaker culture over the following millennium. His theory is partly based on glottochronology , the spread of ancient Celtic-looking placenames, and thesis that the Tartessian language was Celtic. However, the proposal that Tartessian was Celtic is widely rejected by linguists, many of whom regard it as unclassified. Celticist Patrick Sims-Williams (2020) notes that in current scholarship, 'Celt'

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4956-474: The Britons resembled the Gauls in customs and religion. For at least 1,000 years the name Celt was not used at all, and nobody called themselves Celts or Celtic, until from about 1700, after the word 'Celtic' was rediscovered in classical texts, it was applied for the first time to the distinctive culture, history, traditions, language of the modern Celtic nations – Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, Brittany, and

5074-554: The Celtic-speaking people of the British and Irish islands, and their descendants. The Celts of Brittany derive their language from migrating Insular Celts from Britain and so are grouped accordingly. The Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages . By the time Celts are first mentioned in written records around 400 BC, they were already split into several language groups, and spread over much of western mainland Europe,

5192-580: The Celts with the Iron Age Hallstatt culture which followed it ( c.  1200 –500 BC), named for the rich grave finds in Hallstatt , Austria, and with the following La Tène culture ( c.  450 BC onward), named after the La Tène site in Switzerland. It proposes that Celtic culture spread westward and southward from these areas by diffusion or migration . A newer theory, " Celtic from

5310-664: The Church of the Beata Vergine delle Grazie. The layout of the street is preserved in the 1857 Land Register, where it appears as a ring road, which also included today's Via Alessandro Volta. In 1876 it was called the Re Magi ring road (a name derived from the one popularly attributed to the Porta Savico, a name it retained until the early 20th century. From 1910 the street took its current name of Andrea Zappellini. On today's Via Carlo Tosi, in

5428-523: The De Lupis family, whose presence is attested in Busto Arsizio from the 13th century. Later, some branches of the family vulgarised the surname to Lualdi. The street took its current name of Vicolo Clerici after the 19th century (it is still cited as Vicolo Lupi in the 1857 Land Register). Corresponding to today's Via Solferino, which connects Via Montebello and Piazza San Giovanni, it was so named in 1857 by

5546-558: The Eastern Hallstatt region ( Noricum ). However, Patrick Sims-Williams notes that these date to the later Roman era, and says they suggest "relatively late settlement by a Celtic-speaking elite". In the late 20th century, the Urnfield-Hallstatt theory began to fall out of favour with some scholars, which was influenced by new archaeological finds. 'Celtic' began to refer primarily to 'speakers of Celtic languages' rather than to

5664-502: The Gauls claimed descent from an underworld god (according to Commentarii de Bello Gallico ), and linking it with the Germanic Hel . Others view it as a name coined by Greeks; among them linguist Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel , who suggests it meant "the tall ones". In the first century BC, Roman leader Julius Caesar reported that the Gauls called themselves 'Celts', Latin : Celtae , in their own tongue . Thus whether it

5782-496: The Germans. Cinquanta was later assassinated. On December 2, 1944, Holohan sent Icardi to meet with the local communist commander, Vincenzo Moscatelli . This was reluctantly arranged by Aminta Migliari, aka Giorgio, who had wanted the arms drops funneled through him. Although Migliari proved to be treacherous, the OSS men had to rely on him for support. The communists, who made up about 75% of

5900-405: The Greeks to apply this name for the type of Keltoi that they usually encountered". Because Classical writers did not call the inhabitants of Britain and Ireland Κελτοί ( Keltoi ) or Celtae , some scholars prefer not to use the term for the Iron Age inhabitants of those islands. However, they spoke Celtic languages, shared other cultural traits, and Roman historian Tacitus says

6018-425: The Isle of Man. 'Celt' is a modern English word, first attested in 1707 in the writing of Edward Lhuyd , whose work, along with that of other late 17th-century scholars, brought academic attention to the languages and history of the early Celtic inhabitants of Great Britain. The English words Gaul , Gauls ( pl. ) and Gaulish (first recorded in the 16–17th centuries) come from French Gaule and Gaulois ,

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6136-582: The Italian case, and Time magazine also adopted the Italian version in its coverage. The New York Times published a lengthy statement by Icardi given to the Pittsburgh Press . In the fall of 1951, the Italian government charged Icardi and LoDolce with murder and tried to have them extradited to Italy, but U.S. judges denied the extradition requests. Icardi and LoDolce were outside the jurisdiction of U.S. military authorities because they had been discharged, and U.S. courts had no jurisdiction over offenses committed in Italy. The judge in Icardi’s case refused

6254-408: The San Gregorio ring road due to the presence, to the east, of the church of San Gregorio Magno in Camposanto. The current naming after Giuseppe Mazzini dates back to 1906. Among the former ring roads was also the present Via Andrea Zappellini, located in the north-eastern part of the ancient village. In the Teresian Cadastre, the layout of this street is very irregular and it connected Prato Savico to

6372-421: The Teresian Cadastre. Between 1749 and 1751, the rectory of San Giovanni was demolished and the baptistery of San Filippo Neri, which gave the district its name, was built in its place. In the early 20th century, the street was given the odonym of Via Prepositurale, but already in 1910 the current name of Via Monsignor Giuseppe Tettamanti appeared. Corresponding to today's Via Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour, joining

6490-493: The West ", suggests proto-Celtic arose earlier, was a lingua franca in the Atlantic Bronze Age coastal zone, and spread eastward. Another newer theory, "Celtic from the Centre", suggests proto-Celtic arose between these two zones, in Bronze Age Gaul, then spread in various directions. After the Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe in the 3rd century BC, Celtic culture reached as far east as central Anatolia , Turkey . The earliest undisputed examples of Celtic language are

6608-671: The advent of Fascism , at the Church of St. Edward After the war, Busto Arsizio turned increasingly on the right of the political spectrum as its bigger industries in the 1960s and 1970s decayed, to be replaced by many familiar small enterprises and a new service-based economy. Today, the city represents a major stronghold for both Forza Italia and Lega Nord right-wing political parties. Busto Arsizio's districts There are nine districts in Busto Arsizio, these are: Sant'Anna, San Michele , San Giovanni , Sant'Edoardo , Madonna Regina, Beata Giuliana, Santi Apostoli, Borsano and Sacconago. The historical toponymy of Busto Arsizio includes

6726-424: The beginning of the 20th century, but in the toponymy of 1910 the name Vicolo Rauli (Rauli Alley) can be found, from the name of an ancient Bustese family. The 1930 partial town-planning scheme provided for the opening of a street between Piazza San Giovanni and Via Ugo Foscolo, opening up Vicolo Rauli, implemented in 1932 with the odonym of Via Cardinale Eugenio Tosi. It corresponds to today's Via Antonio Pozzi and

6844-567: The burials "dated to roughly the time when Celts are mentioned near the Danube by Herodotus , Ramsauer concluded that the graves were Celtic". Similar sites and artifacts were found over a wide area, which were named the 'Hallstatt culture'. In 1857, the archaeological site of La Tène was discovered in Switzerland. The huge collection of artifacts had a distinctive style. Artifacts of this 'La Tène style' were found elsewhere in Europe, "particularly in places where people called Celts were known to have lived and early Celtic languages are attested. As

6962-445: The cattle market, a veritable fair especially on the occasion of the feast of St Roch, which was celebrated with the blessing of the cattle at the nearby church of St Roch. The current dedication of the square to Alessandro Manzoni dates back to 1906. The toponym is found in the 1857 Land Registry to indicate the route of the present-day Via Giuseppe Tettamanti, which runs northwards from Piazza San Giovanni Battista, already present in

7080-404: The centre. Its route can be found in the Teresian Cadastre, then in the one of 1857 under the name Vicolo Fassi, the surname of a Bustese family that, as noted by Luigi Ferrario in 1864, had properties in the town, probably some near this alley. It corresponds to today's Piazza Alessandro Manzoni and its origin dates back to the 17th century following the levelling of the embankment that surrounded

7198-451: The church of the Madonna in Prato. The name Garlasca is already found in 1399 in the Libro della Decima (Book of the Tithe) and also appears again in the Cadastre of 1857. In the topography of the late 19th century, it is found with the name of Galarasca local road, while from the beginning of the 20th century the current names of Via Gaetano Donizetti, for the first short stretch near the town centre, and Via Gioaccino Rossini appear. This

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7316-533: The clothes of the sick were washed). This was the name of the avenue that today connects the Cinque Ponti area to the north-western part of the municipality of Castellanza . Since 1860, the layout of Viale della Gloria was occupied by the tracks of the Domodossola-Milan railway and the old station, now demolished. This is today's Piazza Carlo Noè, overlooked by the south side of the old church of Santi Apostoli Pietro e Paolo of Sacconago  [ it ] . The name Piazza Grande dates back to 1857, when Sacconago

7434-638: The communists could be expected to use their military power to take control of post-war government. The uprising in Paris in August 1944 was fomented by pro-communist police who were then pushed aside by forces loyal to Charles de Gaulle . In Greece , a civil war erupted between communist and anti-communist partisan forces. On September 27, 1944, five American soldiers – mission commander Major William V. Holohan, First Lieutenant Victor Gianinno, First Lieutenant Aldo Icardi, Technical Sergeant Arthur Ciaramicoli, and radio operator Carl LoDolce – and three Italian agents parachuted into northern Italy near Coiromonte ,

7552-440: The countryside. After the war, Holohan's brother, Joseph R. Holahan (his spelling), a stockbroker, sought to learn more about the night at Villa Castelnuovo. He wrote to the Defense Department and the Italian police, and he interviewed Icardi, by then a lawyer in Pittsburgh. In 1947, after the OSS men returned to civilian life, Icardi was interviewed by Army investigators and given a polygraph examination. Icardi offered to reenter

7670-415: The creation of the Naviglio Grande , made use of the navigational water of the Ticino river . However, nothing is clearly known about Busto Arsizio's history before the 10th century, when the city's name was first discovered in documents, already with its present name: loco Busti qui dicitur Arsizio . A part of the powerful Contado of the Seprio, in 1176, its citizens likely participated (on both sides) in

7788-464: The current Via Federico Confalonieri, which runs westwards from Piazza Alessandro Manzoni. Previously, in the Teresian Cadastre, the street was called Via Vernaschela because of the crossroads, later removed, with Strada Vernasca, while the name of Sant'Alò is due to the presence of a chapel dedicated to the patron saint of goldsmiths, blacksmiths and farriers, demolished in 1914. The current name of Via Federico Confalonieri dates back to 1906. As early as

7906-494: The death of OSS Major William Holohan in Italy during the Second World War . In September 1944, the U.S. Army 's Office of Strategic Services (OSS) dispatched teams of specially trained soldiers into enemy-occupied territory to organize resistance movements . In Europe, one team was dispatched to the Como, Italy area. Its mission was code-named "Chrysler". Many of the partisan groups in Europe and Asia were overtly communist . This greatly concerned some Allied planners, since

8024-404: The district of San Michele, a turret still stands, which gave its name to the street, belonging to Casa Tosi, where pigeons were bred in the past, as in similar structures in the area. The name of Via della Colombaia was preserved until the early 20th century, but the current name of Via Carlo Tosi can be found in the 1910 toponymy. This is today's Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II. It owes its name to

8142-470: The dryness of the ground and the great depth of the wells). This machine, operated by hand and possibly later by steam, which was located in one of the buildings overlooking this street, lost its usefulness in 1897, when the new municipal aqueduct designed by Eugenio Villoresi was inaugurated. This was the street corresponding to today's Via Paolo Camillo Marliani, connecting Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II to Via Montebello. The mangle, from which it takes its name,

8260-535: The early 20th century. In 1909, the square assumed its current name of Piazza Trento e Trieste. Carlo Azimonti reports another popular denomination of the square, namely Prà Furnè, which is explained by the presence on the square of the Cantoni bakery in Prà Asìli. This was a road located west of Sacconago and connected this village to Ferno and Lonate Pozzolo . It owes its name to the Latin word longorius , meaning ‘long pole’, as it probably crossed woods whose trees were used to make poles. This alley owes its name to

8378-406: The early 20th century. With the first layout of the Ferrovia Mediterranea (Mediterranean Railway) the road was affected by the crossing of the tracks with its level crossing where it now crosses Viale della Gloria; from 1881 the Milan-Gallarate tramway also ran along the road. From the first decade of the 21st century, the street assumed its current name of Corso XX Settembre. This name is found in

8496-666: The early Celts comes from Greco-Roman writers, who often grouped the Celts as barbarian tribes. They followed an ancient Celtic religion overseen by druids . The Celts were often in conflict with the Romans , such as in the Roman–Gallic wars , the Celtiberian Wars , the conquest of Gaul and conquest of Britain . By the 1st century AD, most Celtic territories had become part of the Roman Empire . By c. 500, due to Romanisation and

8614-425: The entrance facing the meadow of San Gregorio, which began its activity in 1860. Between 1859 and 1861, today's Piazza Trento e Trieste was named after Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour , a name that remained until 1896, when a street in the historic centre was named after Cavour. Regardless of the official toponymy, at least since 1860 the square was commonly referred to as Piazza dell'Asilo, and this name persisted until

8732-618: The fact that the city hosted the important Allied liaison mission with the partisans, the Mission Chrysler , led by Lt. Aldo Icardi, later famous for his involvement in the Holohan murder case . During the conflict, Busto Arsizio was a major industrial centre for war production, and the occupying Germans moved the Italian national radio there. The Italian resistance movement resorted preferably to strikes and sabotage than to overt guerrilla warfare , since those willing to fight mostly took to

8850-492: The famous Battle of Legnano , actually fought between Busto Arsizio's frazione of Borsano and nearby Legnano , when Frederick Barbarossa was defeated by the communal militia of the Lombard League . From the 13th century, the city became renowned for its production of textiles. Even its feudalization in later centuries under several lords, vassals of the masters of Milan, did not stop its slow but constant growth; nor did

8968-456: The land register of 1857 to indicate the current Via Roma, which runs from east to west south of the historic centre of Busto Arsizio, and Via San Gregorio, which runs north from the eastern end of Via Roma to Via Milano. The route of this road is found in the Teresian Cadastre and traced the inner course of the southern moat of the town (which was located along today's Via Giuseppe Mazzini). The historian Pietro Antonio Crespi Castoldi , speaking of

9086-526: The last feudal lord of Busto who succeeded Camillo Marliani in 1780, is found in the 1910 topographic maps. Today, the original route has disappeared, replaced by car parks, but the odonym has been preserved in the road bordering the parking area to the south and east. An uncultivated piece of land outside the ancient hamlet, where today the Piazza San Michele is located. Like the Contrada Pessina,

9204-408: The latter 20th century, when it was accepted that the oldest known Celtic-language inscriptions were those of Lepontic from the 6th century BC and Celtiberian from the 2nd century BC. These were found in northern Italy and Iberia, neither of which were part of the 'Hallstatt' nor 'La Tène' cultures at the time. The Urnfield-Hallstatt theory was partly based on ancient Greco-Roman writings, such as

9322-445: The migration of Germanic tribes, Celtic culture had mostly become restricted to Ireland, western and northern Britain, and Brittany . Between the 5th and 8th centuries, the Celtic-speaking communities in these Atlantic regions emerged as a reasonably cohesive cultural entity. They had a common linguistic, religious and artistic heritage that distinguished them from surrounding cultures. Insular Celtic culture diversified into that of

9440-612: The minor quarters of the Basilica district, reports that one of these is the Contrada Palearia, which probably coincided with the present Via Roma - Via San Gregorio route. The name Palearia can be traced back to straw (perhaps to houses with straw roofs) or to a Cascina Paleata (straw farmstead), but it could also take its name from the De Palaris family, present in Busto in the 14th century. In

9558-510: The mission's funds. Some witnesses accused Icardi of living a lavish lifestyle and that Icardi had murdered Holohan on the orders of superiors, while others complimented Icardi's honesty and courage. When Senator Moscatelli was asked if Icardi was a communist, the former partisan leader said, "How could he be if he is still a member of the United States Intelligence Service?" Although Icardi and LoDolce were absent, they had

9676-611: The name derives from the basin used as a drinking trough for animals that stood in Piazza Santa Maria. Traces of this toponym remain in the name of the church of the Madonna in Prato, a religious building that was built near the said meadow. It roughly coincided with today's Via Arnaldo da Brescia, built following the 1911 Master Plan that provided for the construction of the new hospital in the northern area of Busto Arsizio. The ancient odonym

9794-462: The name it still has today. From 1939 until the end of World War II it took the name Via Addis Ababa. This is the name that once identified the present-day via Luciano Manara, which runs southwards from Piazza Trento e Trieste, south-east of the city centre, to Via Ludovico Ariosto. Present in the Teresian Cadastre and in the Cadastre of 1857 (where the road is called the municipal road of Brughetto ),

9912-446: The names of streets, squares and places in the municipal territory of Busto Arsizio and their history, both those officially present in the street directories and those that no longer exist or are used only by custom. Not all place names are present, but only those with particular links to the history and events of the town and surrounding area. Also listed are some streets with recent odonyms , but nevertheless of great interest because of

10030-484: The old town centre. In the 1857 Land Register there is the odonym Contrada dei Prandoni, confirmed by Luigi Ferrario in 1864 and preserved until the beginning of the 20th century. The name derives from the Prandoni ( De Prandonis ) family, of Milanese origin and traceable in Busto Arsizio around the 16th century. From this street, which assumed its current name of Via XXII Marzo in 1906, originated Vicolo Provasoli, which became

10148-516: The outcome of the Committee's investigation, "If you ask me what kind of soldier Aldo Icardi was, I'd say he was gallant. If you asked me what kind of job he did for us, I'd say he did one of the best jobs of any operative we had". Williams later went to Italy with a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent and met with Senator Moscatelli. Moscatelli was still in the Italian Parliament representing

10266-457: The partisan units with arms and supplies. German forces went after the Chrysler men, who had several narrow escapes from anti-partisan sweeps. At one point, the Germans pinpointed the OSS transmitter to within 100 yards, but partisans intercepted three Germans and a Swiss interpreter with direction-finding gear. In December, an independent partisan leader called Cinquanta betrayed the Chrysler men to

10384-523: The partisans in the Chrysler area, were supposed to receive equal allocations of the two arms drops, but they frequently raided drops intended for rival groups. Lieutenant Icardi stated in 1950 that Holohan treated the communists equally as the other groups. Some Italians regarded Holohan as "fervently anti-Communist". On December 6, 1944, the OSS men were holed up in Villa Castelnuovo on Lake Orta when two friendly priests came to warn them to flee. As

10502-462: The presence of inscriptions. The modern idea of a Celtic cultural identity or "Celticity" focuses on similarities among languages, works of art, and classical texts, and sometimes also among material artefacts, social organisation , homeland and mythology . Earlier theories held that these similarities suggest a common "racial" ( race is now a contested concept) origin for the various Celtic peoples, but more recent theories hold that they reflect

10620-512: The presence of the still existing Marliani-Cicogna Palace, once the residence of the Counts of Busto Arsizio of the Marliani family. This was an alley that opened southwards at the south-western corner of Piazza San Giovanni Battista, present in the Teresian Cadastre and referred to as Vicolo della costa in the 1857 Cadastre. Luigi Ferrario in 1864 also mentions this name. The name remained unchanged until

10738-529: The press accounts of his involvement in murder taken by the CID investigator. Former partisan leader Vincenzo Moscatelli, by now a senator in the Italian Parliament , told reporters that Holohan had an " anti-Communist attitude" and described Icardi as a "valiant soldier who helped greatly in the partisan struggle against the Germans." True magazine Rome correspondent Michael Stern published an article based on

10856-542: The private property of Cinema Oscar in 1955. This is a short street that runs alongside the Villa Ottolini-Tovaglieri, on the north-western edge of the ancient village. The street is recorded in the Teresian Cadastre and in the 1857 Cadastre it is called Stradone Tosi as it joins Via San Michele at Casa Tosi. From 1906 its name changed to Via Madonna del Monte as a reference to the Sacro Monte of Varese , and with

10974-513: The request to extradite him because at the time of the alleged crime, the Italian government did not have control over the area of the offense. In their rulings, however, the judges accepted the Italian version of events. In 1953, the two Americans were tried for murder in absentia in Novara, Italy, along with former partisans "Giorgio" Migliari, Giuseppa Mannini, and Gualtieri Tozzini. The Italians testified to having helped plan murder of Holohan, who

11092-492: The road connected (and still connects through today's Via Milazzo) the centre of Busto to the Brughetto farmstead. It coincides with today's Via Giuseppe Mazzini and is the road that runs south along the historic centre of Busto Arsizio, following the southern development of the embankment and moat that defended the town. Clearly delineated in the Teresian Cadastre, in that of 1857 it assumed the name of ring road, which later became

11210-588: The same origin, referring to the Gauls who invaded southeast Europe and settled in Galatia . The suffix -atai might be a Greek inflection. Linguist Kim McCone suggests it comes from Proto-Celtic *galatis ("ferocious, furious"), and was not originally an ethnic name but a name for young warrior bands . He says "If the Gauls' initial impact on the Mediterranean world was primarily a military one typically involving fierce young *galatīs , it would have been natural for

11328-493: The soldiers left in the darkness, gunfire broke out and Holohan, Icardi, LoDolce and Italian agents Gualtiero and Tozzini fired back. By prearrangement, the men would split up if attacked. Icardi made it to Giorgio's headquarters. When the men finally reunited, Holohan was missing. Icardi reported the incident to his headquarters. Two weeks later, an OSS man from Milan visited the Lake Orta and investigated Holohan's disappearance. At

11446-546: The southern sides of Piazza Santa Maria and Piazza San Giovanni, it was so called because of the presence of the tax and revenue office during the Austrian rule . The current name appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. It was the road that connected Busto Arsizio to Arnate (today a district of Gallarate ), corresponding to today's Via Gioacchino Rossini and its continuation of Via Gaetano Donizetti, which leads into Piazza Alessandro Manzoni, together with Via Quintino Sella, at

11564-399: The square was named after Giuseppe Garibaldi. This was the street, still in existence, that ran westwards from Piazza Santa Maria. It owes its name to the presence, in the square, of the ‘ beccaria ’, a porticoed building used for butchering meat. Its name changed several times over time: first to Contrada del Mercato, from 1876 to Via Alessandro Manzoni and from 1905 to Via Felice Cavallotti,

11682-569: The story after Joseph Holahan joined the staff of the House Armed Services Committee. On March 26, 1953, a two-man subcommittee, including Chairman W. Sterling Cole, traveled to Pittsburgh and interviewed Icardi, who denied the murder charges. On August 29, 1955, Icardi was indicted by a federal grand jury for eight counts of perjury. The trial began on April 17, 1956. The prosecution had 18 Italian witnesses ready. Icardi's defense attorney, Edward Bennett Williams , argued that Holohan

11800-429: The surveyors in charge of surveying the centre of Busto Arsizio for the creation of the new Cadastre. The choice of this name derives from the presence of a hydraulic machine, commissioned by the municipal administration around 1750 to combat the risk of fires (which were particularly frequent due to the large number of wooden buildings and flammable materials such as cotton and grain, and were difficult to extinguish due to

11918-432: The transformations they have undergone over time that have changed the urban context, even though these are relatively recent events. This section contains the names of streets and squares that have disappeared due to demolitions or urban transformations or due to simple redefinition of the municipal toponymy. Each of the following contrade (districts) corresponded to streets and gates of the town: The Contrada Basilica

12036-440: The villa, the officer found spent 9mm shell casings (used by all sides) and on the beach, one of Holohan's hand grenades. The surviving Chrysler men continued to arrange supply drops to the partisans, and Moscatelli stated later that after Holohan's death, OSS support increased. In February 1945, Mission Chrysler was ordered to Milan, but its operations changed because of the urban environment, which precluded air drops and hiding in

12154-458: The village of Busto Arsizio to the west. It rises in correspondence with the town gates of Sciornago and Pessina and until 1876 was indicated on maps as Prato Pessina (in the Book of Tithing of 1399 it was Pratum de Pessina ), in continuity with the ancient name of the adjoining Piazza San Michele. The name Piazza della Fiera (Fair Square), documented since 1876, derives from the presence in this square of

12272-629: The ways in which the Iron Age people of Britain and Ireland should be called Celts. In current scholarship, 'Celt' primarily refers to 'speakers of Celtic languages' rather than to a single ethnic group. The history of pre-Celtic Europe and Celtic origins is debated. The traditional "Celtic from the East" theory, says the proto-Celtic language arose in the late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of central Europe, named after grave sites in southern Germany, which flourished from around 1200 BC. This theory links

12390-411: Was an autonomous municipality and this square was the largest in the town (the new church was inaugurated in 1932). In the first decade of the 20th century, the square was named after Victor Emmanuel II , but in 1931, three years after the annexation of Sacconago to Busto Arsizio, to avoid homonymy with the old Piazza del Conte in the centre of Busto, the odonym became Piazza Umberto Biancamano, founder of

12508-470: Was dedicated to Emanuele Filiberto. The current name dates from 1944. This was the name given to the open space in front of the church of San Gregorio Magno in Camposanto, which occupied the south-western part of what is now Piazza Trento e Trieste, outside the south-eastern end of the ancient fortifications. This clearing was present in the Teresian Cadastre, while the remaining part of Piazza Trento e Trieste

12626-583: Was given to them by others or not, it was used by the Celts themselves. Greek geographer Strabo , writing about Gaul towards the end of the first century BC, refers to the "race which is now called both Gallic and Galatic ", though he also uses Celtica as another name for Gaul. He reports Celtic peoples in Iberia too, calling them Celtiberi and Celtici . Pliny the Elder noted the use of Celtici in Lusitania as

12744-470: Was granted privileges by king Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. Busto Arsizio continued to grow over the next century, absorbing the nearby communities of Borsano and Sacconago in 1927 in a major administrative reform implemented by the Fascist regime and was only marginally damaged even by World War II (a single Allied airdropped bomb is said to have hit the train station). This respite was given, actually, by

12862-414: Was killed on the orders of communist partisan leader Moscatelli because of Holohan's opposition to the communists. The attack that killed Holohan was actually staged by Moscatelli’s men. Williams got Congressman Cole to admit that he had discussed getting a perjury charge against Icardi before the interview. After Cole stepped down from the witness stand, Williams moved that the case be dismissed because there

12980-554: Was no valid legislative purpose in the interrogations of Icardi. On April 19, 1956, Judge Richmond B. Keech handed down a directed verdict of acquittal on the perjury charges, citing the defense argument that there was no valid legislative purpose to Icardi's testimony before the subcommittee and the perjury charge could not stand. Keech had strong words for Congressman Cole's conduct. Icardi wept. General William "Wild Bill" Donovan who led OSS efforts in World War II commented following

13098-476: Was occupied by fields. In the 1857 Cadastre, the current layout is outlined, with the entire square already fronted by real estate; Luigi Ferrario named it Piazza di San Gregorio. In the meantime, the vestry board of San Giovanni had purchased a piece of land in the Cassina Scerina near the church of San Gregorio and began the construction of an oratory and the opening of a kindergarten named after Saint Anne with

13216-504: Was one of the four contrade comprising the territory around the basilica of St John the Baptist , from which it takes its name ( basega literally means basilica). In the second half of the 19th century, the chronicler Luigi Ferrario reported the name Porta Milano as the new toponym of the district, since the gate (renamed Porta Milano) led to the Simplon road and thus to the city of Milan . It

13334-464: Was overlooked by the Porta Basilica, the eastern entrance to the village, restored in 1613 by Count Luigi Marliani, then again in 1727 by Carlo Marliani and finally demolished in 1861. In the 1857 cadastre, the name of the area is Prato di Porta Milano (in fact, the road leading to Simplon and then to Milan was accessed through this gate). At the end of 1860, for the celebrations of the feat of the Thousand ,

13452-469: Was poisoned and shot by LoDolce on Icardi's orders in order to divert more arms to the communists and to acquire between $ 45,000 and $ 150,000 (far more than the actual funds involved) that Holohan had for covert operations. They said that Holohan was "sentenced to death" as a "traitor". Migliari testified that he and Icardi each invested $ 75,000 in Italian lire in a toy factory, the money coming from commissions paid by Holohan to get favorable exchange rates on

13570-552: Was preeminent in central Europe during the late Bronze Age , circa 1200 BC to 700 BC. The spread of iron-working led to the Hallstatt culture (c. 800 to 500 BC) developing out of the Urnfield culture in a wide region north of the Alps. The Hallstatt culture developed into the La Tène culture from about 450 BC, which came to be identified with Celtic art . In 1846, Johann Georg Ramsauer unearthed an ancient grave field with distinctive grave goods at Hallstatt , Austria. Because

13688-403: Was retained until the 17th century and continued as far as Buon Gesù. The route of the road is delineated both in the Teresian Cadastre, where it appears with the name Via Ballone, and in that of 1857, where it takes the name of municipal road from Busto to Buon Gesù . In dialect, however, the road was called Strà Balòn, taking up the older name. The road continued to be called Strada Ballona until

13806-461: Was the machine used to roll and press fabrics. This is today's Vicolo Gambarana, in the south-western part of the historical centre. The route is present in the Teresian Cadastre and the name Vicolo Marchesi is found in the 1857 Cadastre: it derives from the Marchesi, who held municipal and ecclesiastical offices in Busto Arsizio in the 18th century. The current dedication to Giuseppe Gambarana of Pavia,

13924-436: Was the western quarter of the town. The name derives from the basin used as a drinking trough for animals. It was the northernmost contrada and owes its name to the fact that during the plague epidemic of 1524 it was the district least affected by the disease. This was the southern contrada and the richest one. The name of the municipal road known as Strada di S. Alò is found in the 1857 Land Register and corresponds to

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