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48-660: The current village was first mentioned in 1867 as Burgerveen. It is named after the village which was lost in the Haarlemmermeer which was named after the burgrave of Leiden. The old village was abandoned by 1417, and lost in the lake shortly after 1613. Business parks and airports This North Holland location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Burgrave Burgrave , also rendered as burggrave (from German : Burggraf [ˈbʊʁkˌɡʁaːf] , Latin : burgravius, burggravius, burcgravius, burgicomes, also praefectus ),

96-540: A Greco-Roman model to a Judeo-Christian pattern, based on Biblical and traditional Judeo-Christian principles. The transformation was essentially complete in the Middle Ages, although in English-speaking countries there was additional development under the influence of Protestantism . Even when Europe became secularized and Christianity faded into the background, the legal foundation Christendom had laid remained. Only in

144-509: A daughter inherits land, she must marry someone within her father's tribe. (The daughters of Zelophehad marry the sons' of their father's brothers. There is no indication that this was not their choice.) The laws of Jewish inheritance are discussed in the Talmud , in the Mishneh Torah and by Saadiah ben Joseph among other sources. All these sources agree that the firstborn son is entitled to

192-442: A double portion of his father's estate. This means that, for example, if a father left five sons, the firstborn receives a third of the estate and each of the other four receives a sixth. If he left nine sons, the firstborn receives a fifth and each of the other eight receive a tenth. If the eldest surviving son is not the firstborn son, he is not entitled to the double portion. Philo of Alexandria and Josephus also comment on

240-490: A home than those who do not regardless of the size of the inheritance. Often, racial or religious minorities and individuals from socially disadvantaged backgrounds receive less inheritance and wealth. As a result, mixed races might be excluded in inheritance privilege and are more likely to rent homes or live in poorer neighborhoods, as well as achieve lower educational attainment compared with whites in America. Individuals with

288-581: A job, and purchasing a home. The third form of inheritance is the transfers of bulk estates at the time of death of the testators, thus resulting in significant economic advantage accruing to children during their adult years. The origin of the stability of inequalities is material (personal possessions one is able to obtain) and is also cultural, rooted either in varying child-rearing practices that are geared to socialization according to social class and economic position. Child-rearing practices among those who inherit wealth may center around favoring some groups at

336-818: A person cannot be legally disinherited (such as the United States state of Louisiana , which allows disinheritance only under specifically enumerated circumstances ), a person who would be an heir under intestate laws may be disinherited completely under the terms of a will (an example is that of the will of comedian Jerry Lewis ; his will specifically disinherited his six children by his first wife, and their descendants, leaving his entire estate to his second wife). Inheritance has been compared to nepotism . Detailed anthropological and sociological studies have been made about customs of patrimonial inheritance, where only male children can inherit. Some cultures also employ matrilineal succession, where property can only pass along

384-464: A result, this inequality is believed to become part of the overall social structure. Women's unequal inheritance rights refer to the disparities and discriminatory practices that women face in inheriting property and assets compared to men. These inequalities stem from a combination of legal, cultural, and religious practices that often prioritize male heirs over female ones, resulting in significant socio-economic consequences for women. Dynastic wealth

432-482: A substantial amount of wealth and inheritance often intermarry with others of the same social class to protect their wealth and ensure the continuous transmission of inheritance across generations; thus perpetuating a cycle of privilege. Nations with the highest income and wealth inequalities often have the highest rates of homicide and disease (such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension) which results in high mortality rates. A New York Times article reveals that

480-496: Is a further concept of joint inheritance, pending renunciation by all but one, which is called coparceny . In modern law, the terms inheritance and heir refer exclusively to succession to property by descent from a deceased dying intestate . Takers in property succeeded to under a will are termed generally beneficiaries , and specifically devises for real property , bequests for personal property (except money), or legatees for money. Except in some jurisdictions where

528-433: Is considered an integral part of Sharia law and its application for Muslims is mandatory, though many peoples (see Historical inheritance systems ), despite being Muslim, have other inheritance customs. The distribution of the inherited wealth has varied greatly among different cultures and legal traditions. In nations using civil law , for example, the right of children to inherit wealth from parents in pre-defined ratios

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576-713: Is enshrined in law, as far back as the Code of Hammurabi (ca. 1750 BC). In the US State of Louisiana, the only US state where the legal system is derived from the Napoleonic Code , this system is known as " forced heirship " which prohibits disinheritance of adult children except for a few narrowly-defined reasons that a parent is obligated to prove. Other legal traditions, particularly in nations using common law , allow inheritances to be divided however one wishes, or to disinherit any child for any reason. In cases of unequal inheritance,

624-544: Is founded on the Marxist Labor Theory of Value , any money collected in the course of a lifetime is justified if it was based on the fruits of the person's own labor and not from exploiting others. The first communist government installed after the Russian Revolution resolved therefore to abolish the right of inheritance, with some exceptions. Many states have inheritance taxes or estate taxes , under which

672-514: Is monetary inheritance that is passed on to generations that did not earn it. Dynastic wealth is linked to the term Plutocracy . Much has been written about the rise and influence of dynastic wealth including the bestselling book Capital in the Twenty-First Century by the French economist Thomas Piketty . Bill Gates uses the term in his article "Why Inequality Matters". As Communism

720-427: Is often persistent across generations and families with higher amounts of inheritance are able to acquire and transmit higher amounts of human capital . Lower amounts of human capital and inheritance can perpetuate inequality in the housing market and higher education. Research reveals that inheritance plays an important role in the accumulation of housing wealth. Those who receive an inheritance are more likely to own

768-463: Is set out: a man's sons inherit first, daughters if no sons, brothers if he has no children, and so on. Later, in Numbers 36, some of the heads of the families of the tribe of Manasseh come to Moses and point out that, if a daughter inherits and then marries a man not from her paternal tribe, her land will pass from her birth-tribe's inheritance into her marriage-tribe's. So a further rule is laid down: if

816-651: The Anglo-Norman French " castellain " and Middle English " castellan " (from Latin : castellanus ). In the mid-12th century, King Conrad III of Germany created a new quality for the title of burgrave during the German eastward colonization . They became protectors and administrators of extensive royal territories near major imperial castles, such as Meissen , Altenburg and Leisnig , and received "judicial lordship" (German: Gerichtsherrschaft ). They also acted as colonizers and created their own dominions. Under

864-537: The German noble title Burggraf (compounded from Burg : castle , fortress or equally fortified town and Graf : count ) from Middle High German burcgrâve. The feminine form is burgravine, in German Burggräfin (from Middle High German burcgrâvin ). From the early High Middle Ages , the German Burggraf (burgrave) was the military governor or commander of a castle, similar to that of

912-453: The Jewish laws of inheritance, praising them above other law codes of their time. They also agreed that the firstborn son must receive a double portion of his father's estate. At first, Christianity did not have its own inheritance traditions distinct from Judaism. With the accession of Emperor Constantine in 306, Christians both began to distance themselves from Judaism and to have influence on

960-458: The King of Prussia . In Sweden, the burgrave ( Swedish : burggreve , earlier spelling burggrefve ) was the highest official in the cities of Gothenburg and Malmö during periods in the 17th and early 18th centuries. The title was first introduced by the king Gustavus Adolphus in the 1621 charter for Gothenburg, though it was not actually used until 1625. The burgrave of Gothenburg was to protect

1008-450: The Law of Moses , the firstborn son was entitled to receive twice as much of his father's inheritance as the other sons ( Deuteronomy 21:15–17 ). If there were no living sons and no descendants of any previously living sons, daughters inherit. In Numbers 27, the five daughters of Zelophehad come to Moses and ask for their father's inheritance, as they have no brothers. The order of inheritance

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1056-412: The death of an individual . The rules of inheritance differ among societies and have changed over time. Officially bequeathing private property and/or debts can be performed by a testator via will , as attested by a notary or by other lawful means. In law, an "heir" ( FEM: heiress) is a person who is entitled to receive a share of property from a decedent (a person who died), subject to

1104-473: The emperor or king , or of a territorial imperial state —a prince-bishop or territorial lord . The responsibilities were administrative, military and jurisdictional. A burgrave, who ruled over a substantially large territory, might also have possessed the regality of coinage , and could mint his own regional coins (see silver bracteates ). Etymologically, the word burgrave is the English and French form of

1152-405: The "highness, reputation and regalia" of the monarch and was appointed by him or her from a group of six candidates proposed by the city board. In Gothenburg, the title ceased to be used in 1683 but was briefly reintroduced by Charles XII between 1716 and 1719. Now appointed among three candidates, the burgrave was the executive of the city, keeping the city keys and supervising the board. Following

1200-605: The Empire), obtained a quasi-royal significance. Like other officials of the feudal state , some burgraves became hereditary rulers. There were four hereditary burgraviates ranking as principalities within the Holy Roman Empire, plus the burgraviate of Meissen : In the Crown of the Kingdom of Bohemia , the title of burgrave was given by the King of Bohemia to the chief officer, or

1248-515: The Gothenburg model, the title was introduced in Malmö by Charles X Gustav after the city was ceded to Sweden in 1658, but was abolished 19 years later in 1677. In Anglo-French parlance, a burgrave was considered analogous to a viscount . Inheritance Inheritance is the practice of receiving private property , titles , debts , entitlements, privileges , rights , and obligations upon

1296-633: The U.S. is the world's wealthiest nation, but "ranks twenty-ninth in life expectancy, right behind Jordan and Bosnia" and "has the second highest mortality rate of the comparable OECD countries". This has been regarded as highly attributed to the significant gap of inheritance inequality in the country, although there are clearly other factors such as the affordability of healthcare . When social and economic inequalities centered on inheritance are perpetuated by major social institutions such as family, education, religion, etc., these differing life opportunities are argued to be transmitted from each generation. As

1344-542: The above changes, the Quran imposed restrictions on testamentary powers of a Muslim in disposing his or her property. Three verses of the Quran, 4:11, 4:12 and 4:176, give specific details of inheritance and shares, in addition to few other verses dealing with testamentary. But this information was used as a starting point by Muslim jurists who expounded the laws of inheritance even further using Hadith , as well as methods of juristic reasoning like Qiyas . Nowadays, inheritance

1392-448: The appointment was usually for life. After the reforms of Maria Theresa (reign 1740–1780) and her son Joseph II (reign 1780–1790), the title of highest burgrave gradually lost its de facto power. The title of highest burgrave was still granted, however, and its holder remained the first officer of the kingdom. It was abolished in 1848. In the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland , the burgrave (Polish: burgrabia , earlier also murgrabia )

1440-594: The era of modern jurisprudence have there been significant changes. The Quran introduced a number of different rights and restrictions on matters of inheritance, including general improvements to the treatment of women and family life compared to the pre-Islamic societies that existed in the Arabian Peninsula at the time. Furthermore, the Quran introduced additional heirs that were not entitled to inheritance in pre-Islamic times, mentioning nine relatives specifically of which six were female and three were male. However,

1488-578: The expense of others at the bottom of the social hierarchy . It is further argued that the degree to which economic status and inheritance is transmitted across generations determines one's life chances in society. Although many have linked one's social origins and educational attainment to life chances and opportunities, education cannot serve as the most influential predictor of economic mobility . In fact, children of well-off parents generally receive better schooling and benefit from material, cultural, and genetic inheritances. Likewise, schooling attainment

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1536-525: The female line, most commonly going to the sister's sons of the decedent; but also, in some societies, from the mother to her daughters. Some ancient societies and most modern states employ egalitarian inheritance, without discrimination based on gender and/or birth order. The inheritance is patrimonial. The father —that is, the owner of the land— bequeaths only to his male descendants, so the Promised Land passes from one Jewish father to his sons. According to

1584-536: The inheritance rights of women remained inferior to those of men because in Islam someone always has a responsibility of looking after a woman's expenses. According to Quran 4:11 , for example, a son is entitled to twice as much inheritance as a daughter. The Quran also presented efforts to fix the laws of inheritance, and thus forming a complete legal system. This development was in contrast to pre-Islamic societies where rules of inheritance varied considerably. In addition to

1632-458: The inter generational transmission of income or wealth which is said to have a direct impact on one's mobility (or immobility) and class position in society. Nations differ on the political structure and policy options that govern the transfer of wealth. According to the American federal government statistics compiled by Mark Zandi in 1985, the average US inheritance was $ 39,000. In subsequent years,

1680-568: The intestate laws then apply. The exclusion from inheritance of a person who was an heir in a previous will, or would otherwise be expected to inherit, is termed "disinheritance". A person does not become an heir before the death of the deceased, since the exact identity of the persons entitled to inherit is determined only then. Members of ruling noble or royal houses who are expected to become heirs are called heirs apparent if first in line and incapable of being displaced from inheriting by another claim; otherwise, they are heirs presumptive . There

1728-663: The law and practices of secular institutions. From the beginning, this included inheritance. The Roman practice of adoption was a specific target, because it was perceived to be in conflict with the Judeo-Christian doctrine of primogeniture . As Stephanie Coontz documents in Marriage, a History (Penguin, 2006), not only succession but the whole constellation of rights and practices that included marriage, adoption, legitimacy, consanguinity, and inheritance changed in Western Europe from

1776-406: The majority might receive a small amount while the minority inherits a larger amount. The amount of inheritance is often far less than the value of a business initially given to the son, especially when a son takes over a thriving multimillion-dollar business, yet the daughter is given the balance of the actual inheritance amounting to far less than the value of the business that was initially given to

1824-765: The midst of benefiting from the greatest inheritance of wealth in history". Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start". In September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies , "over 60 percent" of the Forbes richest 400 Americans "grew up in substantial privilege", and often (but not always) received substantial inheritances. Other research has shown that many inheritances, large or small, are rapidly squandered. Similarly, analysis shows that over two-thirds of high-wealth families lose their wealth within two generations, and almost 80% of high-wealth parents "feel

1872-505: The next generation is not financially responsible enough to handle inheritance". It has been argued that inheritance plays a significant effect on social stratification . Inheritance is an integral component of family, economic, and legal institutions, and a basic mechanism of class stratification . It also affects the distribution of wealth at the societal level. The total cumulative effect of inheritance on stratification outcomes takes three forms, according to scholars who have examined

1920-426: The overall amount of total annual inheritance more than doubled, reaching nearly $ 200 billion. By 2050, there will be an estimated $ 25 trillion inheritance transmitted across generations. Some researchers have attributed this rise to the baby boomer generation. Historically, the baby boomers were the largest influx of children conceived after WW2. For this reason, Thomas Shapiro suggests that this generation "is in

1968-405: The regal official whose command is equivalent to a viceroy 's. From the 14th century, the burgrave of Prague—the highest-ranking of all burgraves, seated at Prague castle , gradually became the state's highest-ranking official, who also acted as the king's deputy; the office became known as the high or supreme burgrave of the Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech: Nejvyšší purkrabí  [ cz ] );

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2016-533: The reign of King Rudolf I of Germany , their dignity was considerably advanced. Before his time, burgraves were ranked only as counts ( Graf ), below the princes ( Fürst ), but during his reign, they began to receive the same esteem as princes. In the Kingdom of Germany , owing to the distinct conditions of the Holy Roman Empire , the title, borne by feudal nobles having the status of Reichsfürst (princes of

2064-491: The rules of inheritance in the jurisdiction where the decedent was a citizen, or where the decedent died or owned property at the time of death. The inheritance may be either under the terms of a will or by intestate laws if the deceased had no will. However, the will must comply with the laws of the jurisdiction at the time it was created or it will be declared invalid (for example, some states do not recognise handwritten wills as valid, or only in specific circumstances) and

2112-443: The son. This is especially seen in old world cultures, but continues in many families to this day. Arguments for eliminating forced heirship include the right to property and the merit of individual allocation of capital over government wealth confiscation and redistribution, but this does not resolve what some describe as the problem of unequal inheritance. In terms of inheritance inequality, some economists and sociologists focus on

2160-463: The subject. The first form of inheritance is the inheritance of cultural capital (i.e. linguistic styles, higher status social circles, and aesthetic preferences). The second form of inheritance is through familial interventions in the form of inter vivos transfers (i.e. gifts between the living), especially at crucial junctures in the life courses. Examples include during a child's milestone stages, such as going to college, getting married, getting

2208-532: Was also chief judge of the supreme court of Magdeburg law (Polish: Sąd wyższy prawa niemieckiego ) erected in Kraków in lieu of Magdeburg . The burgrave of Kraków also collected an income from the royal Wieliczka Salt Mine , run by the Royal Salt Mines company Żupy krakowskie since the 13th century. In the Kingdom of Prussia , the burgrave was one of the four chief officers of a province , delegated by

2256-505: Was also of senatorial rank (i.e. held a seat in the upper chamber of the Senate of Poland ). Ranking first among them was the "Burgrave of Kraków " (Polish: Burgrabia krakowski ) of the former capital of Poland and Wawel Castle , who was appointed directly by the King of Poland . The royal office was originally created during the reign of Casimir III the Great . At that time, Kraków's burgrave

2304-463: Was since the medieval period in Europe (mainly Germany) the official title for the ruler of a castle , especially a royal or episcopal castle, and its territory called a Burgraviate or Burgravate (German Burggrafschaft also Burggrafthum , Latin praefectura ). The burgrave was a " count " in rank (German Graf , Latin comes ) equipped with judicial powers, under the direct authority of

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