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48-593: Buffet Crampon SAS is a French manufacturer of wind instruments based in Mantes-la-Ville , Yvelines department . The company is the world market leader in the production of clarinets of the Boehm system . Its subsidiary, Buffet Crampon Deutschland GmbH, founded in 2010 and based in Markneukirchen, Vogtland, Sachsen , is the world market leader in the manufacture of brass instruments . To manufacture and sell its products,

96-407: A standing wave forms in the tube. Reed instruments such as the clarinet or oboe have a flexible reed or reeds at the mouthpiece, forming a pressure-controlled valve. An increase in pressure inside the chamber will decrease the pressure differential across the reed; the reed will open more, increasing the flow of air. The increased flow of air will increase the internal pressure further, so

144-417: A fixed geometry. In a transverse flute or a pan flute the slit is formed by the musicians between their lips. Due to acoustic oscillation of the pipe the air in the pipe is alternatively compressed and expanded. This results in an alternating flow of air into and out of the pipe through the pipe mouth. The interaction of this transversal acoustic flow with the planar air jet induces at the flue exit (origin of

192-409: A generation of acoustic waves, which maintain the pipe oscillation. The acoustic flow in the pipe can for a steady oscillation be described in terms of standing waves . These waves have a pressure node at the mouth opening and another pressure node at the opposite open pipe termination. Standing waves inside such an open-open tube will be multiples of a half- wavelength . To a rough approximation,

240-625: A leading position not only in the field of woodwind instruments, but also brass instruments. In 2012, Fondations Capital France SAS becomes shareholder in Buffet Group SAS. Fondations Capital is a subsidiary of Trail, a European private-equity company with registered office in Paris. In 2014, Jérôme Perrod was appointed as the new CEO of the Buffet Group. 2015 Buffet Group founds a subsidiary in China,

288-505: A much smaller degree also a change in humidity, influences the air density and thus the speed of sound, and therefore affects the tuning of wind instruments. The effect of thermal expansion of a wind instrument, even of a brass instrument, is negligible compared to the thermal effect on the air. The bell of a wind instrument is the round, flared opening opposite the mouthpiece. It is found on clarinets, saxophones, oboes, horns, trumpets and many other kinds of instruments. On brass instruments,

336-399: A pulse of high pressure arriving at the mouthpiece will reflect as a higher-pressure pulse back down the tube. Standing waves inside the tube will be odd multiples of a quarter- wavelength , with a pressure anti-node at the mouthpiece, and a pressure node at the open end. The reed vibrates at a rate determined by the resonator . For Lip Reed ( brass ) instruments, the players control

384-400: A tube of about 40 cm. will exhibit resonances near the following points: In practice, however, obtaining a range of musically useful tones from a wind instrument depends to a great extent on careful instrument design and playing technique. The frequency of the vibrational modes depends on the speed of sound in air, which varies with air density . A change in temperature, and only to

432-568: A vibrating reed . On the other hand, the didgeridoo , the wooden cornett (not to be confused with the cornet ), and the serpent are all made of wood (or sometimes plastic), and the olifant is made from ivory , but all of them belong to the family of brass instruments because the vibration is initiated by the player's lips. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification , wind instruments are classed as aerophones . Sound production in all wind instruments depends on

480-422: A vibration of the wall. Hence the material in which the flute is made is not relevant for the principle of the sound production. There is no essential difference between a golden or a silver flute. The sound production in a flute can be described by a lumped element model in which the pipe acts as an acoustic swing (mass-spring system, resonator ) that preferentially oscillates at a natural frequency determined by

528-606: Is the brand of choice for many professionals. Buffet Crampon has released several clarinet models from the mid-20th century onwards, with models ranging from student to professional in marketing. The development of new models has sometimes led to the discontinuation of older models. The student models tend to be made from ABS resin, whereas intermediate and professional models are usually made from grenadilla wood. The professional models are usually made from more select grenadilla wood, and are usually unstained. Various options have been made available for select professional models, including

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576-811: The Buffet family of French musical instrument makers, began making quality clarinets in Paris, France in 1825. The company expanded under Jean-Louis Buffet and his wife Zoé Crampon and became known as BUFFET Crampon & Cie a Paris (BC). (Another family member, Auguste Buffet jeune , who worked with famous clarinetist Hyacinthe Klosé to develop the Boehm system for clarinet, had his own business separate from BC.) In 1850, BC established its headquarters at Mantes-la-Ville . The company continued to expand its range and quality in instrument production, beginning saxophone production in 1866, and winning numerous awards. In 1877 BC acquired

624-732: The KHS company of Taiwan as a source for Vito saxophones in 1981. The KHS versions were sold as models 7133, 7136, 7140, and 7190. The Vito line of woodwinds was discontinued in 2004, although the equivalent models of saxophones continued to be made by Yamaha and KHS (Jupiter). The Vito line of brasswinds was discontinued in 2007. The company was sold on 1 August 2004 to Steinway Musical Instruments and placed under Steinway's Conn-Selmer subsidiary. Conn-Selmer closed Leblanc's Kenosha facility in 2007 and they moved their French operation to their facility in Elkhart, Indiana . Leblanc's Martin brand of brasswinds

672-636: The Leblanc brand, offering a range from traditional to bass clarinets to contrabass and contralto clarinets. "G. Leblanc Cie". was established in France by Georges Leblanc late in the 19th century, in La Couture-Boussey . In 1904 the company acquired Ets. D. Noblet, the oldest instrument manufacturer in France (established 1750). In 1945, Léon Leblanc (1900–2000) met Vito Pascucci (1922–2003), then on duty as

720-722: The BC Group employed around 1000 people worldwide at the beginning of 2021, 470 of them as employees of BC Germany alone. The management of the group has been in the hands of Jérôme Perrod since 2014. The following brands / labels, with the exception of the Buffet Crampon brand, are formerly independent companies whose essential assets, including the name and trademark rights, are owned by other companies and ultimately were acquired partly by Buffet Crampon SAS partly by BC Deutschland GmbH, and which were then dissolved as companies. The Buffet Crampon SAS has six brands under which it manufactures

768-559: The BC name. Lower priced clarinets for the beginner and intermediate market were branded "Evette" and "Evette & Schaeffer", respectively. For a time, the Evette clarinets actually were built by other manufacturers under BC's sponsorship, and these instruments are marked "Evette sponsored by Buffet". By the early 1970s, Buffet was making the Evettes in their own factory in Paris, and around 1979, manufacture

816-693: The Buffet Crampon Manufacturing Musical Instruments Co. LTD, which is building a production facility for 160 employees in Beijing, where 4,000 brass instruments for students will be (are to be) manufactured annually from 2016 onwards. With the beginning of 2016 the Buffet Group Wind Instruments SAS was renamed Buffet Crampon SAS (BC). In January 2019, BC acquired the French oboe manufacturer Rigoutat, Paris. After

864-664: The Evette & Schaeffer Company and began to use that name as their instrument brand. In 1887 BC obtained a patent for a mechanism to control an extra key on an extended saxophone bell, extending the lower range from B to B ♭ . In 1908 BC began exporting instruments to the US. In 1910 BC introduced the Apogee premium model saxophone, which had innovative keywork features that were later adapted by other manufacturers. In 1918 BC began marketing their premium line instruments under their own name, while marketing lower grade instruments variously under

912-554: The Evette & Schaeffer and Evette brands. During the 1930s BC began outsourcing Evette & Schaeffer instruments to other manufacturers. In 1950, BC developed its famous R13 clarinet, an extremely popular professional-level clarinet. The company also began production of the Dynaction model saxophones that year, which would evolve into the Super Dynaction (1957) and the highly regarded S series (1973) models. Buffet also became

960-496: The G. Leblanc Corporation started importing brasswinds and saxophones made by the French firms Courtois and Beaugnier, respectively, branded "Leblanc." Leblanc's most distinctive saxophones at the time were its Model 100 and 120 "System" saxophones, the latest iteration of instruments designed by G. Leblanc since the early 1930s to alleviate acoustic problems inherent in the standard key system and offer more fingering choices. Leblanc broadened its product line and distribution with

1008-488: The Greenline option, additional keywork, and gold-plated keys. BC makes more than 400 models of its instruments. Because of the special importance as a manufacturer of clarinets with French system, the current models are listed below. The following models are currently available (end of 2021) Remarks Brands: Wind instruments Almost all wind instruments use the last method, often in combination with one of

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1056-690: The Vito brand. By the late 1950s Vito saxophones were also assembled from parts supplied by the Art Best Manufacturing Company of Nogales, Arizona , with some differences from the Beaugnier designs. The two series of Vito saxophones are referred to as Vito-France and Vito-Kenosha. The most distinctive model from this period was the Vito Model 35, with a key system based on the Leblanc "system" design. During

1104-409: The acoustical coupling from the bore to the outside air occurs at the bell for all notes, and the shape of the bell optimizes this coupling. It also plays a major role in transforming the resonances of the instrument. On woodwinds, most notes vent at the uppermost open tone holes; only the lowest notes of each register vent fully or partly at the bell, and the bell's function in this case is to improve

1152-796: The acquisition of several other companies: the Frank Holton Company (manufacturer of brass instruments) in 1964; the Bublitz Case Company , manufacturer of musical instrument cases in 1966; the Woodwind Company (manufacturer of woodwind mouthpieces ) in 1968; and the Martin Band Instrument Company (brand rights and distribution network for brass instruments and saxophones) acquired from the Wurlitzer Co. in 1971. Yanagisawa saxophones were first marketed by Leblanc in

1200-420: The company name BUFFET Group Wind Instruments SAS, but continues to sell its products under the Buffet Crampon brand. In 2006 Buffet Group acquired two brass instrument manufacturers, Antoine Courtois Paris and Besson . In 2008 Buffet Group acquired the Leblanc clarinet factory in La Couture-Boussey , Département of Eure, Haute-Normandie in France. Until the 1980s, only professional level clarinets carried

1248-473: The consistency in tone between these notes and the others. Playing some wind instruments, in particular those involving high breath pressure resistance, produce increases in intraocular pressure , which has been linked to glaucoma as a potential health risk. One 2011 study focused on brass and woodwind instruments observed "temporary and sometimes dramatic elevations and fluctuations in IOP". Another study found that

1296-419: The edgetone can be predicted from a measurement of the unsteady force induced by the jet flow on the sharp edge (labium). The sound production by the reaction of the wall to an unsteady force of the flow around an object is also producing the aeolian sound of a cylinder placed normal to an air-flow (singing wire phenomenon). In all these cases (flute, edgetone, aeolian tone...) the sound production does not involve

1344-438: The entry of air into a flow-control valve attached to a resonant chamber ( resonator ). The resonator is typically a long cylindrical or conical tube, open at the far end. A pulse of high pressure from the valve will travel down the tube at the speed of sound . It will be reflected from the open end as a return pulse of low pressure. Under suitable conditions, the valve will reflect the pulse back, with increased energy, until

1392-549: The following instruments. BC Deutschland also has six brands under which the following instruments are manufactured. The BC group of companies has six production sites in which they manufacture the following instruments. BC has sales companies in the United States, Canada, Japan and the Netherlands. It also has six showrooms: in Paris, Geretsried near Munich, Amsterdam, Jacksonville, Tokyo and Beijing. Denis Buffet-Auger, of

1440-424: The hand holding the cigarette results into an oscillation of the plume increasing with distance upwards and eventually a chaotic motion (turbulence). The same jet oscillation can be triggered by gentle air flow in the room, which can be verified by waving with the other hand. The oscillation of the jet around the labium results into a fluctuating force of the airflow on the labium. Following the third law of Newton

1488-486: The insolvency of Schreiber & Keilwerth GmbH, after the insolvency administrator had reduced the workforce in Markneukirchen from 252 in the previous months Employees had reduced to 134. The company manufactured clarinets of German systems and bassoons under the brand name W. Schreiber and saxophones under the brand name J. Keilwerth. In 2012, BC Germany also takes over B&S GmbH, which also produces in Markneukirchen,

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1536-598: The instruments manager and repair technician for the Glenn Miller US Army Air Force Orchestra. Pascucci and Miller had discussed opening a musical instrument distributing company and importing instruments after the war. The idea lived on with Pascucci after Miller died, and he was scouting potential suppliers. He and Leblanc reached an agreement and in 1946 founded the G. Leblanc Corporation based in Kenosha, Wisconsin . In addition to Leblanc clarinets,

1584-427: The jet) a localised perturbation of the velocity profile of the jet. This perturbation is strongly amplified by the intrinsic instability of the jet as the fluid travels towards the labium. This results into a global transversal motion of the jet at the labium. The amplification of perturbations of a jet by its intrinsic instability can be observed when looking at a plume of cigarette smoke. Any small amplitude motion of

1632-409: The labium exerts an opposite reaction force on the flow. One can demonstrate that this reaction force is the source of sound that drives the acoustic oscillation of the pipe. A quantitative demonstration of the nature of this type of sound source has been provided by Alan Powell when studying a planar jet interacting with a sharp edge in the absence of pipe (so called edgetone). The sound radiated from

1680-565: The late 1960s under the Leblanc and Vito brands, and the Martin brand after 1971, prior to their distribution under Yanagisawa's own name. In 1981 Leblanc became the exclusive marketer and distributor of the Yanagisawa products in the United States and Canada . In 1989 the American Leblanc firm acquired majority interest in G. Leblanc Cie. and took over its management. A line of classical guitars

1728-404: The leading European manufacturer of brass instruments with 250 employees and the brands B&S, Hans Hoyer, Melton, Meinl, Weston and J. Scherzer and integrates them into the company, whose workforce will grow to more than 400 employees (470 at the beginning of 2021). With these two most important acquisitions in the company's history, the Buffet Group can almost double its sales and has since taken

1776-477: The leading distributor of student-grade instruments in Europe, marketing French and Italian made saxophones under their Evette & Schaeffer brand. During the late 1970s and 1980s, the company's position in the student saxophone market collapsed in the face of competition from Yamaha , who offered higher quality and more up-to-date instruments, and lower cost East German, Czech, and Asian manufacturers. Their collapse in

1824-411: The length of the tube. The instability of the jet acts as an amplifier transferring energy from the steady jet flow at the flue exit to the oscillating flow around the labium. The pipe forms with the jet a feedback loop. These two elements are coupled at the flue exit and at the labium. At the flue exit the transversal acoustic flow of the pipe perturbs the jet. At the labium the jet oscillation results in

1872-530: The magnitude of increase in intraocular pressure correlates with the intraoral resistance associated with the instrument and linked intermittent elevation of intraocular pressure from playing high-resistance wind instruments to incidence of visual field loss. The range of intraoral pressure involved in various classes of ethnic wind instruments, such as Native American flutes , has been shown to be generally lower than Western classical wind instruments. Leblanc (musical instrument manufacturer) Leblanc, Inc.

1920-583: The mid-to-late 1960s Leblanc started sourcing saxophone parts from Yamaha for the Vito-Kenosha line, producing saxophones with both American and Japanese parts. Between 1968 and 1970 Leblanc introduced saxophones under the Vito-Japan line, consisting of alto and tenor saxophones from Yamaha (7131 models), and soprano, alto, and baritone saxophones from Yanagisawa (VSP models). Leblanc imported Yamaha flutes for its Vito-Japan line starting in 1970. Leblanc added

1968-426: The mouthpiece, and a pressure node at the open end. For Air Reed ( flute and fipple -flute) instruments, the thin grazing air sheet (planar jet) flowing across an opening (mouth) in the pipe interacts with a sharp edge (labium) to generate sound. The jet is generated by the player, when blowing through a thin slit (flue). For recorders and flue organ pipes this slit is manufactured by the instrument maker and has

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2016-425: The others, to extend their register. Wind instruments are typically grouped into two families: Woodwind instruments were originally made of wood, just as brass instruments were made of brass, but instruments are categorized based on how the sound is produced, not by the material used to construct them. For example, saxophones are typically made of brass, but are woodwind instruments because they produce sound with

2064-407: The student market accompanied a deteriorating position in the market for professional saxophones. Buffet left the saxophone market in the mid-1980s. In 2008 Buffet re-entered the saxophone market with their 400 model, sourced from China. In 1981, BC joined Boosey & Hawkes , which sold the French company to The Music Group in 2003. Two years later BC was bought by a French group and was given

2112-462: The takeover of Powell Flutes in 2016, Parmenon was acquired in June 2019, whose know-how and reputation strengthen the group's competence in the flute market. 2020 BC opens a showroom in Beijing and builds a new factory (BCMMI) for 130 employees near Shanghai, with an annual capacity of 50,000 instruments. BC is a partner of Woodstock's brass band. The company is most famous for their clarinets, as Buffet

2160-407: The tension in their lips so that they vibrate under the influence of the air flowing through them. They adjust the vibration so that the lips are most closed, and the air flow is lowest, when a low-pressure pulse arrives at the mouthpiece, to reflect a low-pressure pulse back down the tube. Standing waves inside the tube will be odd multiples of a quarter- wavelength , with a pressure anti-node at

2208-613: Was a musical instruments manufacturing company based in Kenosha, Wisconsin . The company was a woodwind instrument manufacturer known mainly for its clarinets . In 2004 the firm was sold to Conn-Selmer , a division of Steinway Musical Instruments . As a result, Leblanc ceased to exist as an independent operation , becoming a brand . The company manufactured and distributed a wide range of instruments – self produced or through its subsidiaries and brands– such as clarinets , saxophones , trumpets , trombones and mouthpieces . Nowadays, only clarinets are manufactured and sold under

2256-710: Was manufactured in Japan for the G. Leblanc corporation. Models include 301-c, 701-f, and possibly others. Beginning in 1951, the American Leblanc firm started manufacturing student model clarinets under the Vito brand. The bores were produced at Leblanc's Kenosha facility and the hardware was supplied by G. Leblanc Cie. Vito brass instruments were sourced from Holton, which later was acquired by Leblanc in 1964. After briefly sourcing its Vito saxophones from Holton , Leblanc imported Beaugnier saxophone parts to be assembled in Kenosha and sold under

2304-519: Was moved to a Buffet-owned factory in Germany. Evette & Schaeffer clarinets were made in Paris. Use of the Evette and Evette & Schaeffer brands ended around 1985, when the company began using the Buffet name on all its clarinets. In 2010 the newly founded Buffet Crampon Deutschland GmbH, Markneukirchen, acquired the production facility in Markneukirchen and the brands W. Schreiber and Julius Keilwerth from

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