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76-675: Buffalo Hump ( Comanche Potsʉnakwahipʉ "Erection That Won't Go Down" euphemized to "Buffalo Bull's Back" ) (born c. 1800 — died post 1861 / ante 1867) was a War Chief of the Penateka band of the Comanches . He came to prominence after the Council House Fight when he led the Comanches on the Great Raid of 1840 . Little is known of Buffalo Hump's early life: education in his youth and training as

152-553: A Cheyenne village near the Bijou Creek, north of Bent's Corral (Huerfano River), and stormed the whole herd of horses, however another Cheyenne party of about 20 warriors, equipped with some rifles, led by the famous Cheyenne chief also called Yellow Wolf stole back the animals; the Comanche party chased the fleeing enemies for a distance, but finally gave up to avoid an ambush. Still in 1829, Buffalo Hump and Yellow Wolf (Cheyenne) led also

228-637: A big raid against the Mexican settlements in the Guadalupe Valley, achieving a fame as raiders among the Mexican people, but causing the failure of Mukwooru and Incoroy in their negotiations to reach an agreement with Mexican authorities. In 1835 Buffalo Hump and Yellow Wolf led 300 Comanche warriors in an attack against Parral, in the Sierra Madre Occidental ( Chihuahua ). In 1838 Buffalo Hump, now an important war chief, placed Yellow Wolf in charge of

304-404: A border between Texas and Comancheria, left the council, flatly refusing to go. One week later Yellow Wolf was killed by a party of Lipan hunters, after which Buffalo Hump temporized almost two years more. However, in 1856, he led his people to the newly established reservation. Continuous raids on this by horse thieves and squatters, coupled with his band's unhappiness over their lack of freedom and

380-432: A bow or fired a gun against the whites. There has been trouble on the line between us and my young men have danced the war dance. But it was not begun by us. It was you to send the first soldier and we who sent out the second. Two years ago I came upon this road, following the buffalo, that my wives and children might have their cheeks plump and their bodies warm. But the soldiers fired on us, and since that time there has been

456-567: A great victory which did much to enhance the various chiefs’ prestige; if so it is unlikely that they suffered high casualties. The fact that the raiding party managed to escape with the majority of the stolen horses and most of their plunder casts doubt upon the Texans' version of events. Despite the Council House massacre and the subsequent Great Raid of 1840 , Sam Houston, once again the President of

532-515: A handful of verbs, termed auxiliary verbs , are frequently combined with others. These forms take the full range of aspectual suffixes. Common auxiliary verbs in Comanche include hani 'to do, make', naha 'to be, become', miʔa 'to go', and katʉ / yʉkwi 'to sit'. An example of how the verbs combine: katʉ to sit +   miʔa to go =   katʉmiʔa to ride (and go) katʉ + miʔa = katʉmiʔa {to sit} {} {to go} {} {to ride (and go)} As mentioned above, Comanche has

608-498: A historically important figure when, flanked by Isaviah and Sanna Anna, he led a group of Comanches, mostly his own Penateka Comanche division plus allies from various other Comanche bands, in the Great Raid of 1840. Their goal was to get revenge on the Texans who had killed at the Council House thirty members of a delegation of Comanche Chiefs when they had been there under a flag of truce for negotiations. The Comanches who arrived at

684-579: A large number of slaves and captured more than 1,500 horses. On the way back from the sea, the Comanches easily defeated three different Militia detachments under John Tomlinson, Adam Zumvalt and Ben McCulloch (all together, 125 men) near the Garcitas Creek; then, they overwhelmed another Militia company (90 men) led by Lafayette Ward, James Bird and Matthew Caldwell along the trail to the San Marcos River; finally, they were attacked by Texas Rangers (all

760-472: A long vowel is the (ee) in [wakaréʔeː] 'turtle'. Short vowels can be lengthened when they are stressed. Short vowels can be either voiced or voiceless. Unstressed short vowels are usually devoiced when /s/ or /h/ follows and optionally when word-final. Voiceless vowels are non-phonemic and therefore not represented in this chart. In the conventional orthography, these vowels are marked with an underline: ⟨a̱, e̱, i̱, o̱, u̱, ʉ̱⟩ . Comanche has

836-701: A man named either Isakwahip 'Wolf's Back', or Isakiip 'Wolf's Elbow', leader of another local group in the North Canadian valley. In 1840 the Yamparika chief, Ten Bears, was one among the principal promoters (together with the Kiowa chiefs Dohasan and Satank and the Arapaho Hosa Little Raven ) of the peace and large alliance between the Comanche and Kiowa alliance and the Cheyenne and Arapaho alliance after

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912-608: A noise like that of a thunderstorm and we have not known which way to go. So it was upon the Canadian. Nor have we been made to cry alone. The blue dressed soldiers and the Utes came from out of the night when it was dark and still, and for camp fires they lit our lodges. Instead of hunting game they killed my braves, and the warriors of the tribe cut short their hair for the dead. So it was in Texas. They made sorrow come in our camps, and we went out like

988-468: A number of Yamparika local bands, including Ten Bear's, were along the Washita River in western Indian Territory, near their allied Cheyennes and within the boundaries of the latter's reservation. When troops under Lt. Col George Armstrong Custer attacked the Cheyenne village under Black Kettle, Yamparika warriors from the village of Esarosavit 'White Wolf' joined in the counter attack, and "rode over"

1064-567: A potential reserve for the Comanche and selected two areas, allocating to the Penatekas 18.576 acres on the Clear Fork of the Brazos, approximately five miles from Camp Cooper. In November Neighbors went to the Penateka winter camp and persuaded Buffalo Hump and the far more malleable Shanaco, Ketumse and Asa-havey to go and settle in the reserve, but Yellow Wolf, who was still pressing for the recognition of

1140-432: A rich repertoire of instrumental prefixes , and certain verbs (termed instrumental verbs) cannot occur without an instrumental prefix. These prefixes can affect the transitivity of a verb. The Comanche instrumental prefixes are listed below: Comanche parts of speech include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and interjections (such as haa 'yes' and kee 'no'), as well as particles . The standard word order

1216-405: A subordinate verb has the same or different subject as the main verb, and in the case of Comanche, also the temporal relation between the two verbs. When the verb of a subordinate clause has a different subject from the verb of the main clause , and the time of the verbs is simultaneous, the subordinate verb is marked with -ku , and its subject is marked as if it were an object. When the time of

1292-458: A typical Numic consonant inventory. As with the vowel charts, the basic symbols given in this chart are in the IPA , whereas the equivalent symbols in the conventional orthography are given to the right of them. Comanche stress most commonly falls on the first syllable. Exceptions to this rule, such as in the words Waʔsáasiʔ ' Osage people ', and aná 'ouch!', are marked with an acute accent. For

1368-639: A warrior, together with his cousin Yellow Wolf (Isaviah, spelled also Sa-viah and sometimes misspelled as Sabaheit, alias Small Wolf), went on under their uncle Mukwooru 's ("Spirit Talker") influence and their cursus honorum ( i.e., rising through the ranks) was in its full development during the Mexican domination of Texas. Their more northern kinsmen Yamparika , Kotsoteka , Nokoni and Kwahadi warriors, under such leaders as Ten Bears , Tawaquenah (“Big Eagle” or “Sun Eagle”), Wulea-boo (“Shaved Head”), Huupi-pahati (“Tall Tree”), Iron Jacket , and their allies

1444-431: Is subject–object–verb , but it can shift in two specific circumstances. The topic of a sentence, though marked with one of two particles, is often placed at the beginning of the sentence, defying the standard word order. Furthermore, the subject of a sentence is often placed second in a sentence. When the subject is also the topic, as is often the case, it ends up in the first position, preserving SOV word order; otherwise,

1520-606: Is the first feature film to have a full Comanche language dub. Ten Bears Ten Bears ( Comanche : Pawʉʉrasʉmʉnurʉ ) ( c.  1790 - November 23, 1872) was the principal chief of the Yamparika or "Root Eater" division of the Comanche from ca. 1860-72. He was the leader of the Ketahto ("The Barefeet") local group of the Yamparika, probably from the late 1840s. The ethnonym (group name) , Yamparika or "Root Eater" Comanche

1596-629: Is too late. The white man has the country which we loved, and we only wish to wander on the prairie until we die. Any good thing you say to me shall not be forgotten. I shall carry it as near to my heart as my children, and it shall be as often on my tongue as the name of the Great Father. I want no blood upon my land to stain the grass. I want it all clear and pure and I wish it so that all who go through among my people may find peace when they come in and leave it when they go out. A year later in December 1868,

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1672-517: The North Canadian River in New Mexico and Texas. Ten Bears was orphaned as a baby when his family group was murdered by Lakotas . Later Comanche oral history states that in his young adult years, he was noted for leading horse-mounted spear attacks on Lakota villages. Ten Bears was a key figure in making peace between the Comanches and the Utes in 1820. Ten Bears was often in rivalry with

1748-552: The Ute word kɨmantsi "enemy, stranger". Their own name for the language is nʉmʉ tekwap ʉ , which means "language of the people". Although efforts are now being made to ensure its survival, most speakers of the language are elderly. In the late 19th century, Comanche children were placed in indigenous boarding schools where they were discouraged from speaking their native language, and even severely punished for doing so. The second generation then grew up speaking English, because of

1824-569: The Wichita confederation, the Kiowa and Kiowa Apache , also agreed to join in the treaty. Unfortunately, the boundary provision was deleted by the Texas Senate in ratifying the final version. This caused Buffalo Hump to agree with Yellow Wolf (who had proved himself to have a more realistic view than Buffalo Hump in evaluating the settlers' concern for a fair and lasting peace) and Santa Anna's suspicions of

1900-428: The 1963 film McLintock! , also starring John Wayne , McLintock (Wayne) and Chief Puma (Michael Pate) speak Comanche several times throughout the film. In a 2013 Boston Globe article, linguist Todd McDaniels of Comanche Nation College commented on Johnny Depp 's attempts to speak the Comanche language in the film The Lone Ranger , saying, "The words were there, the pronunciation was shaky but adequate." In

1976-417: The 2016 film The Magnificent Seven two of the titular characters, a Comanche warrior named Red Harvest and Sam Chisholm, an African-American warrant officer, speak Comanche to each other. In the 2019 TV series The Son , the main character, Eli McCullough, lives with a tribe of Comanche natives, who speak in Comanche to each other and later to him. The 2022 movie Prey , set in the early 18th century,

2052-653: The Cheyenne and Arapaho's victory at Wolf Creek during the spring 1838. To reach his purpose, Ten Bears (Parrawasamen) was able to gain the approval of such chiefs as the Kotsoteka Shaved Head ( Wulea-boo ) and, even through Shaved Head’s support, Big Eagle (a.k.a. Sun Eagle) ( Tawaquenah ), likely the Nokoni Tall Tree ( Huupi-pahati ) and certainly the Penateka Buffalo Hump ( Pocheha-quehip , Potsʉnakwahipʉ ) and Yellow Wolf ( Isaviah ) and probably

2128-629: The Comanche Nation Language Department has published learning materials. As of 2022, there were fewer than nine fluent native speakers of Comanche, many of the group having succumbed to old age, health problems, or the COVID-19 pandemic . Comanche has a typical Numic vowel inventory of six vowels. In addition, there is the common diphthong /ai/ . Historically, there was a certain amount of free variation between [ai] and [e] (as shown by comparison with Shoshoni cognates), but

2204-756: The Comancheria. Santa Anna claimed the right to raid into Mexico and as the United States was then at war with Mexico, Neighbors didn't raise any objections, so that summer Buffalo Hump, Yellow Wolf, and Santa Anna led some hundreds warriors into Coahuila and Chihuahua, burning villages, stealing horses and kidnapping women and children all the way to San Francisco del Oro. On the way back the Comanches were engaged by U.S. dragoons near Parras, losing part of their booty. In August Yellow Wolf, Buffalo Hump, and Santa Anna were in Mexico once again, leading 800 warriors. As war chief of

2280-404: The Comanches viewed as a bitter betrayal; in the summer he called a council, spreading word to the other bands of Comanches that he, Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna were going for a great raid against the white settlements in Texas as a revenge; in the meanwhile, Buffalo Hump, Yellow Wolf, Santa Anna and Isimanica, with 400 warriors, were raiding the settlements between Bastrop and San Antonio, exhausting

2356-477: The Comanches, who were without bows, lances or guns, fought back with their knives. The Texans had concealed heavily armed soldiers just outside the Council House and at the onset of the fighting the windows and doors were opened and the soldiers outside shot into the room at the Comanche ambassadors and their people. Thirty-five Comanches (among them all the chiefs, three women and two children) were slain, 29 were captured, and seven Texans were killed. Mukwooru's widow

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2432-627: The Comanches. Nonetheless, an aged and weary Buffalo Hump led and settled his remaining followers on the Kiowa-Comanche reservation near Fort Cobb in Indian Territory in Oklahoma. There, in spite of his enormous sadness at the end of the Comanches' traditional way of life, he asked for a house and farmland so that he could set an example for his people. Attempting to live out his life as a rancher and farmer, he died probably before 1867. Buffalo Hump

2508-544: The Council House at San Antonio in the Republic of Texas in March 1840, under Lamar's Presidency, came with the intention to negotiate a peace treaty. They sent a delegation of 65 people, including a dozen chiefs of several bands and several women too, led by Mukwooru and Kwihnai (Eagle), under a white flag of truce, as they understood ambassadors should do. The Texans had expected the Comanches to bring several white captives as part of

2584-682: The German immigrants united in the “Adelsverein” in the San Saba River council, and authorized them to settle Fredicksburg, in the grant the Germans had bought between the Llano and the Guadalupe rivers. In May 1847 Pahayuca, Mupitsukupʉ, Buffalo Hump and Santa Anna again met Neighbors and learned that that the U.S. Senate had suppressed the article of Council Springs treaty which forbade settlers from encroaching into

2660-412: The Great Father. When I get goods and presents I and my people feel glad, since it shows that he holds us in his eye. If the Texans had kept out of my country there might have been peace. But that which you now say we must live on is too small. The Texans have taken away the places where the grass grew the thickest and the timber was the best. Had we kept that we might have done the things you ask. But it

2736-407: The Kiowa, like Dohasan and Satank, could have had a role. On this raid the Comanches went all the way from the plains of west Texas to the cities of Victoria and Linnville on the Texas coast. Linnville was the second largest port in Texas at that time. In what may have been the largest organized raid by the Comanches to that point, they raided, burned, and plundered these towns. The Comanches killed

2812-533: The Kiowas, were accustomed to fighting in the Arkansas River country against their Cheyenne , and Arapaho foes, just as the Penatekas did also fight other northern tribes. In 1829 Buffalo Hump and, presumably, Yellow Wolf led their warriors northward to recover a large herd of horses stolen by a Cheyenne party, and the young Penateka braves proved themselves against these northern enemies. The Penateka party came on

2888-582: The Kwahadi Iron Jacket ( Pohebits-quasho ); together with Ten Bears (Parrawasamen), probably Tawaquenah and Huupi-pahati, certainly Buffalo Hump (Pocheha-quehip) and eventually Iron Jacket (Pohebits-quasho) represented Comanche nation during the negotiation near the Two Butte Creek, resulting in a peace agreement and a strong alliance between the two groups. Ten Bears first came to the attention of Anglo-Americans in 1853 when he, among others, signed

2964-520: The Nokoni villages Buffalo Hump and Yellow Wolf entrusted their proteges to their old friend Huupi-pahati, the Nokoni chief, who brought the whites to their destination. In 1851 Yellow Wolf and Buffalo Hump once again led their warriors in a great raid into Mexico, raiding the states of Chihuahua and Durango . In the summer of 1854 Neighbors and Captain Randolph B. Marcy carried out a reconnaissance in search of

3040-468: The October 1867 Medicine Lodge Treaty Conference, Ten Bears and other Yamparikas as well as a few other Comanches (but none of the newly emergent Kwahada division, who were delayed by sickness), agreed to a smaller reservation in western Indian territory of Oklahoma . At that conference, Ten Bears gave an eloquent address: My heart is filled with joy when I see you here, as the brooks fill with water when

3116-477: The Penateka Comanche, Buffalo Hump, and Yellow Wolf too, dealt peacefully with American officials throughout the late 1840s and 1850s. In 1849, Buffalo Hump escorted Robert S. Neighbors and John S. “Rip” Ford's expedition along the first part of the trail from San Antonio to El Paso, as far as the Nokoni villages, Yellow Wolf and Shanaco (son of a chief killed in the Council House of San Antonio) joining him; at

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3192-466: The Penateka warriors and went with Amorous Man and Old Owl , to Houston, where they met President Sam Houston and signed a treaty with him. In December 1838, Mirabeau Lamar , a partisan of the clash with the Indians and of their expulsion from Texas , succeeded Houston, after which the peace agreement failed and fighting restarted. Buffalo Hump, already made famous by the Council House fight of 1840, became

3268-614: The Rangers and Militia's detachments. When they were ready, in late July 1840, Buffalo Hump, along with Yellow Wolf, Santa Anna and likely Isimanica, led the Penateka warriors in the Great Raid, and old Mupitsukupʉ too joined the biggest war party. According to the Comanche tradition, all the principal Comanche chiefs took part in the Great Raid: if so, also Ten Bears , Tawaquenah (“Big Eagle” or “Sun Eagle”), Wulea-boo (“Shaved Head”), Huupi-pahati (“Tall Tree”), Iron Jacket , and possibly their allies

3344-563: The Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States in 1849, but the Republic did not recognize any native land claims within its borders — this opinion was based on a faulty reading of Spanish and Mexican law and therefore in 1865 there were no "federal" versus "state" owned lands within the boundaries of Texas which the Government could "reserve" to the Native Americans. Two years later, at

3420-423: The Texans didn't accept his challenge. After this, Piava, a minor chief, brought to San Antonio three white prisoners, but probably the Comanches killed the other captives. Pahayuca and Mupitsukupʉ became the Penateka principal chiefs, and Buffalo Hump became the principal war chief, with Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna as his lieutenants and partners. Buffalo Hump was determined to do more than merely complain about what

3496-429: The Texans motives, changing his stance to align himself with his cousin and the third war chief, and repudiate the treaty, and hostilities soon resumed. In May 1846, following the annexation of Texas to the United States, Buffalo Hump led the Comanche delegation to treaty talks at Council Springs and signed a peace treaty with the United States,. Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna, aware they were no longer strong enough to oppose

3572-588: The Texas Republic following the Lamar Presidency, and Buffalo Hump with other chiefs succeeded, in August 1843, in agreeing to a temporary treaty accord and a ceasefire between the Comanches, their allies, and the Texans. In October, the Comanches, hopeful of permanently establishing official Comancheria borders, agreed to meet with Houston and try to negotiate a treaty similar to the one just concluded at Fort Bird :

3648-458: The Treaty of Fort Atkinson. His name was written as "Parosawano" and translated as 'Ten Sticks', a confusion of /pawʉʉra/ 'bear' with /paria/ 'dogwood stick'. The error was corrected in the 1854 revision of the treaty. Ten Bears became the principal Yamparika chief about 1860 after the death of the man known to Anglos as 'Shaved Head' ( Wulea-boo , possibly a Kotsoteka rather than a Yamparika Comanche);

3724-523: The US, or stop the ceaseless and massive flow of the immigrants, were with him. Buffalo Hump, nevertheless, declined an invitation to go to Washington and meet President James Polk, instead joining Isaviah in a great raiding party going to Mexico. In early 1847 some Penateka chiefs (Mupitsukupʉ, Buffalo Hump, Santa Anna, but, apparently, not Yellow Wolf) met the Indian agent Robert S. Neighbors , Johann O. von Meusebach and

3800-437: The agreement. At the meeting the chiefs explained they had brought in all of the captives their bands had: to-wit one, a girl sixteen years old (the young Mathilda Lockhart). The Texans did not understand the chiefs had no power over the other bands to force them to comply with the demands, and so pulled out guns and declared to the Indians they were now their prisoners until the rest of the captives were returned. Now under threat,

3876-495: The belief that it was better for them not to know Comanche. The Comanche language was briefly prominent during World War II . A group of seventeen young men referred to as the Comanche Code Talkers were trained, and used by the U.S. Army to send messages conveying sensitive information in the Comanche language so that it could not be deciphered by the enemy. As of July 2013, there were roughly 25-30 native speakers of

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3952-579: The buffalo bulls when the cows are attacked. When we found them, we killed them, and their scalps hang in our lodges. The Comanches are not weak and blind, like the pups of a dog when seven sleeps old. They are strong and farsighted, like grown horses. We took their road and we went on it. The white women cried and our women laughed. But there are things which you have said which I do not like. They were not sweet like sugar but bitter like gourds. You said that you wanted to put us upon reservation, to build our houses and make us medicine lodges. I do not want them. I

4028-474: The companies of central and western Texas, under Jack Hays and Ben McCulloch ), and militia (units from Bastrop and Gonzales, respectively under Ed Burleson and Mathew Caldwell ), rallied under gen. Felix Huston , at the Battle of Plum Creek near Lockhart . This was later portrayed as a great Texan victory, but that is highly questionable: volunteers from Gonzales and from Bastrop had gathered to attempt to stop

4104-499: The detachment of Major Joel Elliot . In 1872, Ten Bears again visited Washington, along with a delegation that included his grandson Cheevers (probably from the Spanish chiva 'goat', although Attocknie argues that it was tsii putsi 'little pitied one'), as well as other Comanches and Kiowas. But the hope that promises would be kept was ultimately futile. Ten Bears died soon after his return, November 23, 1872, at Fort Sill where he

4180-513: The fourth syllable of a word with six syllables. The Comanche Alphabet was developed by Dr. Alice Anderton, a linguistic anthropologist, and was adopted as the official Comanche Alphabet by the Comanche Nation in 1994. The alphabet is as follows: Like many languages of the Americas, Comanche can be classified as a polysynthetic language . Comanche nouns are inflected for case and number, and

4256-407: The language possesses a dual number. Like many Uto-Aztecan languages, nouns may take an absolutive suffix. Many cases are also marked using postpositions . Personal pronouns exist for three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and three persons . They have different forms depending on whether or not they are the subject or object of a verb, possessive (including reflexive possessive forms), or

4332-440: The language, according to The Boston Globe . The Comanche Language and Cultural Preservation Committee offers dictionaries and language-learning materials. Comanche language courses were available at the now-closed Comanche Nation College . The college previously conducted a language-recording project, as the language is "mostly oral", and emphasized instruction for tribal members. On the language-learning platform Memrise ,

4408-606: The latter's Comanche name is uncertain as there were several men whom Anglos called by that name. In August 1861 Ten Bears (likely being himself the chief named as “Bistevana”) signed the Fort Cobb Treaty with gen. Albert Pike , the Confederate Indian Commissioner, sanctioning an alliance with the “Gray Jackets”. In 1863, along with a delegation of Western Indians, including Southern Cheyennes, Southern Arapahoes, and Kiowas, Ten Bears visited Washington, but he

4484-528: The object of a postposition. Like many languages of the Americas , Comanche first-person plural pronouns have both inclusive and exclusive forms . The Comanche paradigm for nominal number suffixes is illustrated below (in the practical orthography): Many of the verb stems regularly are suppletive : intransitive verbs are suppletive for singular versus plural subject and transitive verbs are suppletive for singular versus plural object . Verbs can take various affixes, including incorporated nouns before

4560-588: The peace chiefs Pahayuca and Mupitsukupʉ, and others (the inclusion of Buffalo Hump, after the events at the Council House, showed the extraordinary Comanche belief in Houston), representing, for the first time, every major division of the Comanche in Texas (Penateka, but also Nokoni, Kotsoteka and Kwahadi) and their Kiowa and Kataka (“Kiowa Apaches”) allies were asked to free their white prisoners. In early 1844, Buffalo Hump and other Comanche leaders (Pahayuca, Mupitsukupʉ, and others, but not Yellow Wolf or Santa Anna ) signed

4636-548: The poor food provided on the reservation, persuaded Potsʉnakwahipʉ to move his band off the reservation in 1858. While camped in the Wichita Mountains the Penateka Band under Buffalo Hump were attacked by United States troops under the command of Major Earl Van Dorn . Allegedly not aware that Buffalo Hump's band had recently signed a formal peace treaty with the United States at Fort Arbuckle, Van Dorn and his men killed 80 of

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4712-426: The purposes of stress placement, the diphthongs /ai/, /oi/, and /ui/ act as one vowel with one mora . Additionally, possessive pronouns, which serve as proclitics , do not affect the stress of a word, so that nʉ + námi 'my sister' retains its stress on the /a/ in námi . Secondary stress is placed on the second syllable of a two-syllable word; the third syllable of a word with three, four, or five syllables; and

4788-405: The snow melts in the spring; and I feel glad, as the ponies do when the fresh grass starts in the beginning of the year. I heard of your coming when I was many sleeps away, and I made but a few camps when I met you. I know that you had come to do good to me and my people. I looked for benefits which would last forever, and so my face shines with joy as I look upon you. My people have never first drawn

4864-433: The stem. Most verb affixes are suffixes, except for voicing-changing prefixes and instrumental prefixes. The verb stem can take a number of prefixes and suffixes. A sketch of all the elements that may be affixed to the verb is given on the right: In addition to verbal affixes, Comanche verbs can also be augmented by other verbs. Although in principle Comanche verbs may be freely combined with other verbs, in actuality only

4940-588: The subject will be placed second. For example, the English sentence 'I hit the man' could be rendered in Comanche with the components in either of the following two orders: 'I' (topic) 'man' (object) 'hit' (an aspect marker) - the standard SOV word order - or 'man' (object and topic) 'I' 'hit' (an aspect marker) - an OSV word order, which accentuates the role of the man who was hit. Like other Numic languages, Comanche has switch-reference markers to handle subordination. This refers to markers which indicate whether or not

5016-454: The treaty at Tehuacana Creek in which they agreed to return white captives in toto , and to cease raiding Texan settlements. In exchange for this, the Texans would cease military action against the Comanches, establish more trading posts, and recognize the boundary between Texas and Comanchería. [1] Comanche allies, including the Wacos , Taweashes , Tawakonis , Kanoatinos , Keechis , belonging to

5092-460: The variation is no longer so common and most morphemes have become fixed on either /ai/ or /e/ . In the following chart, the basic symbols given are in the IPA , whereas the equivalent symbols in the conventional orthography are given to the right of them. Comanche distinguishes vowels by length. Vowels can be either long or short. Long vowels are never devoiced and in the orthography they are represented as (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ʉʉ). An example of

5168-483: The verbs is not simultaneous, the subordinate verb is marked with one of several affixes depending on the duration of the subordinate verb and whether it refers to an action which occurred before that described by the main verb or one which occurred after. In the 1956 film The Searchers , starring John Wayne , there are several badly pronounced Comanche words interspersed, such as nawyecka ( nooyʉka 'move camp around') and timoway ( tʉmʉʉ 'buy, trade'). In

5244-564: The war party and all the Ranger companies of east and central Texas, equipped with the new Colt Paterson revolvers, moved to intercept the Indians. They met at Plum Creek, near the town of Lockhart, on August 12, 1840; 80 Comanches were reported killed in the ensuing gun battle – unusually heavy casualties for the Comanches and their allies – but they got away with the bulk of their plunder and stolen horses,. The “defeated” Comanches (of whom only 12 bodies were recovered) seem to have viewed this fight as

5320-409: Was at Washington the Great Father told me that all the Comanche land was ours and that no one should hinder us in living upon it. So, why do you ask us to leave the rivers and the sun and the wind and live in houses? Do not ask us to give up the buffalo for the sheep. The young men have heard talk of this, and it has made them sad and angry. Do not speak of it more. I love to carry out the talk I got from

5396-530: Was born on the prairie where the wind blew free and there was nothing to break the light of the sun. I was born where there were no inclosures [sic] and where everything drew a free breath. I want to die there and not within walls. I know every stream and every wood between the Rio Grande and the Arkansas. I have hunted and lived over the country. I lived like my fathers before me, and like them, I lived happily. When I

5472-596: Was killed. In 1865, Ten Bears and two of his sons, Isananaka 'Wolf's Name' and Hitetetsi 'Little Crow', along with other Comanches, mostly Yamparikas, signed the Treaty of the Little Arkansas River in Kansas. The treaty created a reservation for the Comanches encompassing the entire panhandle of Texas. This was problematic, as the Federal government did not then "own" that territory and therefore could not reserve it:

5548-510: Was known to the Spaniards of New Mexico as early as the 1750s, but until about 1790, they were generally north of the Arkansas River and so were seldom specifically mentioned in Spanish documents. After that time, with the advance of Cheyennes (Comanche: paka naboo 'striped arrows'), and Cuampes, likely Arapahos , some Yamparika local groups, including the Ketahto, relocated to the valley of

5624-632: Was played by Eric Schweig in the 1996 TV miniseries Dead Man's Walk , and by Wes Studi in the 2008 TV miniseries Comanche Moon (both part of the Lonesome Dove series ). Buffalo Hump has also been portrayed by Horacio García Rojas in the History Channel series Texas Rising (2015) and by Wesley French in the German-language film Striving for Freedom  [ de ] (2013). Comanche language The name Comanche comes from

5700-466: Was sent back to her people to warn them that unless all the white prisoners kept by the Comanches were relinquished, the Comanche prisoners at San Antonio would be killed. This massacre resulted in lasting bitterness among the Comanche people. Isimanica led a party 300 warriors strong to the outskirts of San Antonio, challenging the Texas militia barracked in San Josè Mission, to come out and fight, but

5776-598: Was unable to get any major concessions for his people from the U.S. government. In November 1864, Ten Bears was the chief of the Yamparika Comanches nearest the ruins of the Bent brothers' old adobe trading post (the first Adobe Walls, Texas , built ca 1840) when troops under Col. Christopher 'Kit' Carson attacked a nearby Kiowa village . Warriors from Ten Bear's village led the counterattack which drove off Carson's men, although one of Ten Bears' sons, Ekamoksu 'Red Sleeve'

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