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89-555: The area was the site of the first European settlement in what later became Buenos Aires. Its south–north axis runs along Leandro Alem Avenue , from Belgrano Avenue in the south to Retiro railway station in the north, and its east–west axis runs from the Buenos Aires Ecological Reserve to Ninth of July Avenue . The district is centered around the San Nicolás ward, and includes the northern section of Montserrat ,

178-459: A Lombard band. The Angoulême Cathedral is one of several instances in which the Byzantine churches of Constantinople seem to have been influential in the design in which the main spaces are roofed by domes. This structure has necessitated the use of very thick walls, and massive piers from which the domes spring. There are radiating chapels around the apse , which is a typically French feature and

267-456: A contention wall six blocks long built along the existing promenade. An English Argentine investor, Edward Taylor, opened a pier along the promenade in 1855, and the flood-control walls were extended northwards to Recoleta , and south to San Telmo , in subsequent works completed in 1865. A sudden economic and population boom led the new President of Argentina, Julio Roca , to commission the development in 1881 of an ambitious port to supplement

356-685: A large Roman necropolis , which is a short distance outside the walls of the old town of Arles. It was one of the most famous necropolises of the ancient world. The name is a corruption of the Latin Elisii Campi (that is, Champs-Élysées or Elysian Fields ). They were famous in the Middle Ages and are referred to by Ariosto in Orlando Furioso and by Dante in the Inferno . The Alyscamps continued to be used well into medieval times, although

445-551: A long time, as they were in post-colonial Haiti, notably the Sans-Souci Palace of King Henry Christophe . During the mid-19th century when Napoleon III established the Second Empire , Paris became a glamorous city of tall, imposing buildings. Many homes were embellished with details such as paired columns and elaborate wrought iron cresting appeared along rooftops. But the most striking feature borrowed from this period

534-640: A nearly seamless transition to the likewise historic San Telmo district to the south. The district's led central location and its presence therein of much of Argentina's governmental structure led to monumental construction over the 1910s, notable among which are the Pink House , City Hall , the City Legislature , the Customs building , the offices of La Prensa (today the Buenos Aires House of Culture ),

623-509: A square, symmetrical shape with windows balanced on each side of the entrance. The tall second story windows add to the sense of height. In Normandy and the Loire Valley of France, farm silos were often attached to the main living quarters instead of a separate barn. After World War I, Americans romanticized the traditional French farmhouse, creating a style known as French Normandy. Sided with stone , stucco, or brick, these homes may suggest

712-540: Is a style of architecture used by the French during colonization . Many former French colonies, especially those in Southeast Asia, have previously been reluctant to promote their colonial architecture as an asset for tourism; however, in recent times, the new generation of local authorities has somewhat 'embraced' the architecture and advertise it. French Creole architecture is an American Colonial style that developed in

801-427: Is another richly decorated facade, but here it is of dressed stone with sculpture as the main ornament. The manner of arrangement of the various arches is not unlike that at Le Puy-en-Velay, but forming five strong vertical divisions which suggests that the nave is framed by two aisles on each side. In fact, the church has no aisles and is roofed by domes. The figurative sculpture, in common with much Romanesque sculpture,

890-849: Is in San Nicolás, is the city's best-known pedestrianized street . Its most discernible landmark is the Galerías Pacífico shopping arcade . The district is home to the Argentine Supreme Court , the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral , the Colón Opera House , headquarters of numerous leading Argentine firms, including Aerolíneas Argentinas , the Bank of the City of Buenos Aires , La Nación , Bunge y Born , Pérez Companc ,

979-596: Is likewise high by international standards. The Port of Buenos Aires is one of the busiest in South America; navigable rivers by way of the Río de la Plata connect the port to northeastern Argentina , Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay . As a result, it serves as the distribution hub for a vast area of the south-eastern region of the South American continent. Tax collection related to the port has caused many political problems in

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1068-419: Is not closely integrated to the arched spaces into which it has been set. At Autun Cathedral , the pattern of the nave bays and aisles extends beyond the crossing and into the chancel, each aisle terminating in an apse. Each nave bay is separated at the vault by a transverse rib. Each transept projects to the width of two nave bays. The entrance has a narthex which screens the main portal This type of entrance

1157-486: Is said to be the founder of Rio de la Plata (and Buenos Aires), he was not a very effective leader because he was debilitated by a severe case of syphilis. He spent half of his time ill in bed, but he put as much effort as he could into the expedition. No notable campaigns occurred in the River Plate during this time, and the only chronicler was a German soldier named Ulderico Schmidt (or Ulrico Schmidl). Schmidt came over to

1246-508: Is the city's main long-distance bus terminal. Subte line C of the Buenos Aires Metro system and numerous local public bus services serve Retiro, and this area is always teeming with commuters and traffic on weekdays. The most important avenue linking Retiro and the CBD to commuters living in residential areas to the north is Avenida del Libertador , which becomes Leandro Alem Avenue past

1335-470: Is the steep, boxy mansard roof . You can recognize a mansard roof by its trapezoid shape. Unlike a triangular gable , a mansard roof is almost vertical until the very top, when it abruptly flattens. This singular roofline creates a sense of majesty, and also allows more usable living space in the attic. In the United States, Second Empire is a Victorian style . However, you can also find the practical and

1424-515: The Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, are described as similarly ornate. Architecture of a Romanesque style developed simultaneously in parts of France in the 10th century and prior to the later influence of the Abbey of Cluny . The style, sometimes called "First Romanesque" or "Lombard Romanesque", is characterised by thick walls, lack of sculpture and the presence of rhythmic ornamental arches known as

1513-756: The Anglo-Argentine community for the 1910 centennial celebrations, is located. Other significant landmarks opposite the Plaza are the Kavanagh Building , a reinforced concrete structure that when completed in 1936, was the tallest building in Latin America at 120 metres (394 ft). The nearby Brunetta Building (formerly headquarters for Olivetti 's Latin American operations) was the first in Argentina to be built in

1602-602: The Argentine economy after 1875 made itself evident in San Nicolás with the reclaiming of riverfront land by businessmen Francisco Seeber and Eduardo Madero , and the shore hitherto popular among washerwomen became the Paseo de Julio (today Leandro Alem Avenue ). The construction of Corrientes and Nueve de Julio Avenues in the 1930s further modernized San Nicolás, which had hitherto been limited in its development by its colonial grid of narrow streets. Florida Street , most of which

1691-657: The Caribbean , French Guiana , Senegal and Benin . This empire included the richest colony in the world, Saint-Domingue ( Haiti ) and France's largest landmass in Nouvelle-France (now Quebec ). From 1604, French colonists and government engineers built massive, expensive buildings on the model of Versailles and the grand palaces, townhouses, and churches of Paris in places like Quebec City , Cap-Francois (now Cap-Haitien ), Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint-Louis, Senegal , Gorée Senegal, and French Guiana. The most palatial were

1780-1053: The Chateau St. Louis in Quebec city, the Government building in Cap-Francois, the Governor's mansion in Cayenne , and the church (now cathedral) in Cap-Haitien (now Our Lady of the Assumption Cathedral, Cap-Haïtien ). The French also built extensive structures in Louisiana , especially in New Orleans and plantation country Destrehan Plantation , although very little survives today from the French period. Nevertheless, French-style buildings were built there for

1869-535: The Guaraní , made a treaty of friendship with them, and then Ayolas founded the city of Asunción (in current-day Paraguay ) in 1537. While all of this was going on, Mendoza, disappointed and broken in health, embarked for Spain in 1537. He died during the voyage. He promised to send aid to his forces that he left behind in Buenos Aires. Although he begged Spain to send more men and provisions to save his city in his will,

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1958-658: The International style . Montserrat is located south of San Nicolás. The section of the Montserrat ward within the business district includes some of the most important buildings in Argentine Government and history , and was the site of the Buenos Aires Cabildo , the colonial town hall. Avenue of May runs through the Montserrat district, connecting May Square and Congressional Plaza . A block or two south of

2047-604: The Macri Group , and most of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange leaders, as well as the local offices of a number of international companies, such as BankBoston , BBVA , Citibank , Deutsche Bank , HSBC , IBM , Microsoft , Santander Bank , and Techint . Retiro is one of the largest hubs of transportation services in Argentina. Local and long-distance rail service heading to the north originate from Estación Retiro (Retiro Terminal Station), and Retiro bus station

2136-705: The Repsol-YPF Tower , the Hilton Buenos Aires , the Faena Hotel+Universe (one of a number of refurbished former Molinos Río de la Plata silos), and the Fortabat Art Collection museum building. Pedro de Mendoza Pedro de Mendoza ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpeðɾo ðe menˈdoθa] ) (c. 1487 – June 23, 1537) was a Spanish conquistador , soldier and explorer, and the first adelantado of New Andalusia . Pedro de Mendoza

2225-550: The Tudor style with decorative half timbering (vertical, horizontal, and diagonal strips of wood set in masonry). The French Normandy style is distinguished by a round stone tower topped by a cone-shaped roof. The tower is usually placed near the centre, serving as the entrance to the home. French Normandy and French provincial details are often combined to create a style simply called French Country or French Rural carved or embossed on mouldings , sconces, and banisters . French Colonial

2314-535: The chiefs killed and nine-tenths of the ransom. The office of Governor was also, in theory, made hereditary. That year, he set sail with a considerable fleet, but a terrible storm scattered it off the coast of Brazil. Here his lieutenant, Juan de Osorio , was assassinated, according to some authorities by the orders of Mendoza himself because of suspected disloyalty. Mendoza sailed up the Río de la Plata in 1535 and founded Buenos Aires on February 2, 1536. Although Mendoza

2403-404: The overthrow of strongman Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1852, and particularly upon the advent of the modernizing Generation of 1880 . French architecture inspired the area's redevelopment during the beginning of the 20th century, and eclectic designs that drew from Beaux-Arts , French Academy , and Second Empire architecture were reflected by numerous historic buildings in this districts from

2492-560: The 16th century the French were involved in wars in northern Italy, bringing back to France not just the Renaissance art treasures as their war booty, but also stylistic ideas. In the Loire Valley a wave of building was carried and many Renaissance chateaux appeared at this time, the earliest example being the Château d'Amboise (c. 1495) in which Leonardo da Vinci spent his last years. The style became dominant under Francis I (See Châteaux of

2581-554: The Baroque taste for complex forms and intricate patterns, but by this point, it had begun to integrate a variety of diverse characteristics, including a taste for Eastern designs and asymmetric compositions. The style had spread beyond architecture and furniture to painting and sculpture. The Rococo style spread with French artists and engraved publications. It was readily received in the Catholic parts of Germany, Bohemia , and Austria, where it

2670-610: The Battle of the Luján River . The natives were driven off after that bloody battle and their provisions were taken, but the fight was very costly to the Spaniards. From "The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account" by Bartolomé de las Casas (a Spanish religious), written in 1542, published in 1552, under the subheadings "The Rio de la Plata" wherein de las Casas writes of "A tyrannical Governor",

2759-548: The Classical style. The facade of Le Puy-en-Velay in Haute-Loire has a complex arrangement of openings and blind arcades that was to become a feature of French Gothic facades. It is made even richer by the polychrome brick used in diverse patterns, including checkerboard, also a feature of ceramic decoration of Spanish churches of this period. The profile of the aisles is screened by open arches, perhaps for bells. Angoulême Cathedral

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2848-663: The East, most structures were in timber, but stone was more common for significant buildings in the West and in the southern areas that later fell under Merovingian rule. Most major churches have been rebuilt, usually more than once, but many Merovingian plans have been reconstructed from archaeology. The description in Bishop Gregory of Tours ' History of the Franks of the basilica of Saint-Martin, built at Tours by Saint Perpetuus (bishop 460–490) at

2937-664: The Loire Valley ). The style progressively developed into a French Mannerism known as the Henry II style under architects such as Sebastiano Serlio , who was engaged after 1540 in work at the Château de Fontainebleau . At Fontainebleau Italian artists such as Rosso Fiorentino , Francesco Primaticcio , and Niccolo dell' Abbate formed the First School of Fontainebleau . Architects such as Philibert Delorme , Androuet du Cerceau , Giacomo Vignola , and Pierre Lescot , were inspired by

3026-519: The Plaza de Mayo, the older section of Montserrat begins. This was the location of the Illuminated Block , a Jesuit center of higher learning during the 18th century, and today home to the Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires . This is Buenos Aires's oldest neighborhood and even today, very little of the cityscape there is less than a hundred years old (except along Belgrano Avenue), thereby making

3115-631: The Retiro Station. Other important thoroughfares in the Retiro section of the CBD are Córdoba , Santa Fe , and 9 de Julio Avenues . The high-rise business district of Catalinas Norte , as well as the northern end of the Puerto Madero development, is located east of Leandro N. Alem Avenue. Opposite the Retiro train terminal, at the northern end of the CBD, is the leafy Plaza San Martín , surrounded by great palaces and hotels. The Retiro lowlands were once

3204-498: The River Plate with Don Pedro and stayed there for eighteen years, fighting in almost every battle. His account of this early history of the River Plate region is the most important document from that time period. At the Río de la Plata , the Spaniards encountered a group of roughly three thousand natives dispersed throughout the surrounding area known as the Querandíes , who shared with them their food, however scarce. In spite of this,

3293-525: The Spaniards soon took the natives and their generosity for granted and as a result, the Querandíes ended relations with the white men and relocated further away from the Spanish settlement. Angered by the sudden hostility, Mendoza sent his brother to lead a force against the natives. Even though hundreds of natives were killed, Mendoza's brother was slain as well, along with thirty of his men and several horses at

3382-424: The West facade of Chartres Cathedral , Notre-Dame de Paris , Lyon Cathedral and Toul Cathedral . The High Gothic style of the 13th century canonized proportions and shapes from early Gothic and developed them further to achieve light, yet tall and majestic structures. The wall structure was modified from four to only three tiers: arcade, triforium, and clerestorey. Piers coronations were smaller to avoid stopping

3471-544: The ancient Romans to discover new (architectural) solutions of their own. The use of vaults and arches together with a sound knowledge of building materials, for example, enabled them to achieve unprecedented successes in the construction of imposing structures for public use. Notable examples in France during the period are Alyscamps in Arles and Maison Carrée in Nîmes . The Alyscamps is

3560-423: The architect Louis Le Vau , the designer Charles Le Brun and the gardener André Le Nôtre complemented each other. From the main cornice to a low plinth, the miniature palace is clothed in the so-called "colossal order", which makes the structure look more impressive. The creative collaboration of Le Vau and Le Nôtre marked the arrival of the "Magnificent Manner" which allowed to extend Baroque architecture outside

3649-490: The architectural designs of Nicolas Pineau . During the Régence , court life moved away from Versailles and this artistic change became well established, first in the royal palace and then throughout French high society. The delicacy and playfulness of Rococo designs is often seen as perfectly in tune with the excesses of Louis XV 's regime. The 1730s represented the height of Rococo development in France. Rococo still maintained

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3738-503: The area as a destination for foreign buyers, particularly those in the market for premium investment properties. The neighborhood's road network has been entirely rebuilt, especially in the east side. The layout of the east side consists currently of three wide boulevards running east–west crossed by the east side's main street, Juana Manso Avenue. The layout is completed with some other avenues and minor streets, running both east–west and north–south, and by several pedestrianised streets. All

3827-475: The art-deco NH City Hotel (off the Plaza de Mayo), the Libertador Building (Ministry of Defense), and South Diagonal Avenue. Montserrat's western half was partitioned from the rest by the southward expansion of the massive Nueve de Julio Avenue around 1950. The area became a largely bohemian quarter popular with tango performers and artists, as well as many who preferred the area's close proximity to

3916-449: The beginning of the period and at the time on the edge of Frankish territory, gives cause to regret the disappearance of this building, one of the most beautiful Merovingian churches, which he says had 120 marble columns, towers at the East end, and several mosaics: "Saint-Martin displayed the vertical emphasis, and the combination of block-units forming a complex internal space and the correspondingly rich external silhouette, which were to be

4005-485: The bodies of those who died. In addition to these difficulties, a coalition of the natives formed. They attacked the city again and again, many times leaving the city almost completely burned to the ground. Still suffering from syphilis, Mendoza appointed Juan de Ayolas to succeed him as captain-general. Ayolas dealt with the problem by sailing up the Parana River with a large part of the remaining force. They defeated

4094-476: The buttresses of the tall towers. Begun in the 1060s, it was a prototype for Gothic facades. The spires and the pinnacles, which appear to rise inevitably from the towers, are of the early 13th century. The Trinité Church of Caen has a greater emphasis on the central portal and the arrangement of the windows above it. The decoration of the towers begins at a lower level to that at Saint-Étienne, giving them weight and distinction. The upper balustrades are additions in

4183-511: The decidedly French mansard roof on many contemporary homes. Another Parisian style, Beaux-Arts originated from the legendary École des Beaux Arts (School of Fine Arts). Flourishing during the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was a grandiose elaboration on the more refined neoclassical style . Symmetrical façades were ornamented with lavish details such as swags, medallions, flowers, and shields. These massive, imposing homes were almost always constructed of stone and were reserved for only

4272-512: The early 1950s, was the tallest in Argentina until 1995, and was one of numerous commercial structures built in the Rationalist style in this area during that time. Since the 1960s, newer, high-technology buildings were designed in the district by Argentine architects Clorindo Testa , Santiago Sánchez Elía, César Pelli , and Mario Roberto Álvarez , by firms such as SEPRA Arquitectos and MSGSSS , and by Uruguayan architect Rafael Viñoly . Some of

4361-446: The eastern side of the district. Puerto Madero has been redeveloped with international flair, drawing interest from renown architects such as Santiago Calatrava , Norman Foster , César Pelli and Philippe Starck , among others. Today one of the trendiest boroughs in Buenos Aires, it has become the preferred address for growing numbers of young professionals and retirees, alike. Increasing property prices have also generated interest in

4450-526: The endnote #48 refers to this person as "a certain Pedro de Mendoza" and goes on to say, The colonists' city was surrounded by a hastily made 1 metre (3 ft) thick adobe wall made of mud. Every time it rained the wall partially dissolved. Along with this occasionally deteriorating wall, the colonists had to deal with another problem: famine. Food eventually became scarce, and the residents had to resort to eating rats, mice, snakes, lizards, rawhide boots, and even

4539-423: The era included Francesco Tamburini , Vittorio Meano , Julio Dormal , Virginio Colombo , Juan Antonio Buschiazzo , Mario Palanti , and Francisco Gianotti . Later significant additions include those by Alejandro Christophersen , Alejandro Bustillo (most notably the National Bank ), Andrés Kalnay , Eduardo Le Monnier , and Francisco Salamone . The Alas Building , commissioned by Juan Perón and built in

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4628-399: The era, notably the headquarters for La Prensa , City Hall , the City Legislature , Buenos Aires Customs , Palace of Justice , the National Congress , the Teatro Colón , the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange , the Buenos Aires Central Post Office , and along most of the Avenida de Mayo and Diagonal Norte Avenue. Some of the most prominent contributors to the district's architecture from

4717-425: The gothic-inherited idiosyncrasies of the French tradition. Maisons-Laffitte illustrates the ongoing transition from the post-medieval chateaux of the 16th century to the villa-like country houses of the eighteenth. The structure is strictly symmetrical, with an order applied to each story, mostly in pilaster form. The frontispiece, crowned with a separate aggrandized roof, is infused with remarkable plasticity and

4806-609: The growing financial district to the north and its relatively low rent scale. Its rich architectural history and quiet, narrow streets have, as in neighboring San Telmo , helped lead to renewed tourist interest in Montserrat since around 1990. Puerto Madero occupies a significant portion of the docklands and, as the newest of Buenos Aires's 48 boroughs, features the latest architectural trends in Argentina, as well as many tall apartment buildings and office blocks. Originally developed by local businessman Eduardo Madero and designed by British engineer Sir John Hawkshaw , Puerto Madero

4895-446: The hallmarks of the Romanesque". A feature of the basilica of Saint-Martin that became a hallmark of Frankish church architecture was the sarcophagus or reliquary of the saint raised to be visible and sited axially behind the altar, sometimes in the apse . There are no Roman precedents for this Frankish innovation. A number of other buildings, now lost, including the Merovingian foundations of Saint-Denis , St. Gereon in Cologne , and

4984-475: The help that was sent was not sufficient. In 1541, the settlers abandoned Buenos Aires and moved to Asunción. Domingo Martínez de Irala was elected as the third (though temporary) governor by these men. With Buenos Aires in ruins, Asunción became the base for the reconquest of the Rio de la Plata region. French architecture French architecture consists of architectural styles that either originated in France or elsewhere and were developed within

5073-430: The influence of the Abbey of Cluny. The cruciform plan is clearly visible. There is a chevette of chapels surrounding the chance apse. The crossing is surmounted by a tower. The transepts end with gables . The Saint-Étienne located in Caen presents one of the best known Romanesque facades of Northern France , with three portals leading into the nave and aisles, and a simple arrangement of identical windows between

5162-561: The knight Fernando de Mendoza Guadix — entered the Order of Santiago . He later fought in the Italian Wars against the French, in which he participated in the Sack of Rome in 1527. In 1529, he offered to explore South America at his own expense and establish colonies. Thanks to the efforts of his mother, María de Mendoza , in 1534 his offer was accepted: he was made adelantado governor , captain general , and chief justice over New Andalusia . This grant allowed him authority over as much land as he could conquer, within 200 leagues of

5251-420: The medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism that is called the Greek Revival . Neoclassicism continued to be a major force in academic art through the 19th century and beyond— a constant antithesis to Romanticism or Gothic revivals — although from the late 19th century on it had often been considered anti-modern, or even reactionary, in influential critical circles. By

5340-487: The mid-19th century, several European cities - notably St Petersburg , Athens , Berlin and Munich - were transformed into veritable museums of Neoclassical architecture. By comparison, the Greek revival in France was never popular with either the State or the public. What little there is started with Charles de Wailly 's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80), and Claude Nicolas Ledoux 's Barriere des Bonshommes (1785-9). First-hand evidence of Greek architecture

5429-520: The more notable commercial developments completed since then have included the Catalinas Norte office park , Torre Bouchard , Bouchard Plaza , Galicia Tower , the Repsol-YPF Tower , the Banco Macro Tower , and the BBVA Tower . San Nicolás is one of the districts that shares most of the city and national government structure with neighboring Montserrat , and is home of the business district's financial center. It's seldom referred to as San Nicolás , but usually as The Center ("City Centre"), and

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5518-439: The most distinctive characteristics of many French buildings is the tall second story windows, often arched at the top, that break through the cornice and rise above the eaves . This unusual window design is especially noticeable on America's examples of French provincial architecture . Modeled after country manors in the French provinces , these brick or stucco homes are stately and formal. They have steep hipped roofs and

5607-461: The most important creeks are: Maldonado, Vega, Medrano, Cildañez and White. In 1908 many creeks were channeled and rectified, as floods were damaging the city's infrastructure. Starting in 1919, most creeks were enclosed. Notably, the Maldonado was tubed in 1954, and currently runs below Juan B. Justo Avenue (north of this district). Facing the Río de la Plata estuary, the frontage remained flood-prone, and in 1846, Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas had

5696-404: The most successful recent waterfront renewal projects in the world. Numerous new residential high-rises of up to 50 stories have been built facing on the eastern half of Puerto Madero since 2000. These include El Mirador of Puerto Madero Towers , Renoir Towers , El Faro Towers , Chateau Tower of Puerto Madero , and the Mulieris Towers , among others. Notable non-residential structures include

5785-512: The new ideas. The southwest interior facade of the Cour Carree of the Louvre in Paris was designed by Lescot and covered with exterior carvings by Jean Goujon . Architecture continued to thrive in the reigns of Henry II and Henry III . French Baroque is a form of Baroque architecture that evolved in France during the reigns of Louis XIII (1610–43), Louis XIV (1643–1714) and Louis XV (1714–74). French Baroque profoundly influenced 18th-century secular architecture throughout Europe. Although

5874-403: The open three wing layout of the palace was established in France as the canonical solution as early as the 16th century, it was the Palais du Luxembourg (1615–20) by Salomon de Brosse that determined the sober and classicizing direction that French Baroque architecture was to take. For the first time, the corps de logis was emphasized as the representative main part of the building, while

5963-427: The palace walls and transform the surrounding landscape into an immaculate mosaic of expansive vistas. Rococo developed first in the decorative arts and interior design. Louis XIV 's succession brought a change in the court artists and general artistic fashion. By the end of the old king's reign, rich Baroque designs were giving way to lighter elements with more curves and natural patterns. These elements are obvious in

6052-407: The part east of the 9 de Julio Avenue is called Microcentro ("Micro-centre"). The growing importance of the area as a financial center was highlighted by the 1854 establishment of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange . San Nicolás remains the financial center of Argentina, something underscored by the presence of the Central Bank and the National Bank , Argentina's largest. The rapid development of

6141-496: The past. Buenos Aires CBD lies in the Pampa region , except some zones like the Buenos Aires Ecological Reserve , the Boca Juniors (football) Club "sports city", Jorge Newbery Airport , the Puerto Madero neighborhood and the main port itself. These latter were all built on reclaimed land along the coast of the Rio de la Plata (the world's largest estuary ). The region was formerly crossed by different creeks and lagoons , some of which were refilled and other tubed. Among

6230-485: The recently developed facilities at La Boca , in Buenos Aires's southside. Approved by the Argentine Congress in 1882 and financed by the prominent London-based Barings Bank (the chief underwriter of Argentine bonds and investment, at the time), the project required the reclaiming of over 200 hectares (500 acres) of underwater land and was accompanied by the widening of the promenade into what became Leandro Alem Avenue. Italian and French influences increased after

6319-461: The removal of Saint Trophimus ' relics to the cathedral in 1152 reduced its prestige. The unification of the Frankish kingdom under Clovis I (465–511) and his successors, corresponded with the need for the building of churches, and especially monastery churches, as these were now the power-houses of the Merovingian church. Plans often continued the Roman basilica tradition, but also took influences from as far away as Syria and Armenia. In

6408-556: The section of Retiro south of Santa Fe Avenue , and the section of Puerto Madero west of the Buenos Aires Docklands . The district is the financial, corporate, and cultural hub of Buenos Aires, and of Argentina. The economy of Buenos Aires was the 13th largest among the world's cities in 2006 at US$ 245 billion in purchasing power parity , which, based on the population of that year, translates into US21,500 per capita. The Buenos Aires Human Development Index (0.925 in 1998)

6497-495: The side wings were treated as hierarchically inferior and appropriately scaled down. The medieval tower has been completely replaced by the central projection in the shape of a monumental three-storey gateway. Probably the most accomplished formulator of the new manner was François Mansart , credited with introducing the full Baroque to France. In his design for Château de Maisons (1642), Mansart succeeded in reconciling academic and baroque approaches, while demonstrating respect for

6586-510: The southern limit of New Toledo . Although this was measured along the Pacific coast, it was understood that his efforts would be directed towards the Río de la Plata on the Atlantic. The Emperor gave Mendoza 2000 men and 13 ships on the condition that within two years Mendoza should transport 1000 colonists, build roads into the interior, and construct three forts. He was to have half the treasure of

6675-401: The streets of Puerto Madero are named after women . The Puente de la Mujer (Women's Bridge), designed in 2001 by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava , is the newest link between the east and west docks of Puerto Madero. Puerto Madero represents the largest wide-scale urban project in the city of Buenos Aires, currently. Having undergone an impressive revival in merely a decade, it is one of

6764-411: The structures of Robert Adam , the second by those of Sir John Soane . The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the " Goût grec " ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette , his fashion-loving Queen, bring the " Louis XVI " style to court. From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through

6853-520: The style. Aside from these Gothic styles, there is another style called "Gothique Méridional" (or Southern Gothic, opposed to Gothique Septentrional or Northern Gothic). This style is characterised by a large nave and has no transept. Examples of this Gothic architecture would be Notre-Dame-de-Lamouguier in Narbonne and Sainte-Marie in Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges . During the early years of

6942-549: The territories of France. The architecture of Ancient Rome at first adopted the external Greek architecture and by the late Republic , the architectural style developed its own highly distinctive style by introducing the previously little-used arches , vaults and domes . A crucial factor in this development, coined the Roman Architectural Revolution , was the invention of concrete . Social elements such as wealth and high population densities in cities forced

7031-511: The training grounds for José de San Martín 's Granaderos corps, and the modern-day Plaza San Martín features an equestrian statue honoring the hero of the Argentine War of Independence , as well as a memorial for the dead in the 1982 Falklands War . Facing the station is Argentine Air Force Square, where the Torre Monumental (formerly Torre de los Ingleses ), a monument donated by

7120-455: The very wealthy. However a more 'humble' home might show Beaux Arts influences if it has stone balconies and masonry ornaments. Many American architects studied at the École des Beaux Arts, and the style strongly influenced United States architecture from about 1880 to 1920. Some renowned modernist and contemporary French designers and architects include: French style can vary from being very modern to rustic and antique in appearance. One of

7209-553: The visual upward thrust. The clerestorey windows changed from one window in each segment, holed in the wall, to two windows united by a small rose window . The rib vault changed from six to four ribs. The flying buttresses matured, and after they were embraced at Notre-Dame de Paris and Notre-Dame de Chartres , they became the canonical way to support high walls, as they served both structural and ornamental purposes. The main body of Chartres Cathedral (1194–1260), Amiens Cathedral , and Bourges Cathedral are also representatives of

7298-488: The wall, builders divided it into four tiers: arcade (arches and piers), gallery , triforium , and clerestorey . To support the higher wall builders invented the flying buttresses , which reached maturity only at High Gothic during the 13th century. The vaults were six ribbed sexpartite vaults . Notable structures of the style include the East end of the Abbey Church of St Denis , Sens Cathedral , Notre-Dame of Laon ,

7387-449: The whole ensemble reads like a three-dimensional whole. Mansart's structures are stripped of overblown decorative effects, so typical of contemporary Rome. Italian Baroque influence is muted and relegated to the field of decorative ornamentation. The next step in the development of European residential architecture involved the integration of the gardens in the composition of the palace, as is exemplified by Vaux-le-Vicomte (1656–61), where

7476-644: Was born in Guadix, Grenada , part of a large noble family that was preeminent in Spain. His family settled in Guadix after its reconquest by the Christians in 1489. He was a page at the Spanish court of Emperor Charles V and accompanied the sovereign on his trip to England . In 1524 he received the title of knight of the Order of Alcántara and later, through the influence of his father —

7565-597: Was inaugurated in 1897. Its four docks were relegated to ancillary port functions after the 1926 completion of the New Port to the north, however, and became derelict. Beginning around 1994, however, local and foreign investment led to a massive revitalization effort, recycling and refurbishing the west side warehouses into upscale offices, lofts , restaurants, private universities and luxurious hotels. State-of-the-art multiplex cinemas, theatres, cultural centres, luxurious hotels and office and corporate buildings are located mostly in

7654-435: Was merged with the lively German Baroque traditions. The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the "Louis XVI style" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel ( Petit Trianon , 1762–68); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and " Empire ", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin 's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by

7743-564: Was of very little importance to the French, due to the influence of Marc-Antoine Laugier 's doctrines that sought to discern the principles of the Greeks instead of their mere practices. It would take until Laboustre's Neo-Grec of the second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France. From the early 17th century to the 1830s the French possessed huge tracts of territory in North America ,

7832-496: Was to be elaborated in the Gothic period on the transepts at Chartres. French Gothic architecture is a style of architecture prevalent in France from 1140 until about 1500, which largely divided into four styles, Early Gothic, High Gothic, Rayonnant, Late Gothic or Flamboyant style. The Early Gothic style began in 1140 and was characterized by the adoption of the pointed arch and transition from late Romanesque architecture . To heighten

7921-523: Was to evolve into the chevette. Notre-Dame in Domfront , Normandy is a cruciform church with a short apsidal east end. The nave has lost its aisle , and has probably some of its length. The crossing has a tower that rises in two differentiated stages and is surmounted by a pyramidical spire of a type seen widely in France and Germany and also on Norman towers in England. The Abbey of Fongombault in France shows

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