The Budini ( Ancient Greek : Βουδῖνοι ) were an ancient Scythian tribe whose existence was recorded by ancient Graeco-Roman authors.
44-809: The Budini were closely related to the Androphagi and the Melanchlaeni . The Budini lived alongside the Gelonians in the valley of the Vorskla river. The Scythians originated in the region of the Volga-Ural steppes of Central Asia , possibly around the 9th century BC, as a section of the population of the Srubnaya culture containing a significant element originating from the Siberian Andronovo culture . The population of
88-661: A dialect of Iranic language different from that of the Pontic Scythians. The Sula group of the Scythian culture which corresponded to the Androphagi was part of an area of Iranic toponymy and hydronymy. Herodotus of Halicarnassus claimed that the Androphagi were the only ones who practised cannibalism among the peoples living near Scythia, which seems to be confirmed by the intact and unbroken human bones of seventeen individuals which were found along with cut and broken animal bones in
132-509: A different language from the Gelonians , the latter of whom might have originated as a group of the Scythians proper. The Budini lined their cloaks with the skin of the otters, beavers, and other animals that they hunted. The remains of intact human bones discovered in seven earthworks of the Budini and Melanchlaeni suggests that these two tribes might have engaged in ritual cannibalism similarly to
176-559: A different language from the Budini. According to him, their language was half Greek and half Scythian. Herodotus of Halicarnassus mentioned that, every three years, the Gelonians performed a Bacchic-type festival which he interpreted as a festival to the Greek god Dionysos . Herodotus also claimed that the Gelonians built sanctuaries to their gods (whom he claimed were Greek gods), although this has not been archaeologically verified yet. This
220-510: A significant element originating from the Siberian Andronovo culture . The population of the Srubnaya culture was among the first truly nomadic pastoralist groups, who themselves emerged in the Central Asian and Siberian steppes during the 9th century BC as a result of the cold and dry climate then prevailing in these regions. During the 9th to 8th centuries BC, a significant movement of
264-628: Is ash mounds containing containing refuse from kitchens and other sources, near dwellings. The three groups of the Zolnichnaya culture were closely related to each other, with the Vorskla group nevertheless exhibiting enough significant differences from the Sula and Donets groups that the latter two are sometimes grouped together as a Sula-Donets group distinct from the Vorskla group. Androphagi The Androphagi were an ancient Scythian tribe whose existence
308-655: Is referred to in scholarship as the "Late Srubnaya" culture. From the Caucasian steppe, the tribe of the Royal Scythians expanded to the south, following the coast of the Caspian Sea and arrived in the Ciscaucasian steppes, from where they settled in eastern Transcaucasia until the early 6th century BC. The Royal Scythians were finally expelled from West Asia in the c. 600s BC , after which, beginning in
352-429: Is referred to in scholarship as the "Late Srubnaya" culture. From the Caucasian steppe, the tribe of the Royal Scythians expanded to the south, following the coast of the Caspian Sea and arrived in the Ciscaucasian steppes, from where they settled in eastern Transcaucasia until the early 6th century BC. The Royal Scythians were finally expelled from West Asia in the c. 600s BC , after which, beginning in
396-746: The Budini in the valley of the Vorskla river. The Geloni likely originated as a group as the Scythians proper who lived in the Pontic steppe, due to which their name appears in the Scythian genealogical myth along with the Agathyrsi . Like the Agathyrsi, the Gelonians lived outside of Scythia and were independent of the Scythian kingdom . According to Herodotus , Geloni (Γελωνοὶ) were originally Greeks who settle among
440-470: The Melanchlaeni , the Sula group of the Scythian culture contained an important element of the Srubnaya culture in its substratum, although there were some differences between the Donets and Sula groups. Gelonians The Gelonians or Geloni ( Ancient Greek : Γελωνοὶ ) were an ancient Scythian people whose existence was recorded by ancient Graeco-Roman authors. The Gelonians lived alongside
484-493: The Scythian culture , and they corresponded to its Vorskla group, which extended over the basin of the Vorskla river in the Eastern European forest steppe zone. The Donets, Sula and Vorskla groups of the Scythian culture, respectively corresponding to the Melanchlaeni , Androphagi, and Budini, are sometimes grouped the Zolnichnaya (that is "Ash-Mounds") culture because of the presence of several zolnyk ( зольник ), that
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#1732848428143528-510: The Androphagi. The Budini and Gelonians brought ores from outside to the industrial section of the city of Gelonus, where iron and copper were smelted from them. The Budini and the Gelonians participated in the ancient trade route which started from the ancient Greek colony of Pontic Olbia on the northern shore of the Black Sea and continued to the north-east into the steppe and forest-steppe regions. The Budini archaeologically belonged to
572-577: The Budini and their language evolved into half Greek and half Scythian. Their temples were of Greek style and they worshipped Greek gods among others. On the other hand, Budini didn't speak the same language and their manner of life was different. Adding that the Greeks were calling the Budini too Geloni but this was wrong. Pavel Jozef Šafárik wrote that they "might be Greeks among the Slavs and Fins. Such Μιξέλληνες (half Greeks half barbarians) were common enough in
616-572: The Budini, Gelonians and Sarmatians accepted to help the Scythians against the Persian attack, while the kings of the Agathyrsi , Androphagi , Melanchlaeni , Neuri , and Tauri refused to support the Scythians. During the campaign, Darius captured the city of Gelonus and set it on fire. According to Herodotus of Halicarnassus , the Geloni were different in appearance from the Budini who lived alongside them. The sedentary Gelonians were wealthier than
660-690: The Caspian Steppe constituted the latest of the two to three waves of expansion of the Srubnaya culture to the west of the Volga. The last and third wave corresponding to the Scythian migration has been dated to the 9th century BC. The expansion of the Scythians into the Pontic Steppe is attested through the westward movement of the Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture into Ukraine. The Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture in Ukraine
704-573: The Caucasian Steppe, during the period of the 8th to 7th centuries BC itself, the Scythians conquered the Pontic and Crimean Steppes to the north of the Black Sea up to the Danube river, which formed the western boundary of Scythian territory onwards, with this process of Scythian takeover of the Pontic Steppe becoming fully complete by the 7th century BC. Archaeologically, the westwards migration of
748-680: The Cimmerians by the Scythians being facilitated by their similar ethnic backgrounds and lifestyles, after which the Scythians settled in the area between the Araxes, the Caucasus and the Lake Maeotis . The section of the Scythians from whom the Budini originated participated in this migration, and had established itself in Ciscaucasia around c. 800 BC . From their base in the Caucasian Steppe, during
792-520: The Early Scythians from Central Asia into the Caspian Steppe constituted the latest of the two to three waves of expansion of the Srubnaya culture to the west of the Volga. The last and third wave corresponding to the Scythian migration has been dated to the 9th century BC. The expansion of the Scythians into the Pontic Steppe is attested through the westward movement of the Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture into Ukraine. The Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture in Ukraine
836-521: The Melanchlaeni were closely related tribes. When the Persian Achaemenid king Darius I attacked the Scythians in 513 BC, the Scythian king Idanthyrsus summoned the kings of the peoples surrounding his kingdom to a meeting to decide how to deal with the Persian invasion. The kings of the Budini , Gelonians , and Sarmatians accepted to help the Scythians against the Persian attack, while
880-403: The Persian invasion. The kings of the Budini, Gelonians and Sarmatians accepted to help the Scythians against the Persian attack, while the kings of the Agathyrsi , Androphagi , Melanchlaeni , Neuri , and Tauri refused to support the Scythians. During the campaign, Darius captured the city of Gelonus and set it on fire. The Budini were culturally similar to the other Scythian tribes of
924-454: The Scythian culture, of which the Donets group corresponded to the Melanchlaeni , the Sula group to the Androphagi, and the Vorskla group to the Budini , with all of these groups remaining independent from the Scythians proper . This splinter group arrived in the forest-steppe region in part from the Kuban region, but for the most from northern Ciscaucasia. Of these groups, the Androphagi and
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#1732848428143968-420: The Scythian culture, of which the Donets group corresponded to the Melanchlaeni, the Sula group to the Androphagi , and the Vorskla group to the Budini., with all of these groups remaining independent from the Scythians proper . During the 6th century BC, the city of Gelonus was built in the country of the Budini, where the Gelonians set up an important industrial, commercial, and political centre. This city
1012-612: The Scythians from eastern Central Asia, either the Massagetae or the Issedones , migrated westwards, forcing the early Scythians to the west across the Araxes ( Volga ) river. Over the course of the 8th and 7th centuries BC, the Scythians migrated into the Caucasian and Caspian Steppes in several waves, becoming the dominant population of the region, where they assimilated most of the Cimmerians and conquered their territory, with this absorption of
1056-451: The Scythians to return to Scythia with the Persians pursuing them. The ancient Greek author Herodotus of Halicarnassus described the Androphagi as wearing Scythian-type clothing, and speaking a "peculiar language." The Androphagi were largely engaged in agriculture and farming, and hunting was of lesser importance among them. The "peculiar language" of the Androphagi might have been
1100-482: The Srubnaya culture culture was among the first truly nomadic pastoralist groups, who themselves emerged in the Central Asian and Siberian steppes during the 9th century BC as a result of the cold and dry climate then prevailing in these regions. During the 9th to 8th centuries BC, a significant movement of the nomadic peoples of the Eurasian Steppe started when another nomadic Iranic tribe closely related to
1144-423: The Zolnichnaya culture were closely related to each other, with the Vorskla group nevertheless exhibiting enough significant differences from the Sula and Donets groups that the latter two are sometimes grouped together as a Sula-Donets group distinct from the Vorskla group. The earliest Scythians had belonged to the Srubnaya culture culture, and, like the Donets group of the Scythian culture which corresponds to
1188-403: The city: the Gelonians lived in the eastern earthwork, where was located the city's industrial, commercial, and political centre; the poorer native Budini lived in the western earthwork. When the Persian Achaemenid king Darius I attacked the Scythians in 513 BC, the Scythian king Idanthyrsus summoned the kings of the peoples surrounding his kingdom to a meeting to decide how to deal with
1232-543: The dominant population of the region, where they assimilated most of the Cimmerians and conquered their territory, with this absorption of the Cimmerians by the Scythians being facilitated by their similar ethnic backgrounds and lifestyles, after which the Scythians settled in the area between the Araxes, the Caucasus and the Lake Maeotis . The section of the Scythians from whom the Androphagi originated participated in this migration, and had established itself in Ciscaucasia around c. 800 BC . From their base in
1276-489: The early Scythic peoples of the Central Asian steppe had customs and beliefs connected to ritual cannibalism. Trade relations between the Androphagi and the ancient Greek colonies on the northern shores of the Black Sea had been established in the 6th century BC. The Androphagi archaeologically belonged to the Scythian culture , and they corresponded to its Sula group, which was the largest Scythian culture group of
1320-428: The eastern European forest steppe zone. The Donets, Sula and Vorskla groups of the Scythian culture, respectively corresponding to the Melanchlaeni , Androphagi, and Budini , are sometimes grouped the Zolnichnaya (that is "Ash-Mounds") culture because of the presence of several zolnyk ( зольник ), that is ash mounds containing containing refuse from kitchens and other sources, near dwellings. The three groups of
1364-407: The eastern earthwork, where was located the city's industrial, commercial, and political centre; the poorer native Budini lived in the western earthwork. When the Persian Achaemenid king Darius I attacked the Scythians in 513 BC, the Scythian king Idanthyrsus summoned the kings of the peoples surrounding his kingdom to a meeting to decide how to deal with the Persian invasion. The kings of
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1408-430: The forest steppe, such as the Androphagi and the Melanchlaeni . According to Herodotus of Halicarnassus , the Budini had red hair and blue eyes. The Budini were poorer than the Gelonians and led a largely nomadic life and were dependent on hunting otters , beavers , and other animals. The territories where the Budini lived were thickly forested. The Budini were described by Herodotus of Halicarnassus as speaking
1452-419: The kings of the Agathyrsi , Androphagi, Melanchlaeni , Neuri , and Tauri refused to support the Scythians. During the campaign, the Scythians and the Persian army pursuing them passed through the territories of the Melanchlaeni, Androphagi, and Neuri, before they reached the borders of the Agathyrsi, who refused to let the Scythian divisions to pass into their territories and find refuge there, thus forcing
1496-610: The kitchen refuse of seven Androphagi earthworks. However, traces of similar ritual cannibalism are recorded from seven earthworks of the Melanchlaeni and Budini, as well as in the Smiela kurgan 15, which was one of the earliest burials of the Tiasmyn group of the Scythian culture. The Sauromatians who lived in the Urals and the lower Volga, and Massagetae and Issedones to the east of the Urals, practised similar ritual cannibalism, suggesting that
1540-463: The later 7th and lasting throughout much of the 6th century BC, the majority of the Scythians migrated from Ciscaucasia into the Pontic Steppe , which became the centre of Scythian power. The retreat of the Royal Scythians from West Asia into the Pontic steppe pushed a Scythian splinter group to the north, into the region of Donets-Kramatorsk, where they formed the Vorskla and Sula-Donets groups of
1584-429: The later 7th and lasting throughout much of the 6th century BC, the majority of the Scythians migrated from Ciscaucasia into the Pontic Steppe , which became the centre of Scythian power. The retreat of the Royal Scythians from West Asia into the Pontic steppe pushed a Scythian splinter group to the north, into what is the present-day region of Donets - Kramatorsk , where they formed the Vorskla and Sula-Donets groups of
1628-404: The nomadic Budini, and they were engaged in agriculture. The Gelonians lived in the city of Gelonus , which was built entirely of wood, This city was protected by a defensive system of three earthworks surrounded by ramparts. The present-day site of Bilsk hillfort [ uk ] has been identified with Gelonus. The Gelonians were described by Herodotus of Halicarnassus as speaking
1672-421: The nomadic peoples of the Eurasian Steppe started when another nomadic Iranic tribe closely related to the Scythians from eastern Central Asia, either the Massagetae or the Issedones , migrated westwards, forcing the early Scythians to the west across the Araxes river. Over the course of the 8th and 7th centuries BC, the Scythians migrated into the Caucasian and Caspian Steppes in several waves, becoming
1716-422: The period of the 8th to 7th centuries BC itself, the Scythians conquered the Pontic and Crimean Steppes to the north of the Black Sea up to the Danube river, which formed the western boundary of Scythian territory onwards, with this process of Scythian takeover of the Pontic Steppe becoming fully complete by the 7th century BC. Archaeologically, the westwards migration of the Early Scythians from Central Asia into
1760-501: The region to the east of the middle Dnipro river, especially in the valley of the Sula and some smaller rivers. The neighbours of the Androphagi were the Neuri to the west and the Scythians to the south. The Scythians originated in the region of the Volga-Ural steppes of Central Asia , possibly around the 9th century BC, as a section of the population of the Srubnaya culture containing
1804-558: The towns upon the Euxine." Schafarik believed that the Budini belonged to the Slavic family. During the 6th century BC, the city of Gelonus was built in the country of the Budini, where the Gelonians set up an important industrial, commercial, and political centre. The Gelonians and Budini both lived in Gelonus, although each population lived in separate sections of the city: the Gelonians lived in
Budini - Misplaced Pages Continue
1848-427: Was in contrast to the Scythians proper, who did not built shrines to their gods. The Gelonians and Budini brought ores from outside to the industrial section of the city of Gelonus, where iron and copper were smelted from them. The Gelonians and the Budini participated in the ancient trade route which started from the ancient Greek colony of Pontic Olbia on the northern shore of the Black Sea and continued to
1892-417: Was protected by a defensive system of three earthworks surrounded by ramparts. The present-day site of Bilsk hill fort [ uk ] (Coordinates 50°5′34″N 34°38′46″E / 50.09278°N 34.64611°E / 50.09278; 34.64611 ) is one hypothesized location for Gelonus. The Budini and Gelonians both lived in Gelonus, although each population lived in separate sections of
1936-417: Was recorded by ancient Greco-Roman authors. The Androphagi were closely related to the Melanchlaeni and the Budini . The name Androphagi is a Latinisation of the ancient Greek name Androphagoi ( Ancient Greek : Ἀνδροφάγοι ), which meant "Man-Eaters." This name is a descriptive one based on this tribe's practice of cannibalism , and their own tribal name is unknown. The Androphagi lived in
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