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84-426: The first Buck Godot story appeared in issue #2 (summer 1982) of the anthology comic book Just Imagine , published by Just Imagine Graphix. More Buck Godot stories followed in issues #3 (1982) and #5 (spring 1983). A fourth story written by John J Buckley, Jr. and penciled by Doug Rice, which has never been reprinted, appeared in #8 (winter 1984). In 1986, the three stories by Foglio were colored and compiled along with

168-459: A Latin derivative for a collection of flowers, was used in medieval Europe for an anthology of Latin proverbs and textual excerpts. Shortly before anthology had entered the language, English had begun using florilegium as a word for such a collection. The Palatine Anthology , discovered in the Palatine Library , Heidelberg in 1606, is a collection of Greek poems and epigrams that was based on

252-578: A certain dilution) when it achieved widespread recognition. In this model, which derives from Chinese tradition, the object of compiling an anthology was to preserve the best of a form, and cull the rest. In Malaysia , an anthology (or antologi in Malay ) is a collection of syair , sajak (or modern prose), proses , drama scripts, and pantuns . Notable anthologies that are used in secondary schools include Sehijau Warna Daun , Seuntai Kata Untuk Dirasa , Anak Bumi Tercinta , Anak Laut and Kerusi . In

336-622: A falling object is proportional to the square of the time elapsed. This was later confirmed by Italian scientists Jesuits Grimaldi and Riccioli between 1640 and 1650. They also calculated the magnitude of the Earth's gravity by measuring the oscillations of a pendulum. In 1657, Robert Hooke published his Micrographia , in which he hypothesised that the Moon must have its own gravity. In 1666, he added two further principles: that all bodies move in straight lines until deflected by some force and that

420-429: A force applied to an object would cause it to deviate from a geodesic. For instance, people standing on the surface of the Earth are prevented from following a geodesic path because the mechanical resistance of the Earth exerts an upward force on them. This explains why moving along the geodesics in spacetime is considered inertial. Einstein's description of gravity was quickly accepted by the majority of physicists, as it

504-466: A force, the ancient Greek philosopher Archimedes discovered the center of gravity of a triangle. He postulated that if two equal weights did not have the same center of gravity, the center of gravity of the two weights together would be in the middle of the line that joins their centers of gravity. Two centuries later, the Roman engineer and architect Vitruvius contended in his De architectura that gravity

588-399: A groundbreaking book called Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ). In this book, Newton described gravitation as a universal force, and claimed that "the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must [be] reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve." This statement was later condensed into

672-510: A haven to many of the worst criminals and other anti-social humans and aliens, and has become even more so now that it offers safety from the Machines (the Law Machine assigned to New Hong Kong "moonlights as its conscience"). New Hong Kong is the home base of the series' eponymous protagonist, Buckminster "Buck" Godot , a quick-witted mercenary whose motto is "Always available, but never free". He

756-428: A healthy sex drive). Lou has employed Buck on several occasions, usually surprised that he prefers payment in cash instead of "trade". Buck's response is generally that she is "too small", a reference to the fact that Hoffmanites are so large, heavy, and strong, once joking that they could have a go if she gained about 400 pounds. Buck's other friend is Asteroid Al , a Thuxian (an eyeless alien species roughly resembling

840-521: A man of his size. Buck is also a fast thinker, shown setting up and executing very elaborate schemes on short notice. His skills are impressive enough to be worthy of respect by no less than Lord Thezmothete, the single most advanced being in the galaxy. Buck is an expert marksman, able to shoot his way out of almost any situation. His normal "zap gun" is Junior , a white or chromed laser pistol which fires cartridge-loaded energy blasts (a much larger gun, Senior , may be glimpsed on his apartment wall). He

924-429: A more flexible medium than the collection of a single poet's work, and indeed rang innumerable changes on the idea as a way of marketing poetry, publication in an anthology (in the right company) became at times a sought-after form of recognition for poets. The self-definition of movements, dating back at least to Ezra Pound 's efforts on behalf of Imagism , could be linked on one front to the production of an anthology of

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1008-451: A new approach to quantum mechanics) is required. Testing the predictions of general relativity has historically been difficult, because they are almost identical to the predictions of Newtonian gravity for small energies and masses. Still, since its development, an ongoing series of experimental results have provided support for the theory: In 1919, the British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington

1092-549: A new fourth story in Buck Godot: Zap Gun for Hire , a graphic novel published by Starblaze Graphics . This was followed in 1987 by a full-length graphic novel, Buck Godot: PSmIth , also published by Starblaze. A single-page Buck Godot story also appeared in E-Man #9 (December 1983). In 1993, Foglio began publishing the 8-issue limited series Buck Godot - Zap Gun for Hire through Palliard Press . Six issues were published on

1176-579: A new group of friends, allies, and enemies. These include the Prime Mover , an immortal and omnipotent alien lifeform who has a deal with humanity to prevent their extinction, Ambassador Whreee of the Klegdixal, a paranoid and conniving alien race and oft-time political rival of humanity, Parahexavoctal , chief of security of the entire Gallimaufry, and Buck's uncle and fellow Hoffmanite, Frakkus Godot . Anthology In book publishing , an anthology

1260-470: A noticeable decline in "real governments", because they tend not to be able to function in the harsh scrutiny of The Law. In their place have risen guilds like X-Tel, which specialize in helping disgruntled colonists move and resettle to places where The Law has a weaker presence. The sole exception to the Law's jurisdiction is the colony of New Hong Kong . The planetary government there wound up being protected from

1344-590: A possible printed (re-)publication of Godot "in late Spring [2016]". Buck's adventures take place in a future where humanity has joined an interstellar coalition known as the Gallimaufry . Human colonization and exploitation has resulted in the development of various human and mutant sub-species, as well as methods such as terraforming (altering marginally habitable worlds into environments where humans can thrive) and pantropy (genetically altering humans to thrive on marginally habitable worlds). Humanity has also become

1428-468: A semi-annual basis. After Palliard Press dissolved, the final two issues were published starting in 1997 by Studio Foglio . The series was later collected in a trade paperback as Buck Godot: The Gallimaufry . After successfully moving Girl Genius from a printed comic book series to a webcomic in 2006, Studio Foglio began to serialize the existing Buck Godot stories as a webcomic. The webcomic started running on January 9, 2007, and updated three times

1512-429: A simple motion, will continue to move in a straight line, unless continually deflected from it by some extraneous force, causing them to describe a circle, an ellipse, or some other curve. 3. That this attraction is so much the greater as the bodies are nearer. As to the proportion in which those forces diminish by an increase of distance, I own I have not discovered it.... Hooke's 1674 Gresham lecture, An Attempt to prove

1596-488: A sufficiently large and compact object. General relativity states that gravity acts on light and matter equally, meaning that a sufficiently massive object could warp light around it and create a gravitational lens . This phenomenon was first confirmed by observation in 1979 using the 2.1 meter telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona, which saw two mirror images of the same quasar whose light had been bent around

1680-526: A theory of general relativity which was able to accurately model Mercury's orbit. In general relativity, the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime curvature instead of a force. Einstein began to toy with this idea in the form of the equivalence principle , a discovery which he later described as "the happiest thought of my life." In this theory, free fall is considered to be equivalent to inertial motion, meaning that free-falling inertial objects are accelerated relative to non-inertial observers on

1764-405: A theory of gravity consistent with quantum mechanics , a quantum gravity theory, which would allow gravity to be united in a common mathematical framework (a theory of everything ) with the other three fundamental interactions of physics. Gravitation , also known as gravitational attraction, is the mutual attraction between all masses in the universe. Gravity is the gravitational attraction at

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1848-412: A tower. In the late 16th century, Galileo Galilei 's careful measurements of balls rolling down inclines allowed him to firmly establish that gravitational acceleration is the same for all objects. Galileo postulated that air resistance is the reason that objects with a low density and high surface area fall more slowly in an atmosphere. In 1604, Galileo correctly hypothesized that the distance of

1932-730: A week. As of June 2009, the last Buck Godot comic has been posted (except for the second story in the first volume, concerning the Planetary Temperance League and one of Lou's employees that featured some nudity and one page story "The Gauntlet" parodies the old Hostess pie ads from E-Man #9, and a lost short story from GASP! magazine) and updates have now ceased. Though this has been offline since sometime in February 2016, along with webcomic republications of What's New with Phil & Dixie and MythAdventures , when Airship Entertainment's old website broke down. Studio Foglio hinted at

2016-463: Is a collection of literary works chosen by the compiler; it may be a collection of plays, poems, short stories, songs, or related fiction/non-fiction excerpts by different authors. There are also thematic and genre-based anthologies. Complete collections of works are often called " complete works " or " opera omnia " ( Latin equivalent). The word entered the English language in the 17th century, from

2100-541: Is a well-known face at Asteroid Al's, and indeed throughout most of New Hong Kong. Buck's notable antagonists have included the aforementioned X-Tel Corporation , the human collective mind PSmIth (read as "Smithe", referencing the "psi" shortening of " psychic "), the high-grade thief and assassin named Der Rock the Destroyer and the notorious space pirate known as the Pistol Packin' Polaris Packrat (a sentient who has

2184-630: Is also an expert pilot, operating small personal craft around New Hong Kong as well as interstellar spacecraft. Buck's best friend is Louisa "Lou" Dem Five , the asteroid -born madam of the Velvet Fist bordello . Lou is a former agent of the Planetary Temperance League, but finds her current profession more to her liking, and has successfully tempted several of her fellow agents to work for her. Her human-variant alteration gives her voluntary control over glands in her body that exude an intensely-powerful pheromone that can entice anyone (at least, anyone with

2268-458: Is especially vexing to physicists because the other three fundamental forces (strong force, weak force and electromagnetism) were reconciled with a quantum framework decades ago. As a result, modern researchers have begun to search for a theory that could unite both gravity and quantum mechanics under a more general framework. One path is to describe gravity in the framework of quantum field theory , which has been successful to accurately describe

2352-409: Is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity , proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915, which describes gravity not as a force, but as the curvature of spacetime , caused by the uneven distribution of mass, and causing masses to move along geodesic lines. The most extreme example of this curvature of spacetime is a black hole , from which nothing—not even light—can escape once past

2436-530: Is not dependent on a substance's weight but rather on its "nature". In the 6th century CE, the Byzantine Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus proposed the theory of impetus, which modifies Aristotle's theory that "continuation of motion depends on continued action of a force" by incorporating a causative force that diminishes over time. In 628 CE, the Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta proposed

2520-451: Is often expressed in the form G μ ν + Λ g μ ν = κ T μ ν , {\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }=\kappa T_{\mu \nu },} where G μν is the Einstein tensor , g μν is the metric tensor , T μν is the stress–energy tensor , Λ

2604-535: Is the cosmological constant , G {\displaystyle G} is the Newtonian constant of gravitation and c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of light . The constant κ = 8 π G c 4 {\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{4}}}} is referred to as the Einstein gravitational constant. A major area of research

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2688-445: Is the discovery of exact solutions to the Einstein field equations. Solving these equations amounts to calculating a precise value for the metric tensor (which defines the curvature and geometry of spacetime) under certain physical conditions. There is no formal definition for what constitutes such solutions, but most scientists agree that they should be expressable using elementary functions or linear differential equations . Some of

2772-574: The Greek word, ἀνθολογία ( anthologic , literally "a collection of blossoms", from ἄνθος , ánthos , flower), a reference to one of the earliest known anthologies, the Garland ( Στέφανος , stéphanos ), the introduction to which compares each of its anthologized poets to a flower. That Garland by Meléagros of Gadara formed the kernel for what has become known as the Greek Anthology . Florilegium ,

2856-472: The International System of Units (SI). The force of gravity on Earth is the resultant (vector sum) of two forces: (a) The gravitational attraction in accordance with Newton's universal law of gravitation, and (b) the centrifugal force, which results from the choice of an earthbound, rotating frame of reference. The force of gravity is weakest at the equator because of the centrifugal force caused by

2940-477: The 'protection' of the Law Machines when a hacker entered a new 'law' to be voted into place (and it was, overwhelmingly): There shall be no laws on New Hong Kong . The hacker was subsequently arrested, but since the Law Machines are programmed not to interfere in society except when enforcing official laws, they became powerless to act on New Hong Kong thanks to this new (and only) 'law'. The planet had already been

3024-478: The Annual Motion of the Earth , explained that gravitation applied to "all celestial bodies" In 1684, Newton sent a manuscript to Edmond Halley titled De motu corporum in gyrum ('On the motion of bodies in an orbit') , which provided a physical justification for Kepler's laws of planetary motion . Halley was impressed by the manuscript and urged Newton to expand on it, and a few years later Newton published

3108-629: The Big Bang. Neutron star and black hole formation also create detectable amounts of gravitational radiation. This research was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017. In December 2012, a research team in China announced that it had produced measurements of the phase lag of Earth tides during full and new moons which seem to prove that the speed of gravity is equal to the speed of light. This means that if

3192-452: The Earth's rotation and because points on the equator are furthest from the center of the Earth. The force of gravity varies with latitude and increases from about 9.780 m/s at the Equator to about 9.832 m/s at the poles. General relativity predicts that energy can be transported out of a system through gravitational radiation. The first indirect evidence for gravitational radiation

3276-459: The Earth) is surrounded by its own gravitational field, which can be conceptualized with Newtonian physics as exerting an attractive force on all objects. Assuming a spherically symmetrical planet, the strength of this field at any given point above the surface is proportional to the planetary body's mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center of the body. The strength of

3360-551: The Sun suddenly disappeared, the Earth would keep orbiting the vacant point normally for 8 minutes, which is the time light takes to travel that distance. The team's findings were released in Science Bulletin in February 2013. In October 2017, the LIGO and Virgo detectors received gravitational wave signals within 2 seconds of gamma ray satellites and optical telescopes seeing signals from

3444-458: The World's Greatest Diarists , published in 2000, anthologises four centuries of diary entries into 365 'days'. [REDACTED] Media related to Anthologies at Wikimedia Commons Gravity In physics, gravity (from Latin gravitas  'weight' ) is a fundamental interaction primarily observed as mutual attraction between all things that have mass . Gravity is, by far,

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3528-643: The amount of property damage he causes, those expenses can be pretty high. He follows strict ethical standards in all his dealings, which sometimes surprises his clients. One of the mottos of New Hong Kong is, "Just because there are no laws, that doesn't mean there are no rules". Buck Godot is a Hoffmanite, a variant human race from a world with a heavy gravity environment. His rotund appearance conceals high muscular density, giving him incredible (but not quite superhuman) strength, stamina and metabolic endurance (he can drink high amounts of alcohol with little effect). He can also move deceptively quickly and efficiently for

3612-496: The attractive force is stronger for closer bodies. In a communication to the Royal Society in 1666, Hooke wrote I will explain a system of the world very different from any yet received. It is founded on the following positions. 1. That all the heavenly bodies have not only a gravitation of their parts to their own proper centre, but that they also mutually attract each other within their spheres of action. 2. That all bodies having

3696-422: The black hole's event horizon . However, for most applications, gravity is well approximated by Newton's law of universal gravitation , which describes gravity as a force causing any two bodies to be attracted toward each other, with magnitude proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Current models of particle physics imply that

3780-476: The creatures from the Alien franchise), who is known for being stingy about money and contracts. The drinks served at his bar can intoxicate the unwary almost immediately. Buck's drink of choice is the "ion sucker", whose containers also make useful weapons (as well as components for flower arranging). Other cronies at Al's Bar include Spug , a frog-faced alien cabbie who has trouble keeping secrets. Beyond these, Buck

3864-462: The custodian of The Winslow, an immortal, indestructible, sentient small fuzzy alligator-like creature that usually doesn't do anything more than say "Hi!", and is highly sought after by other species for various reasons. However, the chaotic nature of human expansion into space has resulted in two Great Checks: a powerful alien intelligence known as Lord Thezmothete, who prevents humans and other species from exploiting pre-spaceflight civilizations; and

3948-422: The dubious honor of being the only creature Buck will deal with for free; Al suspects that there's someone out there paying Buck to breathe) with his two talking laser pistols, Smith and Wesson , who have some history with Junior and lament that he "isn't speaking to them". In the 8-part "Gallimaufry" series, Buck travels to the eponymous space station – acting as a sort of United Nations in space - and meets

4032-494: The earliest instance of gravity in the universe, possibly in the form of quantum gravity , supergravity or a gravitational singularity , along with ordinary space and time , developed during the Planck epoch (up to 10 seconds after the birth of the universe), possibly from a primeval state, such as a false vacuum , quantum vacuum or virtual particle , in a currently unknown manner. Scientists are currently working to develop

4116-526: The emergence of the Law Machines , intelligent robots that enforce the law in all places. The Law Machines always enforce the letter of the written law, to the extent that several planets were forced to change governments when corrupt or neglectful officials were arrested en masse. Since someone arrested by the Law is never seen again, human colonies are wary about accepting the presence of a Law Machine in their society. The Law's presence and methods have led to

4200-466: The fall of bodies. The mid-16th century Italian physicist Giambattista Benedetti published papers claiming that, due to specific gravity , objects made of the same material but with different masses would fall at the same speed. With the 1586 Delft tower experiment , the Flemish physicist Simon Stevin observed that two cannonballs of differing sizes and weights fell at the same rate when dropped from

4284-480: The first edition of Arthur Quiller Couch 's Oxford Book of English Verse (1900). In East Asian tradition, an anthology was a recognized form of compilation of a given poetic form . It was assumed that there was a cyclic development: any particular form, say the tanka in Japan , would be introduced at one point in history, be explored by masters during a subsequent time, and finally be subject to popularisation (and

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4368-433: The following inverse-square law: F = G m 1 m 2 r 2 , {\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}},} where F is the force, m 1 and m 2 are the masses of the objects interacting, r is the distance between the centers of the masses and G is the gravitational constant 6.674 × 10  m ⋅kg ⋅s . Newton's Principia

4452-409: The framework for the understanding of gravity. Physicists continue to work to find solutions to the Einstein field equations that form the basis of general relativity and continue to test the theory, finding excellent agreement in all cases. The Einstein field equations are a system of 10 partial differential equations which describe how matter affects the curvature of spacetime. The system

4536-458: The galaxy YGKOW G1 . Frame dragging , the idea that a rotating massive object should twist spacetime around it, was confirmed by Gravity Probe B results in 2011. In 2015, the LIGO observatory detected faint gravitational waves , the existence of which had been predicted by general relativity. Scientists believe that the waves emanated from a black hole merger that occurred 1.5 billion light-years away. Every planetary body (including

4620-514: The gravitational field is numerically equal to the acceleration of objects under its influence. The rate of acceleration of falling objects near the Earth's surface varies very slightly depending on latitude, surface features such as mountains and ridges, and perhaps unusually high or low sub-surface densities. For purposes of weights and measures, a standard gravity value is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures , under

4704-468: The ground. In contrast to Newtonian physics , Einstein believed that it was possible for this acceleration to occur without any force being applied to the object. Einstein proposed that spacetime is curved by matter, and that free-falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime. These straight paths are called geodesics . As in Newton's first law of motion, Einstein believed that

4788-440: The idea that gravity is an attractive force that draws objects to the Earth and used the term gurutvākarṣaṇ to describe it. In the ancient Middle East , gravity was a topic of fierce debate. The Persian intellectual Al-Biruni believed that the force of gravity was not unique to the Earth, and he correctly assumed that other heavenly bodies should exert a gravitational attraction as well. In contrast, Al-Khazini held

4872-596: The idea that time runs more slowly in the presence of a gravitational field. The time delay of light passing close to a massive object was first identified by Irwin I. Shapiro in 1964 in interplanetary spacecraft signals. In 1971, scientists discovered the first-ever black hole in the galaxy Cygnus . The black hole was detected because it was emitting bursts of x-rays as it consumed a smaller star, and it came to be known as Cygnus X-1 . This discovery confirmed yet another prediction of general relativity, because Einstein's equations implied that light could not escape from

4956-457: The interactions of three or more massive bodies (the " n -body problem"), and some scientists suspect that the Einstein field equations will never be solved in this context. However, it is still possible to construct an approximate solution to the field equations in the n -body problem by using the technique of post-Newtonian expansion . In general, the extreme nonlinearity of the Einstein field equations makes it difficult to solve them in all but

5040-417: The like-minded. Also, whilst not connected with poetry, publishers have produced collective works of fiction and non-fiction from a number of authors and used the term anthology to describe the collective nature of the text. These have been in a number of subjects, including Erotica , edited by Mitzi Szereto , and American Gothic Tales edited by Joyce Carol Oates . The Assassin's Cloak: An Anthology of

5124-449: The lost 10th Century Byzantine collection of Constantinus Cephalas, which in turn was based on older anthologies. In The Middle Ages, European collections of florilegia became popular, bringing together extracts from various Christian and pagan philosophical texts. These evolved into commonplace books and miscellanies , including proverbs, quotes, letters, poems and prayers. Songes and Sonettes , usually called Tottel's Miscellany ,

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5208-463: The mass in the Universe towards it. He also thought that the speed of a falling object should increase with its weight, a conclusion that was later shown to be false. While Aristotle's view was widely accepted throughout Ancient Greece, there were other thinkers such as Plutarch who correctly predicted that the attraction of gravity was not unique to the Earth. Although he did not understand gravity as

5292-429: The most notable solutions of the equations include: Today, there remain many important situations in which the Einstein field equations have not been solved. Chief among these is the two-body problem , which concerns the geometry of spacetime around two mutually interacting massive objects, such as the Sun and the Earth, or the two stars in a binary star system . The situation gets even more complicated when considering

5376-405: The most specific cases. Despite its success in predicting the effects of gravity at large scales, general relativity is ultimately incompatible with quantum mechanics . This is because general relativity describes gravity as a smooth, continuous distortion of spacetime, while quantum mechanics holds that all forces arise from the exchange of discrete particles known as quanta . This contradiction

5460-447: The motion of planets , stars , galaxies , and even light . On Earth , gravity gives weight to physical objects , and the Moon's gravity is responsible for sublunar tides in the oceans. The corresponding antipodal tide is caused by the inertia of the Earth and Moon orbiting one another. Gravity also has many important biological functions, helping to guide the growth of plants through

5544-422: The orbit of the planet Mercury which could not be explained by Newton's theory: the perihelion of the orbit was increasing by about 42.98 arcseconds per century. The most obvious explanation for this discrepancy was an as-yet-undiscovered celestial body, such as a planet orbiting the Sun even closer than Mercury, but all efforts to find such a body turned out to be fruitless. In 1915, Albert Einstein developed

5628-462: The other fundamental interactions . The electromagnetic force arises from an exchange of virtual photons , where the QFT description of gravity is that there is an exchange of virtual gravitons . This description reproduces general relativity in the classical limit . However, this approach fails at short distances of the order of the Planck length , where a more complete theory of quantum gravity (or

5712-496: The planet's actual trajectory. In order to explain this discrepancy, many astronomers speculated that there might be a large object beyond the orbit of Uranus which was disrupting its orbit. In 1846, the astronomers John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier independently used Newton's law to predict Neptune's location in the night sky, and the planet was discovered there within a day. Eventually, astronomers noticed an eccentricity in

5796-458: The process of gravitropism and influencing the circulation of fluids in multicellular organisms . The gravitational attraction between the original gaseous matter in the universe caused it to coalesce and form stars which eventually condensed into galaxies, so gravity is responsible for many of the large-scale structures in the universe. Gravity has an infinite range, although its effects become weaker as objects get farther away. Gravity

5880-786: The same position as Aristotle that all matter in the Universe is attracted to the center of the Earth. In the mid-16th century, various European scientists experimentally disproved the Aristotelian notion that heavier objects fall at a faster rate. In particular, the Spanish Dominican priest Domingo de Soto wrote in 1551 that bodies in free fall uniformly accelerate. De Soto may have been influenced by earlier experiments conducted by other Dominican priests in Italy, including those by Benedetto Varchi , Francesco Beato, Luca Ghini , and Giovan Bellaso which contradicted Aristotle's teachings on

5964-423: The scientific community. In 1959, American physicists Robert Pound and Glen Rebka performed an experiment in which they used gamma rays to confirm the prediction of gravitational time dilation . By sending the rays down a 74-foot tower and measuring their frequency at the bottom, the scientists confirmed that light is redshifted as it moves towards a source of gravity. The observed redshift also supported

6048-431: The surface of a planet or other celestial body; gravity may also include, in addition to gravitation, the centrifugal force resulting from the planet's rotation (see § Earth's gravity ) . The nature and mechanism of gravity were explored by a wide range of ancient scholars. In Greece , Aristotle believed that objects fell towards the Earth because the Earth was the center of the Universe and attracted all of

6132-504: The twentieth century, anthologies became an important part of poetry publishing for a number of reasons. For English poetry , the Georgian poetry series was trend-setting; it showed the potential success of publishing an identifiable group of younger poets marked out as a 'generation'. It was followed by numerous collections from the 'stable' of some literary editor, or collated from a given publication, or labelled in some fashion as 'poems of

6216-411: The weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 10 times weaker than the strong interaction , 10 times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 10 times weaker than the weak interaction . As a result, it has no significant influence at the level of subatomic particles . However, gravity is the most significant interaction between objects at the macroscopic scale , and it determines

6300-481: The year'. Academic publishing also followed suit, with the continuing success of the Quiller-Couch Oxford Book of English Verse encouraging other collections not limited to modern poetry. Not everyone approved. Robert Graves and Laura Riding published their Pamphlet Against Anthologies in 1928, arguing that they were based on commercial rather than artistic interests. The concept of 'modern verse'

6384-421: Was able to confirm the predicted gravitational lensing of light during that year's solar eclipse . Eddington measured starlight deflections twice those predicted by Newtonian corpuscular theory, in accordance with the predictions of general relativity. Although Eddington's analysis was later disputed, this experiment made Einstein famous almost overnight and caused general relativity to become widely accepted in

6468-468: Was able to explain a wide variety of previously baffling experimental results. In the coming years, a wide range of experiments provided additional support for the idea of general relativity. Today, Einstein's theory of relativity is used for all gravitational calculations where absolute precision is desired, although Newton's inverse-square law is accurate enough for virtually all ordinary calculations. In modern physics , general relativity remains

6552-470: Was fostered by the appearance of the phrase in titles such as the Faber & Faber anthology by Michael Roberts in 1936, and the very different William Butler Yeats Oxford Book of Modern Verse of the same year. In the 1960s The Mersey Sound anthology of Liverpool poets became a bestseller, plugging into the countercultural attitudes of teenagers. Since publishers generally found anthology publication

6636-410: Was measured on 14 September 2015 by the LIGO detectors. The gravitational waves emitted during the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion light years from Earth were measured. This observation confirms the theoretical predictions of Einstein and others that such waves exist. It also opens the way for practical observation and understanding of the nature of gravity and events in the Universe including

6720-443: Was once a security chief of the corrupt X-Tel Corporation, but "retired" from their service after an ethical dispute, damaging their headquarters and stealing a starship as he left (in what Godot later cheekily described as "taking his pension in a lump sum"). Buck mostly hangs around Asteroid Al's bar on New Hong Kong, waiting for work to come to him. His normal fee is in the five to six-figure range, plus expenses and sometimes, given

6804-478: Was the first of the great ballad collections, responsible for the ballad revival in English poetry that became a significant part of the Romantic movement. William Enfield 's The Speaker; Or, Miscellaneous Pieces was published in 1774 and was a mainstay of 18th Century schoolrooms. Important nineteenth century anthologies included Palgrave's Golden Treasury (1861), Edward Arber 's Shakespeare Anthology (1899) and

6888-544: Was the first printed anthology of English poetry. It was published by Richard Tottel in 1557 in London and ran to many editions in the sixteenth century. A widely read series of political anthologies, Poems on Affairs of State , began its publishing run in 1689, finishing in 1707. In Britain, one of the earliest national poetry anthologies to appear was The British Muse (1738), compiled by William Oldys . Thomas Percy 's influential Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765),

6972-537: Was through measurements of the Hulse–Taylor binary in 1973. This system consists of a pulsar and neutron star in orbit around one another. Its orbital period has decreased since its initial discovery due to a loss of energy, which is consistent for the amount of energy loss due to gravitational radiation. This research was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993. The first direct evidence for gravitational radiation

7056-531: Was well received by the scientific community, and his law of gravitation quickly spread across the European world. More than a century later, in 1821, his theory of gravitation rose to even greater prominence when it was used to predict the existence of Neptune . In that year, the French astronomer Alexis Bouvard used this theory to create a table modeling the orbit of Uranus , which was shown to differ significantly from

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