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31-515: As of December 2021, the town has a population of 16,665. Historically, the town was subject of various ownerships since its 1385 founding. Okocim Brewery , founded by Jan Goetz in 1845, is located in nearby Okocim (3 km (1.9 mi)). Brzesko lies on the Uszwica  [ pl ] river, along the important rail route from Kraków to Przemyśl , and along the European route E40 . The town has

62-511: A 14th-century church of St. Jacob, and the 19th-century palace of the Goetz family (founders of the Okocim Brewery ). Other historic buildings were either destroyed in numerous wars, or burned in fires, such as the great fire of 1904. The name Brzesko probably comes from the word brzeg (shore), as the town is located on the shore of a river. The town was founded in 1385 by Spytko II of Melsztyn ,

93-461: A Jewish custom. Showing proper respect for the dead ( kevod ha-met ) is intrinsic to Jewish law. The connection between the soul and the human body after death is an essential aspect of Jewish belief in the eternity of the soul . Thus, disinterring the dead, deriving benefit from a corpse or grave, or acting in any way that may be perceived as "ridiculing the helpless" ( l'oeg l'rash ), such as making derogatory remarks or joking, but also partaking in

124-673: A Polish aristocrat, and changed his name to Goetz-Okocimski. The Götz family quickly assimilated into Polish culture, became Polish patriots and engaged in Polish politics. Among other endeavors they funded a statue of Adam Mickiewicz , a gallery and the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre in Kraków , and contributed money to buy the Wawel castle from the Austrian authorities. Jan Albin was also the president of

155-447: A cemetery is one of the first priorities for a new Jewish community. A Jewish cemetery is generally purchased and supported with communal funds. Placing small stones on graves is a Jewish tradition equivalent to bringing flowers or wreaths to graves. Flowers, spices , and twigs have sometimes been used, but the stone is preferred because in Jewish religion it is perceived specifically as

186-405: A cemetery. To ensure that the requirements for Jewish burial are met and that each member of the community is afforded a proper burial, Jewish communities establish burial societies known as the chevra kadisha , 'Holy Society', to provide these services free of charge. In larger Jewish communities, cemeteries are sometimes subdivided into sections according to the chevra kadisha that uses and

217-521: A destination of pilgrimages in the past. During World War II the German occupation authorities used the kirkut as an execution site. Around 200 Jews were killed by the Nazis at the cemetery on 18 April 1942 and additional persons from the area who had been murdered were buried there as well. During and after the war the condition of the cemetery deteriorated but renovation efforts were begun in 1960s. These, thanks to

248-624: Is a cemetery where Jews are buried in keeping with Jewish tradition . Cemeteries are referred to in several different ways in Hebrew, including beit kevarot (house of sepulchers), beit almin (eternal home), beit olam [haba] (house of afterlife), beit chayyim (house of the living) and beit shalom (house of peace). The land of the cemetery is considered holy and a special consecration ceremony takes place upon its inauguration. According to Jewish tradition, Jewish burial grounds are sacred sites and must remain undisturbed in perpetuity. Establishing

279-652: Is a brewery founded in 1845. The brewery was established in 1845 by Johann Evangelist Götz (1815-1893), a German beer maker born in Wirtemberg , Joseph Neumann from Austria-Hungary , and local Polish noble Julian Kodrębski. The first batch of beer was brewed on February 23, 1846. During the " Rabacja ", a Polish-inspired peasant uprising in Galicia in 1846, directed at Polish nobility and affluent merchants complicate to Austrian partitioners of Poland, Götz barely escaped with his life. He survived thanks to help from local friends and

310-511: Is responsible for that section of the cemetery's care and upkeep. Early Jewish cemeteries were located outside of the city. In the Diaspora , it is traditional to bury the dead with the feet in the direction of Jerusalem . Some findings showed that the dead would be buried with a handful of soil from the Holy Land. The tombstones usually have inscriptions in Hebrew and the regional language. During

341-545: Is to document every Jewish burial site in the world. The Lo Tishkach European Jewish Cemeteries Initiative was established in 2006 as a joint project of the Conference of European Rabbis and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany . It aims to guarantee the effective and lasting preservation of Jewish cemeteries and mass graves throughout the European continent. The ESJF European Jewish Cemeteries Initiative

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372-663: The Einsatzgruppe I entered the town to commit various atrocities against the populace . Under German occupation , the town became part of the kreis (county) Tarnów in the Kraków District of the General Government , a separate administrative region of the Third Reich . 44 people were killed and about 200 were injured as they were waiting for the evacuation trains from Silesia . Several Poles from Brzesko were murdered by

403-673: The Austro-Hungarian Ministry of War between 1914-1915 and designed by the architect Robert Motka. Cemetery no. 277, in Brzesko-Okocim, is the smallest of the three, with 9 Austro-Hungarian soldiers buried there. No. 276 is the largest, with graves of 441 Austro-Hungarian, 9 German, and 63 Russian soldiers. It borders the kirkut known as "New Jewish Cemetery" ( Nowy cmentarz żydowski ), which also contains within its historical area military cemetery no. 275, where 21 Jewish Austro-Hungarian soldiers are buried. The "New Jewish Cemetery"

434-872: The Chatam Sofer Memorial (part of the Old Jewish Cemetery in Bratislava ). The Jewish cemetery of Siret is considered one of the oldest cemeteries in Eastern Europe , its foundation is dated around 1500. Founded in 1832, the Jewish Cemetery of Coro , in Venezuela is the oldest Jewish cemetery in continuous use in the Americas . The mission of the International Jewish Cemetery Project

465-611: The Goetz palace , built at the end of the 19th century by the Goetz family, and the adjoining English garden , a statue of Saint Florian , the city's patron originally erected in 1731 and restored after a city fire in 1904, a monument to the unknown soldier of World War I and the historic city hall ( Ratusz ) located in the city center. Okocim Brewery Okocim Brewery / ə ˈ k ɒ tʃ ɪ m / ( Polish pronunciation: [ɔˈkɔt͡ɕim] ), in Brzesko in southeastern Poland ,

496-626: The Koło Polskie ("Polish Circle") in the Austrian parliament, and after Poland regained its independence a senator to the Polish Sejm . He built a private rail link between the brewery and the Brzesko rail station. As the richest person in Lesser Poland at the time, he was also a philanthropist and a patron of the arts; his portrait was painted by Stanisław Wyspiański and Jacek Malczewski . At

527-679: The Nazi Germany regime, Jewish cemeteries all over Europe were destroyed and desecrated; for this reason, some cemeteries have therefore also become Holocaust memorials, such as the cemetery in the Warsaw Ghetto . The largest Jewish cemeteries of Europe can be found in Budapest , Łódź , Prague , Warsaw , Vienna and Berlin . Other Jewish cemeteries in Europe include the Jewish Cemetery in Khotyn and

558-485: The People's Republic of Poland and reorganized as the "Okocimskie Zakłady Piwowarskie" (Okocim Beer Factories). During the communist period, along with the Żywiec Brewery . Okocim was one of only two beer makers allowed to sell its products outside its region and abroad. After the fall of communism in 1990, it was transformed into a government-run business enterprise and subsequently auctioned off, reprivatised and listed on

589-574: The Warsaw Stock Exchange . Since 1996 the brewery has been a part of Carlsberg Polska , Carlsberg Breweries A/S . The palace of the Goetz-Okocimiski family, which was also taken over by the Nazis and then nationalized by the communists, was also reprivatized and sold to the descendants of the family in 2007. In 2008 the palace was resold to a private couple who plan to transform it into a five star hotel and modern spa , which would include

620-644: The castellan of Biecz , with permission of Queen Jadwiga of Poland . Brzesko still retains the medieval shape of its town center, with a market square and the Gothic church of St. Jacob (1447). In 1440, the town built a hospital for the poor, funded by Gregory of Sanok . Brzesko was administratively located in the Kraków Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown until 1772, when it

651-506: The 1930s, in newly independent Poland , the brewery was run by Jan Albin's son, Antoni Jan Goetz, who took over in 1931. However, after the German invasion of Poland , the family fled Poland and made its way to France, and the brewery was taken over by the Nazis. Antoni Jan Goetz died in Nairobi in 1962. At the end of the war, in 1945 the brewery was nationalised by the communist authorities of

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682-467: The Germans in the local prison and then deported to concentration camps for rescuing Jews . The Red Army arrived in Brzesko on 19 January 1945, and then the town was restored to Poland. The town has several cemeteries of historical significance. There are three military cemeteries dating from World War I and a kirkut dating back to at least 1847. The three military cemeteries were all commissioned by

713-730: The Russians in the large Katyn massacre carried out in April–May 1940. A closed Jewish ghetto existed between spring 1941 and September 1942. It spread across 3 areas: Berka Joselewicza Street, then all the buildings north of the Market Square up to the Rynek Sienny (known today as Sobieskiego Street and Chopina Street), and finally Głowackiego Street up to Trzcianka and the Kazimierza Wielkiego Square. Several Poles were imprisoned by

744-462: The brewery. After the death of Neumann, Götz became the sole owner of the brewery. He modernized the enterprise and expanded it, adding a malthouse in 1875. In 1884 the brewery was visited by J. C. Jacobsen , the founder of Carlsberg brewery in Denmark . After the death of Johann Evangelist Götz in 1893, his son, Jan Albin Goetz , took over. Jan Albin further expanded the family business, married

775-400: The fact that the workers of his brewery stood up in his defense, certifying that his business provided good pay and decent working conditions. In turn, Götz helped to save the life of Julian Kodrębski, who had partly funded his brewery, by hiding him in woods on the banks of the Uszwica river in Brzesko, and providing him with food which was delivered over the course of ten days by workers from

806-452: The funding from abroad, as well as the work of the Brzesko city council and the Museum of Bochnia, have continued into the twenty-first century. Brzesko is home to Okocimski Klub Sportowy Brzesko ( Okocim Brzesko Sports Club ), which from its beginnings in 1933 has been associated with the Okocim Brewery . In addition to its historical cemeteries points of cultural interest in Brzesko include

837-531: The opportunity to bathe in the beer produced by the brewery. Today, there are at least three brewhouses in use. The brewery is well preserved and a classic site in the modern history of beer-making , though recent additions have expanded it and seen the introduction of a few modern pieces of equipment. 49°57′34″N 20°36′10″E  /  49.9595°N 20.6028°E  / 49.9595; 20.6028 Kirkut A Jewish cemetery ( Hebrew : בית עלמין beit almin or בית קברות ‎ beit kvarot )

868-445: The pleasures or needs of the living, such as eating, drinking or smoking, are forbidden in the presence of the dead. Showing proper respect for the dead also requires a prompt burial , the waiver of certain rabbinic restrictions on Shabbat and religious holidays to ensure proper care of the dead, the ritual cleaning ( tahara ) and dressing of the body in shrouds ( tachrichim ) before burial, as well laws concerning proper conduct in

899-517: The turn of the 20th century, the Okocim brewery was the largest brewery in the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (which had been partitioned by Russia , Austria and Prussia at the end of the 18th century), and the sixth largest of roughly 1600 breweries in all territories of the Habsburg Empire . By 1911 it was the fifth largest, with annual production reaching 380 thousand hectolitres . In

930-536: Was annexed by Austria in the First Partition of Poland . Then it became part of Galicia ( Austrian Partition of Poland), to which it belonged until Poland regained independence in 1918. Before that, in 1856, Brzesko got a railway station, along a line from Kraków to Lwów . During the German invasion of Poland , which started World War II , the Wehrmacht arrived in Brzesko on 5 September 1939. Soon afterwards,

961-482: Was originally thought to have been built and replaced the "Old Jewish Cemetery" in 1846, when the latter became full. However, more recent research carried out by the Museum of Bochnia found gravestones dating back to 1823 or 1824. It presently contains about a thousand tombstones, with the last burial having taken place in 1950. It is the burial place of at least two Tzadiks ("righteous" in Hasidic tradition) and has been

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