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72-451: Originally the brainchild of Bryn Mawr president M. Carey Thomas , the program was funded by philanthropists such as John D. Rockefeller Jr. and taught by distinguished faculty drawn from local institutions. Under the direction of Hilda Worthington Smith it evolved into a successful workers' education program that served as the model for several others. Many of the students, who came from diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds and worked in

144-522: A director at J. P. Morgan 's U.S. Steel company, which had been formed in 1901. Junior resigned from both companies in 1910 in an attempt to "purify" his ongoing philanthropy from commercial and financial interests after the Hearst media empire unearthed a bribery scandal involving John Dustin Archbold (the successor to Senior as head of Standard Oil) and two prominent members of Congress. In September 1913,

216-507: A dozen courses in the social sciences, including a study of Karl Marx 's Das Kapital . He joined the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa . After graduation from Brown, Rockefeller joined his father's business in October 1897, setting up operations in the newly formed family office at 26 Broadway where he became a director of Standard Oil. He later also became

288-845: A gift to endow a major library for the League in Geneva which today still remains a resource for the UN. A confirmed ecumenicist , over the years he gave substantial sums to Protestant and Baptist institutions, ranging from the Interchurch World Movement , the Federal Council of Churches, the Union Theological Seminary , the Cathedral of St. John the Divine , New York's Riverside Church , and

360-556: A heart attack at the family apartment at 740 Park Avenue in April 1948. Junior remarried in 1951, to Martha Baird , the widow of his old college classmate Arthur Allen. His sons, the five Rockefeller brothers, established an extensive network of social connections and institutional power over time, based on the foundations that Junior – and before him Senior – had laid down. David became a prominent banker, philanthropist and world statesman. Abby and John III became philanthropists. Laurance became

432-459: A party aboard President William McKinley 's yacht, the USS Dolphin , on a cruise to Cuba . Although the outing was of a political nature, Rockefeller's future wife, philanthropist and socialite Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich , was included in the large party. The two had first met in the fall of 1894 and had been courting for over four years. Rockefeller married Abby on October 9, 1901, in what

504-527: A point of learning as much as they could about each student's background and individual needs. In addition to regular classes, students attended talks by an impressive array of guest lecturers, including John Dewey , W.E.B. Du Bois , Harold Laski , Frances Perkins , Walter Reuther , Eleanor Roosevelt , Margaret Sanger , and Norman Thomas . They went on field trips to local museums, historical sites, and factories, and took tennis and swimming lessons. They held an annual folk music festival featuring music from

576-496: A quick tour of the city. The upshot of his visit was that he approved the plans already developed by Goodwin and launched the massive historical restoration of Colonial Williamsburg on November 22, 1927. Amongst many other buildings restored through his largesse was The College of William & Mary's Wren Building and the Episcopalian Bruton Parish Church . In 1940, Rockefeller hosted Bill Wilson , one of

648-622: A responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty". In 1935, Rockefeller received The Hundred Year Association of New York 's Gold Medal Award, "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York." He was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1943. In August 1900, Rockefeller was invited by the powerful senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich of Rhode Island to join

720-434: A sixth-grade education; be able to read and write English; and work "with the tools of their trade", not as supervisors or in white-collar jobs. Hilda Worthington Smith directed the summer school for thirteen years, and is credited with developing it into the successful program that it became. The school was governed by a Joint Administrative Committee composed equally of industry women (such as Rose Schneiderman, who served on

792-517: A supporter of the Christian faith." He was at the time being advised by the pioneer public relations expert, Ivy Lee , and William Lyon Mackenzie King . Lee warned that the Rockefellers were losing public support and developed a strategy that Junior followed to repair it. It was necessary for Junior to overcome his shyness, go personally to Colorado to meet with the miners and their families, inspect

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864-529: A survey of the students in 1982, found that while some of the respondents were ambivalent about the program's usefulness, most credited it with improving their self-image and social skills and believed the school had helped them advance in their careers. Many went on to take leadership positions in their communities, churches, and trade unions. Elizabeth Nord became chairman of the New England Silk and Rayon Workers Union ; Carmen Lucia became vice president of

936-691: A three-day reunion in June 1984. Several women at the reunion were featured in a 1985 documentary, The Women of Summer , a collaboration of filmmaker Suzanne Bauman and historian Rita Heller. The film was funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and has won several awards, including the American Film Festival 's Red Ribbon and the CINE Golden Eagle . The following notable people were on

1008-521: A variety of industries, went on to become union leaders. For political reasons, the program fell out of favor with the college board of trustees and was terminated in 1938. The school is the subject of a 1985 documentary by Suzanne Bauman and Rita Heller, The Women of Summer . Bryn Mawr College President M. Carey Thomas conceived the idea for the school some time after visiting Workers' Educational Association (WEA) programs in England. According to Thomas,

1080-711: A venture capitalist and conservationist. Nelson and Winthrop Rockefeller later became state governors ; Nelson went on to serve as Vice President of the United States under President Gerald Ford . Rockefeller died of pneumonia on May 11, 1960, at the age of 86 in Tucson, Arizona, and was interred in the family cemetery in Tarrytown , with 40 family members present. From 1901 to 1913, Junior lived at 13 West 54th Street in New York. Afterward, Junior's principal residence in New York

1152-532: Is named in his honor. Woman%27s Journal Woman's Journal was an American women's rights periodical published from 1870 to 1931. It was founded in 1870 in Boston, Massachusetts , by Lucy Stone and her husband Henry Browne Blackwell as a weekly newspaper. In 1917 it was purchased by Carrie Chapman Catt 's Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission and merged with The Woman Voter and National Suffrage News to become known as The Woman Citizen . It served as

1224-687: The Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America . The 90 faculty who taught at the school between 1921 and 1938 included trade union leaders as well as distinguished academics. The majority were women. In their overall approach, Thomas and Smith drew on the example of the WEA programs and the educational philosophy of John Dewey , with a strong emphasis on diversity and democratic process. They intentionally brought together representatives of widely disparate constituencies: trade union leaders and privileged Bryn Mawr alumni; mill workers who had left school at

1296-456: The Browning School , a tutorial establishment set up for him and other children of associates of the family; it was located in a brownstone owned by the Rockefellers, on West 55th Street . His father John Sr. and uncle William Rockefeller Jr. co-founded Standard Oil together. Initially, he had intended to go to Yale University but was encouraged by William Rainey Harper , president of

1368-587: The League of Nations and crucially funded the formation and ongoing expenses of the Council on Foreign Relations and its initial headquarters building in New York in 1921. He established the Bureau of Social Hygiene in 1913, a major initiative that investigated such social issues as prostitution and venereal disease , as well as studies in police administration and support for birth control clinics and research. In 1924, at

1440-650: The Snake River Land Company ), Mesa Verde National Park , Acadia , Great Smoky Mountains , Yosemite , and Shenandoah . In the case of Acadia National Park, he financed and engineered an extensive Carriage Road network throughout the park. Both the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway that connects Yellowstone National Park to the Grand Teton National Park and the Rockefeller Memorial in

1512-533: The U.S. Women's Bureau , Fannia Cohn from the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union , and Rose Schneiderman (of " Bread and Roses " fame) from the Women's Trade Union League . The school's aim, as described in a 1929 recruiting pamphlet, was: To offer young women in industry opportunities to study liberal subjects and to train themselves in clear thinking; to stimulate an active and continued interest in

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1584-686: The United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers International Union ; and Rose Finkelstein Norwood led the Boston chapter of the Women's Trade Union League . The school served as a model for several other workers' education programs, including the Wisconsin Summer School , Barnard Summer School , Vineyard Shore School , Southern Summer School , and the coeducational Hudson Shore Labor School . Summer school alumni and faculty gathered at Bryn Mawr for

1656-740: The United Mine Workers of America declared a strike against the Colorado Fuel and Iron (CF&I) company in what would become the Colorado Coalfield War . Junior owned a controlling interest in CF&;I (40% of its stock) and sat on the board as an absentee director. In April 1914, after a long period of industrial unrest, the Ludlow Massacre occurred at a tent camp occupied by striking miners. At least 20 men, women, and children died in

1728-647: The University of Chicago , among others, to enter the Baptist-oriented Brown University instead. Nicknamed "Johnny Rock" by his roommates, he joined both the Glee and the Mandolin clubs, taught a Bible class, and was elected junior class president. Scrupulously careful with money, he stood out as different from other rich men's sons. In 1897, he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, after taking nearly

1800-520: The World Council of Churches . He was also instrumental in the development of the research that led to Robert and Helen Lynd's famous Middletown studies work that was conducted in the city of Muncie, Indiana , that arose out of the financially supported Institute of Social and Religious Research. As a follow on to his involvement in the Ludlow Massacre , Rockefeller was a major initiator with his close friend and advisor William Lyon Mackenzie King in

1872-641: The 1920s, he also donated a substantial amount towards the restoration and rehabilitation of major buildings in France after World War I , such as the Reims Cathedral , the Château de Fontainebleau and the Château de Versailles , for which in 1936 he was awarded France's highest decoration, the Grand-Croix de la Legion d'honneur , which also was awarded decades later to his son David Rockefeller. He also liberally funded

1944-791: The Great Smoky Mountains National Park were named after him. He was also active in the movement to save redwood trees, making a significant contribution to Save the Redwoods League in the 1920s to enable the purchase of what would become the Rockefeller Forest in Humboldt Redwoods State Park . In 1930, Rockefeller helped the federal government extend Yosemite National Park 's boundary by 15,570 acres (63.0 km ) by purchasing tracts held by timber companies for about $ 3.3 million. Rockefeller covered half of

2016-542: The Plan of Teaching as: "Small classes in Economics, English Literature, Composition, Public Speaking, Science and Psychology. A tutoring system making it possible for workers to gain much in two months." There were no grades or exams; students received a certificate of attendance at the end of the summer. As working adults, students were encouraged to participate in decision-making, planning, and classroom discussions. Instructors made

2088-514: The United States Constitution was passed ensuring women's right to vote. The editor-in-chief of The Woman Citizen was Rose Emmet Young ; Alice Stone Blackwell was a contributing editor. Every U.S. Congress member was given a free subscription to the journal. It covered issues such as child labor in addition to women's suffrage. After women won the right to vote, the journal's focus shifted to political education for women. One of

2160-556: The acquisition and restoration of the three properties that were the core of the organization's holdings. In 1986, Sleepy Hollow Restorations became Historic Hudson Valley , which also operates the current guided tours of the Rockefeller family estate of Kykuit in Pocantico Hills. He is the author of the noted life principle, among others, inscribed on a tablet facing his famed Rockefeller Center : "I believe that every right implies

2232-530: The age of 12 and university professors; union and non-union workers from a variety of industries across the U.S.; native-born Americans and immigrants from Russia, Italy, and Eastern Europe; Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. "We are learning toleration," one student said in an interview with the Woman's Journal . Another remarked that "to her the summer work, the mingling with the representatives of many industries, of many localities, of many points of view, had brought home

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2304-473: The aims of the League of Women Voters was to demonstrate its continued political power, now in the form of large numbers of newly enfranchised voters, and to soften its image in the eyes of women who were wary of radical politics. To that end, the journal courted middle-class female readers. It editorialized in support of the Maternity and Infancy Act of 1921, which was the first major legislation to be passed after

2376-535: The attack. This was followed by nine days of violence between miners, strikebreakers, the Colorado National Guard . Although he did not order the attack that began this unrest, there are accounts to suggest Junior was mostly to blame for the violence, with the awful working conditions, death ratio, and no paid dead work which included securing unstable ceilings, workers were forced into working in unsafe conditions just to make ends meet. In January 1915, Junior

2448-466: The bank folded after only a few years of operation. In a celebrated letter to Nicholas Murray Butler in June 1932, subsequently printed on the front page of The New York Times , Rockefeller, a lifelong teetotaler , argued against the continuation of the Eighteenth Amendment on the principal grounds of an increase in disrespect for the law. This letter became an important event in pushing

2520-430: The coming of equal opportunity for the manual workers of the world might be hastened by utilizing the deep sex sympathy that women now feel for each other before it has had time to grow less. In the fall of 1920, Thomas consulted with Dean Hilda Worthington Smith and Professor Susan M. Kingsbury about starting a summer school for working women. The planning committee also included labor leaders such as Mary Anderson from

2592-450: The committee for three years) and women of Bryn Mawr (faculty, administrators, and alumni). The School Council, which met once a week to plan school activities, consisted of seven students, three administrators, and three faculty. Regional committees, also composed equally of industry and Bryn Mawr women, were tasked with recruiting and fundraising. Funding was provided by a diverse group of supporters that included John D. Rockefeller Jr. and

2664-524: The complex, including GE and its then affiliates RCA , NBC and RKO , as well as Standard Oil of New Jersey (now ExxonMobil ), Associated Press , Time Inc , and branches of Chase National Bank (now JP Morgan Chase ). The family office, of which he was in charge, shifted from 26 Broadway to the 56th floor of the landmark 30 Rockefeller Plaza upon its completion in 1933. The office formally became "Rockefeller Family and Associates" (and informally, "Room 5600"). In 1921, Junior received about 10% of

2736-450: The conditions of the homes and the factories, attend social events, and especially to listen closely to the grievances. This was novel advice and attracted widespread media attention, which opened the way to resolve the conflict, and present a more humanized version of the Rockefellers. Mackenzie King said Rockefeller's testimony was the turning point in Junior's life, restoring the reputation of

2808-593: The conviction that the problem of each working woman was the problem of all, the problem of all that of each." Initially the program of study was extensive, and workers with little formal education were overwhelmed. Over time, with input from the students, the curriculum evolved to become more focused on their practical needs. By 1928, they were using the "Unit Method": Classes were divided into units of around 20 students; each unit had two dedicated full-time professors, one in English and one in economics. A 1929 pamphlet describes

2880-734: The cost. In 1951, he established Sleepy Hollow Restorations , which brought together under one administrative body the management and operation of two historic sites he had acquired: Philipsburg Manor House in North Tarrytown, now called Sleepy Hollow (acquired in 1940 and donated to the Tarrytown Historical Society), and Sunnyside , Washington Irving 's home, acquired in 1945. He bought Van Cortland Manor in Croton-on-Hudson in 1953 and in 1959 donated it to Sleepy Hollow Restorations. In all, he invested more than $ 12 million in

2952-519: The dedication of an auditorium built-in memory of the organizers of Phi Beta Kappa , the honorary scholastic fraternity founded in Williamsburg in 1776. Rockefeller was a member of the society and had helped pay for the auditorium. He had visited Williamsburg the previous March, when the Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin escorted him—along with his wife Abby, and their sons, David, Laurance, and Winthrop—on

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3024-592: The family name; it also heralded a new era of industrial relations in the country. During the Great Depression , he was involved in the financing, development, and construction of the Rockefeller Center , a vast office complex in midtown Manhattan , and as a result, became one of the largest real estate holders in New York City . He was influential in attracting leading blue-chip corporations as tenants in

3096-737: The family still retained about 1% of the bank's shares, by which time his son David had become the bank's president. In the late 1920s, Rockefeller founded the Dunbar National Bank in Harlem . The financial institution was located within the Paul Laurence Dunbar Apartments at 2824 Eighth Avenue near 150th Street, servicing a primarily African-American clientele. It was unique among New York City financial institutions in that it employed African Americans as tellers, clerks and bookkeepers as well as in key management positions. However,

3168-861: The funding for the construction of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in East Jerusalem – the Rockefeller Museum – which today houses many antiquities and was the home of many of the Dead Sea Scrolls until they were moved to the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum . He had a special interest in conservation, and purchased and donated land for many American National Parks , including Grand Teton (hiding his involvement and intentions behind

3240-653: The greatest trophy apartment in New York, in the world's richest apartment building. In 1929, Junior was elected an honorary member of the Georgia Society of the Cincinnati . In 1935, he received The Hundred Year Association of New York 's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York." In 1939, he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society under statute 12. The John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library at Brown University , completed in 1964,

3312-535: The inspiration came to her in the form of a vision while she was traveling in the Sahara Desert in 1919: One afternoon at sunset I was sitting on my golden hilltop, rejoicing that British women had just been enfranchised and American women would soon be politically free ... when suddenly, as in a vision, I saw that out of the hideous world war might come as a glorious aftermath international industrial justice and international peace...I also saw as part of my vision that

3384-460: The instigation of his wife, he provided crucial funding for Margaret Sanger –who had previously been a personal opponent to him due to his treatment of workers–in her work on birth control and involvement in population issues. He donated $ 5,000 to her American Birth Control League in 1924 and a second time in 1925. In the arts, he gave extensive property he owned on West 54th Street in Manhattan for

3456-434: The largest real estate holders in the city. Towards the end of his life, he was famous for his philanthropy, donating over $ 500 million to a wide variety of different causes, including educational establishments. Among his projects was the reconstruction of Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia . He was widely blamed for having orchestrated the Ludlow Massacre and other offenses during the Colorado Coalfield War . Rockefeller

3528-400: The major New York real estate developer William Zeckendorf —the land along the East River in Manhattan which he later donated for the United Nations headquarters . This was after he had vetoed the family estate at Pocantico as a prospective site for the headquarters (see Kykuit ). Another UN connection was his early financial support for its predecessor, the League of Nations ; this included

3600-462: The nascent industrial relations movement; along with major chief executives of the time, he incorporated Industrial Relations Counselors (IRC) in 1926, a consulting firm whose main goal was to establish industrial relations as a recognized academic discipline at Princeton University and other institutions. It succeeded through the support of prominent corporate chieftains of the time, such as Owen D. Young and Gerard Swope of General Electric . In

3672-458: The nation to repeal Prohibition . Rockefeller was known for his philanthropy , giving over $ 537 million to myriad causes over his lifetime compared to $ 240 million to his own family. He created the Sealantic Fund in 1938 to channel gifts to his favorite causes; previously his main philanthropic organization had been the Davison Fund. He had become the Rockefeller Foundation 's inaugural president in May 1913 and proceeded to dramatically expand

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3744-445: The nearby Seabrook Farms food-packing plant to observe a strike of agricultural workers, the Philadelphia Inquirer reported that Bryn Mawr was involved in the strike. Alarmed by the publicity, the trustees suspended the summer school for a year. It reopened in 1936, but the damage had been done; funding dwindled, and the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry closed for good in 1938. Historian Rita Heller , who conducted

3816-436: The notable early excavations at Luxor in Egypt, and the American School of Classical Studies for excavation of the Agora and the reconstruction of the Stoa of Attalos, both in Athens; the American Academy in Rome; Lingnan University in China; St. Luke's International Hospital in Tokyo; the library of the Imperial University in Tokyo; and the Shakespeare Memorial Endowment at Stratford-on-Avon . In addition, he provided

3888-439: The official organ of the National American Woman Suffrage Association until 1920, when the organization was reformed as the League of Women Voters, and the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed granting women the right to vote. Publication of Woman Citizen slowed from weekly, to bi-weekly, to monthly. In 1927, it was renamed The Woman's Journal . It ceased publication in June 1931. Woman's Journal

3960-471: The original founders of Alcoholics Anonymous , and others at a dinner to tell their stories. "News of this got out on the world wires; inquiries poured in again and many people went to the bookstores to get the book, Alcoholics Anonymous ." Rockefeller offered to pay for the publication of the book, but in keeping with AA traditions of being self-supporting, AA rejected the money. Through negotiations by his son Nelson , in 1946 he bought for $ 8.5 million—from

4032-526: The problems of our economic order; to develop a desire for study as a means of understanding and of enjoyment of life. The school is not committed to any theory or dogma. It is expected that thus the students will gain a truer insight into the problems of industry and feel a more vital responsibility for their solution. The school welcomed its first 82 students on June 15, 1921. To be eligible, students had to be between 20 and 35; have worked for at least three years, with two of those years in industry; have at least

4104-516: The real estate developer William Zeckendorf bought the 740 Park Avenue apartment complex and then sold it to Rockefeller, who quickly turned the building into a cooperative , selling it on to his rich neighbors in the building. Years later, just after his son Nelson become Governor of New York, Rockefeller helped foil a bid by greenmailer Saul Steinberg to take over Chemical Bank . Steinberg bought Junior's apartment for $ 225,000, $ 25,000 less than it had cost new in 1929. It has since been called

4176-413: The scope of this institution, founded by his father. Later he would become involved in other organizations set up by Senior: Rockefeller University and the International Education Board. In the social sciences, he founded the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial in 1918, which was subsequently folded into the Rockefeller Foundation in 1929. A committed internationalist, he financially supported programs of

4248-405: The shares of the Equitable Trust Company from his father, making him the bank's largest shareholder. Subsequently, in 1930, Equitable merged with Chase National Bank, making Chase the largest bank in the world at the time. Although his stockholding was reduced to about 4% following this merger, he was still the largest shareholder in what became known as "the Rockefeller bank". As late as the 1960s,

4320-415: The site of the Museum of Modern Art , which had been co-founded by his wife in 1929. In 1925, he purchased the George Grey Barnard collection of medieval art and cloister fragments for the Metropolitan Museum of Art . He also purchased land north of the original site, now Fort Tryon Park , for a new building, The Cloisters . In November 1926, Rockefeller came to the College of William and Mary for

4392-402: The students' various homelands, and published a student magazine, Shop and School , featuring prose, poetry, humor, and drama. When John Dewey visited the school in 1931, he saw it as "a model of progressive education and experiential learning." In 1926, at the suggestion of the students, Hilda Worthington Smith admitted the first five African-American students to the summer school. The decision

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4464-407: The summer school faculty. John D. Rockefeller Jr. John Davison Rockefeller Jr. (January 29, 1874 – May 11, 1960) was an American financier and philanthropist. Rockefeller was the fifth child and only son of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller . He was involved in the development of the vast office complex in Midtown Manhattan known as Rockefeller Center , making him one of

4536-529: The working women who came to Bryn Mawr gave school administrators more than they bargained for. In 1921 they organized a student protest, demanding better working conditions for the college's black maids and groundskeepers. In the 1930s, the Depression heightened class tensions between the politically active students and Bryn Mawr's wealthy donors and trustees. One trustee posed the telling question, "Why should we support your organizing workers to strike our husbands' plants?" In 1934, when students and faculty visited

4608-405: Was a controversial one, given that the college had never admitted a black student. M. Carey Thomas warned Smith in a letter not to "complicate" matters, and quoted her late friend Susan B. Anthony : "Do not mix reforms, but drive straight through to your goal looking neither to the right nor to the left." Smith continued to admit black students despite Thomas's misgivings. From the very first year,

4680-517: Was a frequent contributor. Around 1887, headquarters were located in Boston on Park Street . Woman's Journal refused to carry advertisements for tobacco , liquor , or drugs . In 1910, Woman's Journal absorbed Progress , the official organ of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Until 1912, it served in that capacity, at which point it was renamed Woman's Journal and Suffrage News . By 1915, circulation had reached 27,634, up from 2,328 in 1909. In 1917, Woman's Journal

4752-401: Was called to testify before the Commission on Industrial Relations . Many critics blamed Rockefeller for ordering the massacre. Margaret Sanger wrote an attack piece in her magazine The Woman Rebel , declaring, "But remember Ludlow! Remember the men and women and children who were sacrificed in order that John D. Rockefeller Jr., might continue his noble career of charity and philanthropy as

4824-428: Was founded in 1870 in Boston, Massachusetts , by Lucy Stone and her husband Henry Browne Blackwell as a weekly newspaper. The new paper incorporated Mary A. Livermore 's The Agitator , as well as a lesser known periodical called the Woman's Advocate . The works of Ohioan comedy writer Rosella Rice , whose poems mythologized the figure of Johnny Appleseed , were published in Woman's Journal . The first issue

4896-675: Was published on January 8, on the two-year anniversary of the first issue of Susan B. Anthony 's The Revolution . Stone and Blackwell served as editors, with assistance from Livermore. Julia Ward Howe edited from 1872 to 1879. Alice Stone Blackwell , daughter of Stone and Blackwell, began editing in 1883 and took over as sole editor after her father's death in 1909, continuing until 1917. Contributors included Charlotte Perkins Gilman , Antoinette Brown Blackwell , Mary Johnston , Stephen S. Wise , Zona Gale , Florence Kelley , Witter Bynner , Ben B. Lindsey , Louisa May Alcott , Harriet Clisby and Caroline Bartlett Crane . William Lloyd Garrison

4968-413: Was purchased by Carrie Chapman Catt 's Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission for $ 50,000, and merged with The Woman Voter , the official journal of the Woman Suffrage Party of New York City, and NAWSA's National Suffrage News to become known as The Woman Citizen . It served as NAWSA's official organ until 1920, when NAWSA was reformed as the League of Women Voters , and the Nineteenth Amendment to

5040-562: Was seen at the time as the consummate marriage of capitalism and politics. She was a daughter of Senator Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman "Abby" Chapman. Moreover, their wedding was the major social event of its time – one of the most lavish of the Gilded Age . It was held at the Aldrich Mansion at Warwick Neck, Rhode Island , and attended by executives of Standard Oil and other companies. The couple had six children; Abby in 1903, John III in 1906, Nelson in 1908, Laurance in 1910, Winthrop in 1912, and David in 1915. Abby died of

5112-463: Was the 9-story mansion at 10 West 54th Street, but he owned a group of properties in this vicinity, including Nos. 4, 12, 14 and 16 (some of these properties had been previously acquired by his father, John D. Rockefeller ). After he vacated No. 10 in 1936, these properties were razed and subsequently all the land was gifted to his wife's Museum of Modern Art . In that year he moved into a luxurious 40-room triplex apartment at 740 Park Avenue . In 1953,

5184-629: Was the father of six children: Abby , John III , Nelson , Laurance , Winthrop , and David . John Davison Rockefeller Jr. was born on January 29, 1874, in Cleveland, Ohio . He was the fifth and youngest child of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and schoolteacher Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman . His four older sisters were Elizabeth (Bessie) , Alice (who died an infant), Alta , and Edith . Living in his father's mansion at 4 West 54th Street , he attended Park Avenue Baptist Church at 64th Street (now Central Presbyterian Church) and

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