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181-584: On the back cover of his extensive Electric Dandy Lou Reed biography, his publisher introduced him in the following words: "A musician and producer, illustrator and speaker, and a legendary music journalist for Best Magazine, Bruno Blum lived in London during the reggae-punk years." Originally renowned as the enfant terrible of French rock critics based in London in 1977–1982, Bruno Blum started out in teenage punk group Private Vices in London in 1977–81. He gradually embodied an adventurer-musician globe-trotter figure,

362-461: A radio DJ , hosting a late-night avant garde music program while at college. After graduating from Syracuse, he went to work for Pickwick Records in New York City, a low-budget record company that specialized in sound-alike recordings, as a songwriter and session musician. A fellow session player at Pickwick was John Cale ; together with Sterling Morrison and Angus MacLise , they would form

543-467: A "great live band" and release a live album of Velvet Underground songs. Katz would come on board as producer, and the album Rock 'n' Roll Animal (February 1974) contained live performances of the Velvet Underground songs "Sweet Jane", "Heroin", "White Light/White Heat", and "Rock and Roll". Wagner's live arrangements, and Hunter's intro to " Sweet Jane " which opened the album, gave Reed's songs

724-530: A 1970s-influenced style where lyrics and skilled electric instruments players are pivotal. He refers to Boris Vian , Alain Bashung , Linton Kwesi Johnson , Jacques Dutronc (he has recorded a parody of Dutronc's " Et moi, et moi, et moi ") and Serge Gainsbourg of whom he recorded a version of "L'Appareil à Sous" (originally recorded by Brigitte Bardot ) – and soon an English version of "Lola Rastaquouère". Think Different , his third album of original compositions,

905-557: A BA cum laude in English in June 1964. Reed moved to New York City in 1964 to work as an in-house songwriter for Pickwick Records . He can be heard singing lead on two cuts on The Surfsiders Sing The Beach Boys Songbook . For Pickwick, Reed also wrote and recorded the single "The Ostrich", a parody of popular dance songs of the time, which included lines such as "put your head on the floor and have somebody step on it". His employers felt that

1086-420: A London physician, said that his "water and vegetable diet" could cure anything from tuberculosis to acne. Lambe called animal food a "habitual irritation" and argued that "milk eating and flesh-eating are but branches of a common system and they must stand or fall together". Sylvester Graham 's meatless Graham diet—mostly fruit, vegetables, water, and bread made at home with stoneground flour —became popular as

1267-609: A Master in musicology in Paris and publishes Le Rap Est Né en Jamaïque (Rap Was Born in Jamaica) in 2009. He also produced the Harry Belafonte - Calypso, Mento & Folk 1954–1957 anthology. Still performing onstage, he MCs dances as deejay and selecter, and speaks regularly in conferences around his country and abroad. In 2009 as he was one of the main writers in Best Magazine he creates

1448-733: A Residence on a Georgian plantation in 1838–1839 . In 1843, members of Alcott House created the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food , led by Sophia Chichester , a wealthy benefactor of Alcott House. Alcott House also helped to establish the British Vegetarian Society , which held its first meeting in 1847 in Ramsgate, Kent . The Medical Times and Gazette in London reported in 1884: There are two kinds of Vegetarians—one an extreme form,

1629-603: A Russian-British engineer) observing. World Vegan Day is held every 1 November to mark the founding of the Society, and the Society considers November World Vegan Month. The Vegan News changed its name to The Vegan in November 1945, by which time it had 500 subscribers. It published recipes and a "vegan trade list" of animal-free products, such as toothpastes, shoe polishes, stationery and glue. Vegan books appeared, including Vegan Recipes by Fay K. Henderson (1946) and Aids to

1810-442: A Vegan Diet for Children by Kathleen V. Mayo (1948). The Vegan Society soon made clear that it rejected the use of animals for any purpose, not only in diet. In 1947, Watson wrote: "The vegan renounces it as superstitious that human life depends upon the exploitation of these creatures whose feelings are much the same as our own". From 1948, The Vegan ' s front page read: "Advocating living without exploitation", and in 1951,

1991-561: A battleground over the following decades. There were regular discussions about it in the Vegetarian Messenger ; it appears from the correspondence pages that many opponents of veganism were vegetarians. During a visit to London in 1931, Mahatma Gandhi —who had joined the London Vegetarian Society 's executive committee when he lived in London from 1888 to 1891—gave a speech to the Society arguing that it ought to promote

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2172-473: A blurry line between plastic arts and comic strip, as in the "Don't Drink and Drive, Smoke and Fly" series (see picture above) where the story jumps out of the pages to become a series of pictures, before going back to its initial, former frame. He has also published illustrated travel books and many satiric cartoons. As a reporter photographer he has accumulated archives published in several of his books alongside his illustrations. His photo exhibition "Jamaica on

2353-764: A charity single for Children in Need and became a Uk no.1 single. In February 2000, Reed worked with Robert Wilson at the Thalia Theater again, on POEtry, another production inspired by the works of a 19th-century writer, this time Edgar Allan Poe . In April 2000, Reed released Ecstasy . In January 2003, Reed released a 2-CD set, The Raven , based on POEtry. The album consists of songs written by Reed and spoken-word performances of reworked and rewritten texts of Edgar Allan Poe by actors, set to electronic music composed by Reed. It features Willem Dafoe , David Bowie, Steve Buscemi , and Ornette Coleman . A single disc CD version of

2534-411: A coherent whole, where different styles are approached in true eclectic fashion. Alternatively playing blues, dub (which he often mixes himself on analog sound boards), rock, jazz, afrobeat, reggae, etc., he is playing " Organic culture music guaranteed to be played without machines by live, free-range musicians ". His successful French ("Guerre") and English versions of Bob Marley 's " War " recorded with

2715-566: A definition for food suitable for vegans on 22 April 2016. The European Vegetarian Union adopted this text for a proposal for a legally binding definition based on Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 in July 2019. In 2021, the International Organization for Standardization published standard ISO 23662 on "definitions and technical criteria for foods and food ingredients suitable for vegetarians or vegans and for labelling and claims". ISO 23662

2896-482: A different note, his major history book of 2021 Les Musiques des Caraïbes echoes his fine African-American cults-inspired Culte album, which was recorded in several African countries, Yemen, Jamaica and France. A Caribbean music anthology also entitled Les Musiques des Caraïbes was awarded a Prix de l'Académie Charles Cros in 2021. A new album entitled Le Cœur à gauche, le fric à droite (partially recorded in Jamaica on

3077-524: A distinctive persona: "Back then he was publicly gay, pretended to shoot heroin onstage, and cultivated a 'Dachau panda' look, with cropped peroxide hair and black circles painted under his eyes." The newspaper wrote that in 1980, "Reed renounced druggy theatrics, even swore off intoxicants themselves, and became openly heterosexual, openly married." On September 22, 1985, Reed performed at the first Farm Aid concert in Champaign, Illinois . He performed "Doin'

3258-653: A distrust of food producers, leading to increasing interest in organic gardening. One of the most influential vegetarian books of that time was Frances Moore Lappé 's 1971 Diet for a Small Planet . It sold more than three million copies and suggested "getting off the top of the food chain". The following decades saw research by a group of scientists and doctors in the U.S., including Dean Ornish , Caldwell Esselstyn , Neal D. Barnard , John A. McDougall , Michael Greger , and biochemist T. Colin Campbell , who argued that diets based on animal fat and animal protein, such as

3439-553: A few demos of his compositions in 1986 with a five-piece version of Les Amours not including the vocal group. After dealing with some personal problems reported in his Cultures Cannabis book, he has since abstained from using any legal (alcohol, tobacco) or illegal drug. In 1989 he recorded with some of Ziggy Marley 's musicians in Kingston, Jamaica where he pressed his "Des Couleurs" vinyl single. In late 1989, he recorded and released Ça Bouge (Sur la Place Rouge) in Paris, coinciding with

3620-503: A four-page introduction. He contributed to several of his fellow artist friend Invader 's books in the following decade. His instrumental dub album Sophisticated Love partly recorded and mixed in Jamaica was issued in 2019. Blum also translated bluesman Robert Johnson 's award-winning biography Up Jumped the Devil in 2020. He published two vegan humor, cartoon books, showing once again an ability to deal with entirely different subjects. On

3801-811: A free-spirited, astute lyric writer and a remarkable guitar player, as well as a historian of English-speaking popular music, photographer and skilled graphic artist. A fully bilingual (English-French) vegan and ecologist, he has lived without drugs or alcohol for over twenty years. In the "Human Race" CD booklet, a Blum production, noted American reggae historian Roger Steffens described him as "a virtuosic polymath" and concluded: "An artist, producer, director, archivist, musician as well as author of and contributor to dozens of books [including 'Jamaïque, sur la piste du reggae,' where Blum tells his own account of his musical adventures in Jamaica], Doc Reggae stands supreme among France's reggae chroniclers in his perceptive observations and

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3982-575: A graphic artist is his 150-page Rock And Roll Comics album, a collection of his early comic strips, featuring a popular Motörhead story, done at a time when he played in a London punk rock group and was the London correspondent of French rock magazine Best . This "autobio-graphic novel" includes time period fiction stories, previously unpublished art and also features a substantial chapter of his rock photography. A prolific artist, besides photography, illustration and comic strips, he has also always produced graphic work meant to be exhibited. He often draws

4163-589: A health remedy in the 1830s in the United States. The first known vegan cookbook was Asenath Nicholson 's Kitchen Philosophy for Vegetarians , published in 1849. Several vegan communities were established around this time. In Massachusetts, Amos Bronson Alcott , father of the novelist Louisa May Alcott , opened the Temple School in 1834 and Fruitlands in 1844, and in England, James Pierrepont Greaves founded

4344-429: A hit music video on Facebook; (also in English as 'Clementine Is a Vegan'). Following the demise of the record industry, Bruno Blum was also one of the first French musicians to release most of his output on brunoblum.bandcamp.com, where most of his recordings can be heard. Besides his extensive work as a lyric writer, Blum has completed a master's degree in music, musicology, creation and society and speaks worldwide on

4525-452: A hoax email (purporting to be from Reuters ) which said he had died of a drug overdose. In April 2003, Reed began a world tour featuring the cellist Jane Scarpantoni and singer Anohni . In 2003, Reed released a book of photographs, Emotions in Action . This comprised an A4 -sized book called Emotions and a smaller one called Actions laid into its hard cover. In January 2006, he released

4706-682: A law compelling the French educational system to include the memory of slavery in school programs. Haiti - Vodou - Ritual Music From the First Black Republic - Folk, Trance, Possession 1937–1962 and Beat Generation 1936–1962 followed. His contribution to the Frémeaux & Associés label also delivered several rock albums, including Elvis Presley & the American Music Heritage - 1954–1956 containing both Elvis' versions as well as all of

4887-648: A lively style, several of his books on music history give him an authority status in the French-speaking world. These include Lou Reed , Bob Marley and John Lennon biographies, best-seller Le Reggae , a fully illustrated Jamaican travel journal autobiography and a major contribution to best-selling Le Dictionnaire du Rock . His bilingual English-French documented music reissues (he runs three series of documented CD box sets for Frémeaux & Associés for which he wrote substantial, informative ethnomusicologic booklets) have become scholar references. Major Bob Marley &

5068-531: A meat-free diet as a matter of morality, not health. Lacto-vegetarians acknowledged the ethical consistency of the vegan position but regarded a vegan diet as impracticable and were concerned that it might be an impediment to spreading vegetarianism if vegans found themselves unable to participate in social circles where no non-animal food was available. This became the predominant view of the Vegetarian Society, which in 1935 stated: "The lacto-vegetarians , on

5249-585: A member of the Velvet Underground in 1996 and as a solo act in 2015. Lewis Allan Reed was born on March 2, 1942, at Beth-El Hospital (later Brookdale ) in Brooklyn and grew up in Freeport , NY . Reed was the son of Toby (née Futterman) (1920–2013) and Sidney Joseph Reed (1913–2005), an accountant. His family was Jewish and his grandparents were Russian Jews who had fled antisemitism; his father had changed his name from Rabinowitz to Reed. Reed said that although he

5430-456: A new Blum-produced mix (Thierry Bertomeu, engineer) of the poorly mixed, original Serge Gainsbourg live album Enregistrement Public au Théâtre Le Palace is released in 2006. This double CD includes five previously unreleased versions and an interview with Serge Gainsbourg . Blum kept performing live with Dub De Luxe as well as, from 2006 in an American group playing classic 1930s/1960s R&B covers sometimes featuring pianist Gilbert Shelton ,

5611-508: A rock cover band featuring John Weeks and other American musicians named the Sexy Frogs, with whom he recorded the original "J'aime les blondes" as well as various original songs. In 1994 he was the editor of a Best special reggae issue for which he interviewed Lee "Scratch" Perry , among others. In 1995 with the help of Patrick Zerbib and Léon Mercadet he then edited a special Bob Marley issue for one-shot new magazine Radio Nova Collector that

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5792-902: A second book of photographs, Lou Reed's New York . A third volume, Romanticism , was released in 2009. Vegan Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products —particularly in diet —and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals . A person who practices veganism is known as a vegan . The foundations of veganism include ethical, moral, environmental, health and humanitarian arguments. Veganism excludes all forms of animal use , whether in agriculture for labour or food (e.g., meat, fish, eggs, milk, dairy products , and honey), in clothing and industry (e.g., leather , wool , fur , and some cosmetics ), in entertainment (e.g., zoos , exotic pets , and circuses ), or in services (e.g., guide dogs , police dogs , hunting dogs , working animals , and animal testing , including medical experimentation and

5973-470: A series of ten Bob Marley & the Wailers albums that include around a hundred rare or previously unreleased recordings (he also mixed eight of them), time period photographs and much previously unheard of 1967–1972 information. In 1997–2003 Blum revived the original Danny Sims-owned JAD American label in Paris at this occasion, and successfully released the albums in several countries. Doc Reggae then created

6154-533: A short, daily radio show on Radio Nova and directed the documentary film Get Up, Stand Up – L'Histoire du Reggae produced by Jean-François Bizot for the Canal + channel. Jamaican producer Clement Dodd produced two of his original songs at Studio One in Kingston, Jamaica. As Dodd aka Coxsone saw Blum's Best of Reggae special issue, he nicknamed him "Doc Reggae", which has stuck since. In partnership with American specialist Roger Steffens he conceived and produced

6335-401: A singer-songwriter in the French tradition, Blum also performs steadily with his rock/soul/blues and reggae bands as a singer and lead guitar player. His abounding, dense world often includes a touch of humour, and his art complements his Jamaica, Nigeria and USA-inspired music. Influenced by the electric, genuine analog sound and militant spirit of the 1970s, his wide array of works melt into

6516-483: A song titled "Last Night I Said Goodbye to My Friend", dedicated to Sterling Morrison, who had died the previous August. In February 1996 Reed released Set the Twilight Reeling , and later that year, Reed contributed songs and music to Time Rocker , a theatrical interpretation of H. G. Wells ' The Time Machine by experimental director Robert Wilson . The piece premiered in the Thalia Theater, Hamburg , and

6697-608: A theme he would later sing about in his songs "Clementine Is a Vegan" and "Les Andouilles" and write much about in his animalist, 2016 autobiography De Viandard à végane . Blum then became a DJ at the London Marquee Club as an occasional replacement for his girlfriend, DJ Mandy Hermitage. Initially published in Best , his fiction comic strip Rock Commando staging Motörhead was published in New Music News in London, then issued by

6878-558: A totalitarian, downward slide that has also led him to move to the countryside in the South West of France where he formed an acoustic trio, Bruno Blum et ses Amis (upright bass and percussion, acoustic guitar) playing his own French songs. In 2023 Blum was sued by the French Hunters National Federation president Willy Schraen for a caricature published in his satirical cartoon book Humour Végane Extrémiste , resulting in

7059-469: A trial won by the artist. (all albums can be listened to on bandcamp.com ) Aside from his songs, booklet notes, writings for Best , Rock & Folk , Les Inrockuptibles , Actuel , Hara-Kiri , Nova Magazine , Bruno Blum has published several books, often illustrated by his own artwork and photographs: In French: In Czech: Most of Bruno Blum's books are illustrated by some of his artwork and/or photographs. In French: In English: Nearly all of

7240-491: A tribute to his late mentor. He later said that his goals as a writer were "to bring the sensitivities of the novel to rock music" or to write the Great American Novel in a record album. Reed met Sterling Morrison , a student at City University of New York , while the latter was visiting mutual friend, and fellow Syracuse student, Jim Tucker. Reed graduated from Syracuse University's College of Arts and Sciences with

7421-696: A vegan and vegetarian diet is that vegans exclude dairy products, eggs, and honey. Vegan meat alternatives are commonly sold in forms like vegetarian sausage , mince , or veggie burgers . They are often made from soybeans , seitan (wheat gluten), beans, lentils, rice, mushrooms or vegetables. Meat substitutes have been made in China since at least the Tang dynasty (618 to 907 common era ), including mock duck made from seitan. They are much newer to Western countries. Some famous Western producers of vegan meat alternatives include Impossible Foods and Beyond Meat . But in

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7602-610: A wide variety of styles. "Viens Fumer un P'tit Joint à la Maison," a reggae pastiche of the drinking hit song "Viens Boire un P'tit Coup à la Maison" obtained over four million views on YouTube. His versions of Bob Marley 's " War " also adapted in French as "Guerre," was another couple of hits. A Blum-produced version of " War " featuring a duet between Haile Selassie and Bob Marley reached number one in British magazine Black Echoes charts in April 1998 and remains an enduring reggae classic. Blum

7783-399: Is " environmental veganism ", which refers to the avoidance of animal products on the grounds that the industrial farming of animals is environmentally damaging and unsustainable . Another motivation for veganism is concern about animal welfare . Since 1988, The Vegan Society gives two definitions of veganism: Veganism is a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude—as far as

7964-495: Is a testimony of his rock artwork and photographs from this London phase. In 1979–1981 he had a love affair with the late Saskia Cohen-Tanugi , who appeared in the James Bond film Never Say Never Again with Sean Connery and later became a noted theater director and writer. Blum was a militant ecologist since the age of fourteen, and after discussing the matter with Pretenders singer Chrissie Hynde , he went vegetarian like her,

8145-623: Is accepted among ethical and environmental vegans and the second definition by The Vegan Society is accepted among dietary vegans. The European Commission was granted the power to adopt an implementing act on food information related to suitability of a food for vegans by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in article 36 of Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 . The German consumer protection minister conference approved

8326-409: Is focused on mortality, inspired by the death of two close friends from cancer. In 1994, he appeared in A Celebration: The Music of Pete Townshend and The Who . In the same year, he and Morales were divorced. In 1995, Reed made a cameo appearance in the unreleased video game Penn & Teller's Smoke and Mirrors . If the player selects the "impossible" difficulty setting, Reed appears shortly after

8507-418: Is known, among other things, for his work with the press-acclaimed Asmara All Stars and on Serge Gainsbourg 's two studio reggae albums, which he has produced new mixes of, as well as dub and deejay versions in 2003. He also produced a definitive mix of Serge Gainsbourg's Gainsbourg Et Cætera Palace live album in 2006. In 2015 two "Super DeLuxe" triple CD sets were released in the form of books: Gainsbourg and

8688-599: Is lower in dietary energy, carbohydrates, and protein. Soy milk should not be used as a replacement for breast milk for babies. Babies who are not breastfed may be fed commercial infant formula , normally based on cow milk or soy. The latter is known as soy-based infant formula or SBIF. Butter and margarine can be replaced with alternate vegan products. Vegan cheeses are made from seeds, such as sesame and sunflower ; nuts, such as cashew, pine nut , and almond; and soybeans, coconut oil, nutritional yeast , tapioca , and rice, among other ingredients; and can replicate

8869-412: Is possible and practicable—all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose; and by extension, promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of animals, humans and the environment. In dietary terms it denotes the practice of dispensing with all products derived wholly or partly from animals. The first definition by The Vegan Society

9050-488: Is quite true that most—not all—Food Reformers admit into their diet such animal food as milk, butter, cheese, and eggs..." Salt also argued that the primary objective of the vegetarian movement should be to eliminate meat, while contending that dairy and eggs are also unnecessary and could be phased out over time. C. W. Daniel published an early vegan cookbook, Rupert H. Wheldon 's No Animal Food: Two Essays and 100 Recipes , in 1910. The consumption of milk and eggs became

9231-410: Is that urban life is tough stuff—it will kill you; Reed, the poet of destruction, knows it but never looks away and somehow finds holiness as well as perversity in both his sinners and his quest. ... [H]e is still one of a handful of American artists capable of the spiritual home run. — Rolling Stone , 1975 The band soon came to the attention of Andy Warhol . One of Warhol's first contributions

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9412-516: The Qimin Yaoshu , a Chinese agricultural encyclopedia written by Jia Sixie in 535. The encyclopedia mentions noodles prepared from wheat gluten called bótuō (餺飥). Wheat gluten was known as miànjīn (麵筋) by the Song dynasty (960–1279). In the 1960s and 1970s, a vegetarian food movement emerged as part of the counterculture in the United States that focused on concerns about diet, the environment, and

9593-651: The American Vegan Society (AVS), linking veganism to the concept of ahimsa , "non-harming" in Sanskrit . Distinctions may be made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans, also known as "strict vegetarians ", refrain from consuming meat , eggs , dairy products , and any other animal-derived substances. An " ethical vegan " is someone who not only excludes animal products from their diet but also tries to avoid using animals, animal products, and animal-tested products, when practical. Another term

9774-571: The Facebook group Best, le mensuel du rock . This internet site would eventually lead to Blum directing an anthology book of Best' s best stories. In the summer of 2010 a major Emma Lavigne exhibition on punk rock visual aesthetics and photographs at the Rencontres d'Arles showed his collection of rare original punk records. At this occasion he spoke on punk musical aesthetics from 1930s jazz to 1940s–1970s rock music. In September, Doc Reggae performed at

9955-604: The Indus Valley civilization in 3300–1300 BCE in the Indian subcontinent , particularly in northern and western ancient India . Early vegetarians included Indian philosophers such as Parshavnatha , Mahavira , Acharya Kundakunda , Umaswati , Samantabhadra , and Valluvar ; the Indian emperors Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka . The term "Pure Vegan" or "Pure Buddhist" ( Chinese : 纯净素 ; pinyin : chúnjìngsù ) refers to

10136-517: The Lower East Side , and invited Reed's college acquaintance Sterling Morrison and Cale's neighbor and Theatre of Eternal Music bandmate Angus MacLise to join the band on guitar and drums respectively, thus forming the Velvet Underground . When the opportunity came to play their first paying gig at Summit High School in Summit, New Jersey , MacLise quit because he believed that accepting money for art

10317-538: The Marilou Reggae sessions with Horsemouth Wallace and Flabba Holt) was released on bandcamp.com. It includes music recorded with Coxsone Dodd , Flabba Holt , Sticky, Chico Chin and Horsemouth Wallace, The Wailers and Sly & Robbie in Jamaica, and Manu Dibango's musicians in Cameroon as well as some French musicians in Paris. The covid crisis inspired Blum to publish a humorous cartoon book in which he condemns

10498-576: The Tracks show broadcast on the Arte channel. After the demise of Best in 1995 he joined competitor Rock & Folk magazine until 1999, then gave up all journalism work, excepting for a few stories published in Les Inrockuptibles , which he left in 2002. Pierre Astier published his first book, the comprehensive biography Lou Reed – Electric Dandy at Le Serpent à Plumes. A rock and reggae specialist, Blum

10679-472: The Viens fumer un p'tit joint à la maison hit and satirical songs such as "Ça Bouge (sur la place Rouge)". His own French songs output often displays puzzling double-entendre lyrics. In 2015, he formed Cabaret Végane, the first all- vegan group, releasing an album of mostly original songs the following year and playing several shows in Paris, singing with female singer Joy Gross, who stars in 'Clémentine est végane,'

10860-535: The Western pattern diet , were unhealthy. They produced a series of books that recommend vegan or vegetarian diets, including McDougall's The McDougall Plan (1983), John Robbins 's Diet for a New America (1987), which associated meat eating with environmental damage, and Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease (1990). In 2003 two major North American dietitians' associations indicated that well-planned vegan diets were suitable for all life stages. This

11041-558: The free jazz developed in the mid-1950s. Reed said that when he started out he was inspired by such musicians as Ornette Coleman , who had "always been a great influence" on him; he said that his guitar on " European Son " was his way of trying to imitate the jazz saxophonist. Reed's sister said that during her brother's time at Syracuse , the university authorities had tried unsuccessfully to expel him because they did not approve of his extracurricular activities. At Syracuse University, he studied under poet Delmore Schwartz , who he said

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11222-527: The 1980s, for a time he contributed to the Les Enfants du Rock rock TV show with Antoine de Caunes as a reporter and published cartoons in the magazines Rigolo , Best and Zoulou, an Actuel magazine offshoot. In 1985, as seen in several TV shows, including Michel Drucker 's, he was featured live in Catherine Ferry's rock backing band produced by French pop star Daniel Balavoine . Blum then recorded

11403-485: The 2016 De Viandard à Végane is written in the form of an autobiography depicting his growing awareness of veganism through his musical career. Perhaps his most important effort in the musicology field is the book Les Musiques des Caraïbes , which extensively depicts the history of each Caribbean island's original music before the 1960s 'big mix.' Each chapter of the book is based on a CD box set booklet originally released by Frémeaux & Associés and later extended for

11584-752: The Alarm reggae video as well as other videos, and worked as a journalist/director for Tracks, an Arte TV channel show about music culture. His artwork can be seen in the video of his song "Papa Legba," which was directed by Pascal Le Gras (best known for his cover artwork for British post-punk group the Fall ). The hit video Clémentine est végane (English version: Clementine Is a Vegan ) features some of his art, as well as Le Gras', Mandryka and street artist Invader . He also published several independent animal rights cartoon books. A Spirou magazine reader and André Franquin ( Spirou , Marsupilami , Gaston Lagaffe ) fan,

11765-740: The CD booklet is written by renowned U.S. reggae historian Roger Steffens . Unveiling much information and rare original music, he also edited the following Caribbean music anthologies: Jamaica, Mento 1951–1958 , Bahamas, Goombay 1951–1959 , Trinidad, Calypso 1939–1959 and Calypso , Jamaica - Rhythm and Blues 1956–1961 , Voodoo in America - Blues Jazz Rhythm and Blues Calypso 1926–1961 , Bermuda - Gombey and Calypso 1953–1960 for which he writes sizeable, standard reference booklets. In 2011 he designs and draws both ten-CD Anthologie des musiques de danse du monde ( Dance Music Masters ) box sets covers as well as each of

11946-522: The Concordium, a vegan community at Alcott House on Ham Common , in 1838. The term "vegetarian" has been in use since around 1839 to refer to what was previously called a vegetable regimen or diet. Its origin is an irregular compound of vegetable and the suffix -arian (in the sense of "supporter, believer" as in humanitarian ). The earliest known written use is attributed to actress, writer and abolitionist Fanny Kemble , in her Journal of

12127-492: The Eldorados) and played throughout Central New York. Per his bandmates, they were routinely kicked out of fraternity parties for their brash personalities and insistence on performing their own material. In 1961, he began hosting a late-night radio program on WAER called Excursions on a Wobbly Rail . Named after a song by pianist Cecil Taylor , the program typically featured doo wop, rhythm and blues, and jazz , particularly

12308-579: The Festival des Cultures Juives de Paris in June 2011 he spoke on the theme "Bob Marley, culture Rastafari et Judaïsme" in the Paris 4 Town Hall. In 2011 Bruno Blum also translated Kim Gottlieb-Walker's Bob Marley and the Golden Age of Reggae photo book (published in France as Bob Marley, un portrait inédit en photos ) to which director Cameron Crowe contributed. An anthology of his Jamaican record label Human Race

12489-781: The French General Elections (for the Parti Animaliste) and obtained 1,36% of the votes in the Paris district of Le Marais . In January until March 2018, his three-CD collection devoted to the history of avant-garde music in the twentieth century created an opportunity for the Frémeaux Gallery to put together an exhibition about avant-garde visual arts, as well as a conference by Blum on the topic. Blum translated three books that year: Roger Steffens ' definitive Bob Marley biography, Norman Mailer 's Hipster , street artist Invader 's Invasion Los Angeles for which he also wrote

12670-785: The Heartbreakers, the Clash , the Sex Pistols , the Rolling Stones , Paul McCartney , Lenny Kravitz , the Stranglers , Fela Kuti and many more. By 1978, he had become a daily contributor as London correspondent and chronicler to nationwide French radio station Europe 1 's Monde de la Musique show hosted by Pierre Lescure. He was recording and touring the UK in 1978-1979 with British punk group Private Vices, which he founded in 1977 with Christophe Ruhn. He

12851-492: The Jamaican label Human Race Records and its European incarnation Rastafari Records, through which he released several reggae vinyl singles featuring the voices of Haile Selassie I , Marcus Garvey , Big Youth , King Stitt , Buffalo Bill and Doc Reggae himself, also playing the guitar on all tracks. A version of Bob Marley's " War " was recorded using the voice of the lyrics' creator himself, Haile Selassie I and surviving members of

13032-497: The Olympic Café (2001) album. He also supplies artwork for the CD cover as well as the follow-up Ultrash , which he produces and plays on as Nada recites his lyrics over newly recorded instrumental versions of Velvet Underground songs. Two other ex-members of Best magazine's team participate to the album : Gilles Riberolles and Patrick Eudeline, who contributes with several short songs on Ultrash . Gainsbourg... Et Cætera ,

13213-576: The Opera House, take place in Asmara in October 2010. In November 2010 Volume 1 of Best of Best , an anthology of rock magazine Best to which he was a major contributor, was published. The 320 pages book was conceived, coordinated and edited by Blum with the support of the original team including Sacha Reins, Patrick Eudeline and Francis Dordor, who wrote a tribute to the late editor Christian Lebrun. As part of

13394-803: The Palme d'Or at the Cannes Advertising Film Festival in 1971 for Annaud's Crackers Belin film. The company had opened offices in five countries as Tony Blum moved to Toronto in Canada, where his son joined him during the 1974 and 1975 summers. Aged fifteen, he was already bilingual after several stays in the UK, USA and Canada. His father produced the first feature film by Jérôme Savary Le boucher, la star et l'orpheline (1975). Bruno Blum got to meet and know his parents' colleagues and friends, including directors Jean-Jacques Annaud , Ridley Scott and actors such as Pierre Desproges and Jerry Lewis , but he

13575-912: The Reggae Tracks" has been shown all over France since 2008. His 2007 book of the same name, Jamaïque sur la piste du reggae features a mix of his photographs, narrative and art. Blum is one of the few photographers who managed to take pictures of nearly all of the British new wave groups, including Buzzcocks , Sex Pistols , the Clash , and many US artists such as Iggy Pop , the Heartbreakers , Johnny Thunders , Devo , David Johansen and Patti Smith as well as several lesser-known groups, as shown in his Fils de Punk photo exhibition premiered at Stereolux in Nantes (France) in March–April 2017. In 2017, he publish an illustrated travel book, Carnets exceptionnels de mes voyages . He has also directed Tenor Saw's classic Ring

13756-633: The Revolutionaries (Gainsbourg's three reggae albums in the Blum mixes form, including 8 previously unreleased tracks) and Gainsbourg in Dub, which contains 50 previously unreleased dubs. As a producer he mixed eight Bob Marley & The Wailers tracks included on the Freedom Time album. He also released his own dub work, much of it done in Jamaica, on his Sophisticated Love album by Dub De Luxe. First and foremost

13937-525: The Roman poet Ovid and the playwright Seneca the Younger . The Greek sage Pythagoras may have advocated an early form of strict vegetarianism, but his life is so obscure that it is disputed whether he ever advocated any form of vegetarianism. He almost certainly prohibited his followers from eating beans and wearing woolen garments . Eudoxus of Cnidus , a student of Archytas and Plato , writes, "Pythagoras

14118-746: The Society published its definition of veganism as "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals". In 1956, its vice-president, Leslie Cross, founded the Plantmilk Society and in 1965, as Plantmilk Ltd and later Plamil Foods , it began production of one of the first widely distributed soy milks in the Western world. The first vegan society in the U.S. was founded in 1948 by Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz in California, who distributed Watson's newsletter. In 1960, H. Jay Dinshah founded

14299-956: The Things That We Want To", "I Love You, Suzanne", "New Sensations" and "Walk on the Wild Side" as his solo set. In June 1986, Reed released Mistrial (co-produced with bassist Fernando Saunders ). To support the album, he released two music videos: " No Money Down " and " The Original Wrapper ". In the same year, he joined Amnesty International 's A Conspiracy of Hope short tour and was outspoken about New York City's political issues and personalities. He also appeared on Steven Van Zandt 's 1985 anti-Apartheid song " Sun City ", pledging not to play at that resort . The 1989 album New York , which commented on crime, AIDS, civil rights activist Jesse Jackson , then-President of Austria Kurt Waldheim , and Pope John Paul II , became his second gold-certified work when it passed 500,000 sales in 1997. Reed

14480-580: The Trois Baudets in Paris. For the first time, he offered a multimedia event where his paintings, artwork, comics trips as well as his Jamaïque sur la Piste du Reggae photo exhibition and video footage were shown before his own reggae show. In 2008–2009 he produced the Asmara All Stars Eritrea's Got Soul (released in 2010) album in Eritrea , also playing on several songs. The album gathers some of

14661-751: The U.S. by eight percent between 2012 and 2015, to $ 553 million a year. The Vegetarian Butcher ( De Vegetarische Slager ), the first known vegetarian butcher shop, selling mock meats, opened in the Netherlands in 2010, while America's first vegan butcher, the Herbivorous Butcher, opened in Minneapolis in 2016. Since 2017, more than 12,500 chain restaurant locations have begun offering Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods products, including Carl's Jr. outlets offering Beyond Burgers and Burger King outlets serving Impossible Whoppers. Plant-based meat sales in

14842-660: The U.S. grew 37% between 2017 and 2019. In 2011, Europe's first vegan supermarkets appeared in Germany: Veganz in Berlin and Vegilicious in Dortmund . In 2013, the Oktoberfest in Munich (traditionally a meat-heavy event) offered vegan dishes for the first time in its 200-year history. By 2016, 49% of Americans were drinking plant milk , and 91% still drank dairy milk. In the U.K.,

15023-510: The UK Albums Chart, peaking at No. 6. He contributed music to two theatrical interpretations of 19th-century writers, one of which he developed into an album titled The Raven . He married his third wife Laurie Anderson in 2008, and recorded the collaboration album Lulu with Metallica . He died in 2013 of liver disease . Reed has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice: as

15204-568: The UK altogether since 1976's Coney Island Baby . Although its lead single " I Love You, Suzanne " only charted at No. 78 on the UK Singles Chart it did receive light rotation on MTV . Two more singles were released from the album: " My Red Joystick " and the Dutch-only release " High in the City " but they both failed to chart. In 1998, The New York Times observed that in the 1970s, Reed had

15385-632: The United Kingdom. This association continues into the 21st century, as evidenced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as Fluff Fest in Europe. The vegan diet became increasingly mainstream in the 2010s, especially in the latter half. The Economist declared 2019 "the year of the vegan". Chain restaurants began marking vegan items on their menus and supermarkets improved their selection of vegan-processed food. The global mock-meat market increased by 18 percent between 2005 and 2010, and in

15566-683: The United States performing a wide range of songs, including a suite of core songs from his Berlin album and the title track from The Bells featuring Chuck Hammer on guitar-synth. Around this time Reed also appeared as a record producer in Paul Simon 's film One-Trick Pony . From around 1979 Reed began to wean himself off drugs. Reed married British designer Sylvia Morales in 1980. Morales inspired Reed to write several songs, particularly "Think It Over" from 1980's Growing Up in Public and "Heavenly Arms" from 1982's The Blue Mask . The latter album

15747-542: The Velvet Underground in 1965. After building a reputation on the avant garde music scene, they gained the attention of Andy Warhol , who became the band's manager; they in turn became something of a fixture at The Factory , Warhol's art studio, and served as his "house band" for various projects. The band released their first album , now with drummer Moe Tucker and featuring German singer Nico , in 1967, and parted ways with Warhol shortly thereafter. Following several lineup changes and three more little-heard albums, Reed quit

15928-557: The Wailers gave him some international exposure and recognition. He also created Human Race Records, a vinyl record label in Jamaica. According to Roger Steffens in the Human Race anthology booklet notes, he is an "independent polymath thriving on passion" and always funded his own recordings, which put forward his individual, idiosyncratic lyric style. He occasionally records "updated" pastiches of well-known songs in both English and French, including I Feel-Like-I'm-A-Fixin'-To-Die Rag ,

16109-592: The Wailers reissues with U.S. partner Roger Steffens have also given him some international recognition. He is often working as an interpreter, has published many translations and texts in English, including English versions of his many Frémeaux & Associés booklets, translated six books including Bruce Conforth 's award-winning Robert Johnson biography and has also directed several documentaries for television. In addition, Blum has moved on and published two substantial surveys on societal issues: his book Shit! Tout Sur Le Cannabis includes an autobiographical chapter and

16290-478: The Wailers. A vinyl single featuring Bob Marley and Haile Selassie I reached the #1 spot in the April 1998 of British magazine Echoes charts. The War Album was then recorded featuring Big Youth and Buffalo Bill. He also co-wrote, played on and produced several tracks sung by model/French song/jazz singer Annabelle Mouloudji in 1999. In Jamaica he directed videos for Tenor Saw 's Ring the Alarm and Buffalo Bill's Perfect Woman , as well as several TV reports for

16471-535: The Wild Side ". After Transformer , the less commercial but critically acclaimed Berlin peaked at No. 7 on the UK Albums Chart . Rock 'n' Roll Animal (a live album released in 1974) sold strongly, and Sally Can't Dance (1974) peaked at No. 10 on the Billboard 200 ; but for a long period after, Reed's work did not translate into sales, leading him deeper into drug addiction and alcoholism. Reed cleaned up in

16652-468: The afternoon we'd all meet at [the bar] The Orange Grove. Me, Delmore and Lou. That would often be the center of the crew. And Delmore was the leader – our quiet leader." While at Syracuse, Reed was also introduced to intravenous drug use for the first time, and quickly contracted hepatitis . Reed later dedicated the song "European Son", from the first Velvet Underground album, to Schwartz. In 1982, Reed recorded "My House" from his album The Blue Mask as

16833-632: The album are dub and deejay versions (including Lisa Dainjah, King Stitt , Lone Ranger and Big Youth ). The two press-acclaimed albums unveil several previously unreleased recordings, among which the Gainsbourg composition "Ecce Homo Et Cætera". Blum also voices one track himself, an English rendition of "Lola Rastaquouère", and plays guitar on his new arrangement of "Marilou Reggae", recorded with Leroy "Horsemouth" Wallace on drums and Flabba Holt on bass. After contributing to slam shows in his Ménilmontant neighborhood, he records slammer Nada's Live at

17014-424: The album was a genuine artistic effort inspired by the drone music of La Monte Young , and suggesting that references to classical music could be found buried in the feedback, but he also said, "Well, anyone who gets to side four is dumber than I am." Lester Bangs declared it "genius", though also psychologically disturbing. The album, now regarded as a visionary textural guitar masterpiece by some music critics,

17195-728: The album, focusing on the music, was also released. In May 2000, Reed performed before Pope John Paul II at the Great Jubilee Concert in Rome . In 2001, Reed made a cameo appearance in the movie adaptation of Prozac Nation . On October 6, 2001, the New York Times published a Reed poem called "Laurie Sadly Listening" in which he reflects on the September 11 attacks (also referred to as 9/11). Incorrect reports of Reed's death were broadcast by numerous US radio stations in 2001, caused by

17376-553: The album, which he bought while visiting the U.S., with inspiring him to become president of Czechoslovakia . By the time the band recorded White Light/White Heat , Nico had quit the band and Warhol had been fired, both against Cale's wishes. Warhol's replacement as manager was Steve Sesnick . In September 1968, Reed told Morrison and Tucker that he would dissolve the band if they did not let him fire Cale; they agreed, and Reed had Morrison inform Cale of his firing. Morrison and Tucker were discomfited by Reed's tactics but remained in

17557-762: The audience, the group was given the chance to record an original single "So Blue" with the B-side "Leave Her for Me" later that year. While the single did not reach any music hit parade, notable saxophonist King Curtis was brought in as a session musician by the producer Bob Shad to play on both songs, and the single was played by a substitute DJ during the Murray the K radio show, which gave Reed his first-ever airplay. Reed's love for playing music and his desire to play gigs brought him into confrontation with his anxious and unaccommodating parents. His sister recalled that during his first year in college, at New York University , he

17738-586: The band Yes . The album, Lou Reed , contained versions of unreleased Velvet Underground songs, some of which had originally been recorded for Loaded but shelved. This album was overlooked by most pop music critics and did not sell well, although music critic Stephen Holden , in Rolling Stone , called it an "almost perfect album. ... which embodied the spirit of the Velvets." Holden went on to compare Reed's voice with those of Mick Jagger and Bob Dylan and praise

17919-633: The band as a comic book in the UK. He then created the Nutty Boys comic book for pop group Madness , drawing their biopic in issue #1. Blum came back to live in Paris after a busking episode in Nice in the summer of 1982 with Nice-born photographer Youri Lenquette on second guitar. In 1983 he formed Les Amours, a six-piece vocal group which recorded and toured in 1984. In 1984-85 Blum begun a side career as fashion model, posing for several advertising pictures, including for France Inter radio. Still writing for Best in

18100-413: The band in 1970. After leaving the band, Reed would go on to a much more commercially successful solo career, releasing twenty solo studio albums. His second, Transformer (1972), was produced by David Bowie and arranged by Mick Ronson , and brought him mainstream recognition. The album is considered an influential landmark of the glam rock genre, anchored by Reed's most successful single, " Walk on

18281-581: The band. Cale's replacement was Boston -based musician Doug Yule , who played bass guitar and keyboards and would soon share lead vocal duties with Reed. The band now took on a more pop-oriented sound and acted more as a vehicle for Reed to develop his songwriting craft. They released two studio albums with this lineup: 1969's The Velvet Underground and 1970's Loaded . Reed left the Velvet Underground in August 1970. The band disintegrated after Morrison and Tucker departed in 1971, and their final album Squeeze

18462-457: The best musicians and singers from eight ethnic groups, including Dehab Faytinga , Sara Teklesenbet, Mahmoud Ahmed Amr, Temasgen Yared, Ibrahim Goret and Adam Faid Amr. The album gets a warm welcome in the press as well as the radio: "If you like the Ethiopian soul-funk sound of the early 1970s, you should find much to enjoy in this contemporary take on it. Eritrea is Ethiopia's neighbour and many of

18643-574: The book purpose, which allows the reader to listen to each chapter's contents. Forewords by Roger Steffens and French ex-Minister of Justice of Guyane origin Christiane Taubira complement this major undertaking. Blum has published many cartoons, illustrations and comic strips in several of his books, in U.K. comic books and newspapers as well as a long list of French magazines, including Best , Actuel , L'Environnement Magazine , Panda Magazine and Hara-Kiri . Perhaps his most significant work as

18824-411: The country's musicians actually contributed to those classic recordings. The main difference with this contemporary project is the influence of Jamaican reggae. But the dub elements fold perfectly into the sinuous Ethiopian grooves – as our own Dub Colossus have already demonstrated. Vibrant, heady and sensuous stuff" ( The Independent , London, October 2010). Two album release party shows, including one in

19005-537: The earliest known recording of a then unknown band, the Police , with a hand stereo recorder at London's Roxy Club on March 3, 1977. Going through straits, he stayed in London squats, sharing houses with punk rock musicians including Private Vices and the Electric Chairs. A precocious, gifted person, he had already formed a rock group when he started writing for glossy magazine Best , a popular rock monthly for which he

19186-516: The early 1980s, and gradually returned to prominence with The Blue Mask (1982) and New Sensations (1984), reaching a critical and commercial career peak with his 1989 album New York . Reed participated in the re-formation of the Velvet Underground in the 1990s, and he made several more albums, including a collaboration album with John Cale titled Songs for Drella , which was a tribute to their former mentor Andy Warhol . Magic and Loss (1992) would become Reed's highest-charting album on

19367-491: The experience in his song "Kill Your Sons" from the album Sally Can't Dance (1974). Reed later recalled the experience as having been traumatic and leading to memory loss. He believed that he was treated to dispel his homosexual feelings. After Reed's death, his sister denied the ECT treatments were intended to suppress his "homosexual urges", asserting that their parents were not homophobic but had been told by his doctors that ECT

19548-535: The fall of the Berlin Wall . His first album Bruno Blum (1989) assembled these various recordings. He became the first French musician to have played, produced and released a dub record. A video of his rock song L'Histoire de ma Guitare taken from the album was broadcast several times on M6 television in France. In 1990 Bruno Blum played onstage with Willy DeVille and joined Bo Diddley live at Le Casino de Paris. A noted singer and guitar player, in 1990–1994 he led

19729-465: The few real heroes rock & roll has raised. — Mikal Gilmore , Rolling Stone , (1979) 1975's Coney Island Baby was dedicated to Reed's then-partner Rachel Humphreys , a transgender woman Reed dated and lived with for three years. Humphreys also appears in the photos on the cover of Reed's 1977 "best of" album, Walk on the Wild Side: The Best of Lou Reed . Rock and Roll Heart

19910-410: The first French musician to release an afrobeat album – deleted shortly after its release, it only reached about a hundred journalists. In 2003 Universal Music released two double Serge Gainsbourg CD albums, Aux Armes Et Cætera and Mauvaises Nouvelles des Étoiles in a new 1970s style Kingston mix produced by Bruno Blum, featuring veteran Jamaican sound engineer Soljie Hamilton. Also included on

20091-526: The first Velvet Underground lineup reformed for a Fondation Cartier benefit show in France. In June and July 1993, the Velvet Underground again reunited and toured Europe, including an appearance at the Glastonbury Festival ; plans for a North American tour were canceled following a dispute between Reed and Cale. Reed had released his sixteenth solo album, Magic and Loss , in January 1992. The album

20272-528: The first issue of Punk magazine by Legs McNeil . Reed released his third live album, Live: Take No Prisoners , in 1978; some critics thought it was his "bravest work yet", while others considered it his "silliest". Rolling Stone described it as "one of the funniest live albums ever recorded" and compared Reed's monologs with those of Lenny Bruce . Reed felt it was his best album to date. The Bells (1979) featured jazz trumpeter Don Cherry . During 1979 Reed toured extensively in Europe and throughout

20453-555: The following albums were also produced by Bruno Blum, as new productions or as reissues. In both English and French: The Complete Bob Marley & the Wailers 1967–1972 series in partnership with Leroy Jodie Pierson and Roger Steffens: Please make a note that most of the extensive Frémeaux & Associés CD booklets listed below (both in English and French) are available online on the Frémeaux & Associés site. Caribbean series: America series: Lou Reed Lewis Allan Reed (March 2, 1942 – October 27, 2013)

20634-485: The game begins as an unbeatable boss who murders the player with his laser beam eyes. Reed then pops up on the screen and says to the player, "This is the impossible level, boys. Impossible doesn't mean very difficult, very difficult is winning the Nobel Prize, impossible is eating the sun." The Velvet Underground were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996. At the ceremony, Reed, Cale and Tucker performed

20815-483: The history of reggae music, African musics and other rock and blues culture-related subjects as well as veganism. His reggae lectures come with his reggae photography exhibition. In 2013 he was awarded a Prix Coup de Cœur de l'Académie Charles Cros for his 3CD set and booklet for Jamaica Folk, Trance, Possession - Roots of Rastafari 1939–1961 , and in 2021 a Prix Coup de Cœur Musiques du Monde de l'Académie Charles Cros for his Les Musiques des Caraïbes set. Written in

20996-408: The impressive variety of his accomplishments, not the least of which can be found on the album you now hold." As a teenage bass player with Private Vices he was part of the late 1970s London punk movement and was later the first French musician to record and release dub music , as well as afrobeat . He has released several French songs albums (including the classic reggae album Nuage d'Éthiopie ) in

21177-516: The largest share of vegan consumers globally currently reside in Asia Pacific with nine percent of people following a vegan diet. In 2017, veganism rose in popularity in Hong Kong and China, particularly among millennials . China's vegan market was estimated to rise by more than 17% between 2015 and 2020, which is expected to be "the fastest growth rate internationally in that period". This exceeds

21358-497: The late 2010s many meat producers and supermarkets also started making their own brands of vegan meat substitutes. Plant milks —such as soy milk , almond milk , cashew milk , grain milks ( oat milk , flax milk and rice milk ), hemp milk , and coconut milk —are used in place of cow or goat milk. Soy milk provides around 7 g ( 1 ⁄ 4 oz) of protein per cup (240 mL or 8 fl oz), compared with 8 g (2/7oz) of protein per cup of cow's milk. Almond milk

21539-601: The live rock sound he was looking for, and the album peaked at No. 45 on the Billboard 200 for 28 weeks and soon became Reed's biggest selling album. It went gold in 1978, with 500,000 certified sales. Sally Can't Dance which was released later that year (in August 1974), became Reed's highest-charting album in the United States, peaking at No. 10 during a 14-week stay on the Billboard 200 album chart in October 1974. In October 2019, an audio tape of publicly unknown music by Reed, based on Warhol's 1975 book, " The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: From A to B and Back Again ",

21720-413: The lunches added by Los Angeles , California in 2018, Portland , Maine in 2019, and New York City in 2022. In January 2021, 582,538 people from 209 countries and territories signed up for Veganuary, breaking the previous year's record of 400,000. That month, ONA in France became the first vegan restaurant in the country to receive a Michelin star . That year, 79 more plant-based restaurants around

21901-433: The meltability of dairy cheese. Nutritional yeast is a common substitute for the taste of cheese in vegan recipes. Cheese substitutes can be made at home, including from nuts, such as cashews . Yoghurt and cream products can be replaced with plant-based products such as soy yoghurt . Various types of plant cream have been created to replace dairy cream , and some types of imitation whipped cream are non-dairy. In

22082-516: The members of which eat no animal food products what-so-ever; and a less extreme sect, who do not object to eggs, milk, or fish. The Vegetarian Society ... belongs to the latter more moderate division. An article in the Society's magazine, the Vegetarian Messenger , in 1851 discussed alternatives to shoe leather, which suggests the presence of vegans within the membership who rejected animal use entirely, not only in diet. Henry S. Salt 's 1886 A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays asserts, "It

22263-445: The most influential in rock history. Reed was the main singer and songwriter in the band. Had he accomplished nothing else, his work with the Velvet Underground in the late sixties would assure him a place in anyone's rock & roll pantheon; those remarkable songs still serve as an articulate aural nightmare of men and women caught in the beauty and terror of sexual, street and drug paranoia, unwilling or unable to move. The message

22444-675: The original versions of the songs he recorded; The Indispensable Bo Diddley 1955–1960 and many others. His Caribbean series are perhaps his most significant reissue work, documenting and making available to the public rare foundation recordings of most Caribbean islands including the Virgin Islands, Jamaica, Trinidad, Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, etc. As more audio and ethnomusicologic analysis contributions to CD Box sets for major, national museums exhibitions took place (including Beat Generation at Centre Pompidou and The Color Line at Musée du Quai Branly, both in 2016), Blum

22625-584: The plant milk market increased by 155 percent in two years, from 36 million litres (63 million imperial pints) in 2011 to 92 million (162 million imperial pints) in 2013. There was a 185% increase in new vegan products between 2012 and 2016 in the U.K. In 2017, the United States School Nutrition Association found 14% of school districts across the country were serving vegan school meals compared to 11.5% of schools offering vegan lunch in 2016. In total, as of 2016 ,

22806-416: The poetic quality of his lyrics. Reed's commercial breakthrough album, Transformer , was released in November 1972. Transformer was co-produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson , and it introduced Reed to a wider audience, especially in the UK. The single " Walk on the Wild Side " was a salute to the misfits and hustlers who once surrounded Andy Warhol in the late '60s and appeared in his films. Each of

22987-518: The practice of non-consumption of meat in China. This term, which predates the Western Zhou Dynasty (1027–771 BCE), originated from the humble diet of the poor and the rituals and rites of Chinese Pure Land Buddhism within monasteries, showing the dual cultivation of mindfulness and abstinence from killing or harming any sentient being. In the Chinese language, veganism and vegetarianism share

23168-647: The projected growth in the second and third fastest-growing vegan markets internationally in the same period, the United Arab Emirates (10.6%) and Australia (9.6%) respectively. In 2018, Jacy Reese Anthis 's book The End of Animal Farming argued that veganism will completely replace animal-based food by 2100. The book was featured in The Guardian , The New Republic , and Forbes , among other newspapers and magazines. The growth of schools serving vegan school meals has increased in recent years with

23349-526: The radio, he developed an early interest in rock and roll and rhythm and blues , and during high school played in several bands. Reed was dyslexic . He began using drugs at the age of 16. Reed's first recording was as a member of a doo-wop three-piece group called the Jades, with Reed providing guitar accompaniment and backing vocals. After participating at a talent show at Freeport Junior High School in early 1958, and receiving an enthusiastic response from

23530-420: The road with them. Though they improved over the months, Reed (with producer Bob Ezrin 's encouragement) decided to recruit a new backing band in anticipation of the upcoming Berlin album. He chose keyboardist Moogy Klingman to come up with a new five-member band on barely a week's notice. Reed married Bettye Kronstad in 1973. She later said he had been a violent drunk when on tour. Berlin (July 1973)

23711-519: The same initial interpretation and character, as the language's polymorphic nature denotes a path or journey that differs only by subjective consciousness. Initially centred on abstaining from meat, this concept evolved to include the exclusion of all animal by-products , such as clothing, household items, and medicinal remedies, and extends to doing no harm in thought or action towards all sentient beings. Greek philosophers such as Empedocles , Theophrastus , Plutarch , Plotinus , and Porphyry ; and

23892-463: The same note, which they began to call his " ostrich guitar " tuning. This technique created a drone effect similar to their experimentation in Young's avant-garde ensemble. Disappointed with Reed's performance, Cale was nevertheless impressed by Reed's early repertoire (including " Heroin "), and a partnership began to evolve. Reed and Cale (who played viola, keyboards and bass guitar) lived together on

24073-597: The same pattern, being the prime mover in many of his future projects. Following two convictions for record theft, and as his parents' company was going bankrupt, causing them to lose almost everything, in 1976-1977 the drifting teenager moved to London to study animation film with Oscar Grillo (who directed an animation film for Linda and Paul McCartney ) and keenly attended rock clubs. In 1977–1978 he lived in North London's Stamford Hill Jamaican neighbourhood where he discovered reggae sound systems and dub music. He also made

24254-505: The single "Si Je Reste" (adapted in French from the Clash 's "Should I Stay or Should I Go"), a duet with Annabelle Mouloudji. Nuage d'Éthiopie gets good reviews. To Yves Bigot " French reggae has found its songwriter ". Backed by the Wailers on "Avis aux Amateurs", he put to music the letter in which Arthur Rimbaud breaks the news on his mother that he will remain in Africa. Going against the grain of fashionable electronic music, he forwards in

24435-421: The song Les Élucubrations d'Antoine was a revelation for him at an early age. When advertising was permitted on French television from October 1, 1968, his parents of humble origins Nicole and Tony Blum started producing advertising films. Their success was immediate. Their company, named FBI (Falby Blum International) had already produced several films by young director Jean-Jacques Annaud when they were awarded

24616-633: The song had hit potential, and assembled a supporting band to help promote the recording. The ad hoc band, called the Primitives: Reed; Welsh musician John Cale , who had recently moved to New York to study music and was playing viola in composer La Monte Young 's Theatre of Eternal Music , on bass; Tony Conrad , violinist in the Theatre of Eternal Music, on guitar; and sculptor Walter De Maria on percussion. Cale and Conrad were surprised to find that for "The Ostrich", Reed tuned each string of his guitar to

24797-404: The song's five verses describes a person who had been a fixture at The Factory during the mid-to-late 1960s: (1) Holly Woodlawn , (2) Candy Darling , (3) "Little Joe" Dallesandro , (4) "Sugar Plum Fairy" Joe Campbell and (5) Jackie Curtis . The song's transgressive lyrics evaded radio censorship. Though the jazzy arrangement (courtesy of bassist Herbie Flowers and saxophonist Ronnie Ross )

24978-401: The term "veganism" is modern: it was coined in 1944 by Donald Watson with the aim of differentiating it from vegetarianism , which rejects the consumption of meat but accepts the consumption of other products of animal origin, such as milk, dairy products and eggs. Interest in veganism increased significantly in the 2010s. Groups Ideas Related Vegetarianism can be traced back to

25159-549: The time of its release was generally negative, with Rolling Stone pronouncing it "a disaster". Reed found the poor reviews it received very disheartening. Since then the album has been critically reevaluated, and in 2003 Rolling Stone included it in their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Berlin peaked at No. 7 on the UK Albums Chart . Following the commercial disappointment of Berlin , Reed befriended Steve Katz of Blood, Sweat & Tears (brother of his then-manager Dennis Katz), who suggested Reed put together

25340-421: The tour, causing Copeland to replace him with Ike & Tina Turner . Reed's double album Metal Machine Music (1975) was an hour of modulated feedback and guitar effects. Described by Rolling Stone as the "tubular groaning of a galactic refrigerator", many critics interpreted it as a gesture of contempt, an attempt to break his contract with RCA or to alienate his less sophisticated fans. Reed claimed that

25521-498: The twenty album covers they contain. Five of his documented anthologies albums were co-published by national museums of France: Great Black Music Roots 1927–1962 and Jamaica - Folk Trance Possession 1939–1961 , the latter being awarded the Académie Charles Cros' World Music Coup de Cœur in 2014. Slavery in America - Redemption Songs 1914–1972 includes a foreword by French Minister of Justice Christiane Taubira , author of

25702-465: The two were briefly lovers. The Velvet Underground & Nico was released in March 1967 and peaked at No. 171 on the U.S. Billboard 200 . Much later, Rolling Stone listed it as the 13th greatest album of all time; Musician Brian Eno once stated that although few people bought the album at the time of its release, most of those who did were inspired to form their own bands. Václav Havel credited

25883-431: The use of pharmaceuticals derived from or tested on animals). A person who practices veganism may do so for personal health benefits or to reduce animal deaths, minimize animal suffering, or minimize their ecological footprint . Fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, grains and mushrooms are the basic elements of vegan food. Since ancient times individuals have been renouncing the consumption of products of animal origin, but

26064-424: The very young editor gathered a team of talented artists that would all become professionals, including Bernar, Fernand Zacot, Klaus, Jean Teulé and classmate Jean-Marie Blanche, son of the famous French comedian and humorist Francis Blanche , an inspiration to both friends. Failing all studies, Blum was evicted out of three colleges, including two art schools. Self-taught from then on, he would build teams following

26245-604: The view—espoused by Porphyry in De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium (" On Abstinence from Animal Food ", c.  268  – c.  270 )—that if humans deserve justice, then so do animals. Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century Britain and the United States. A minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely. In 1813, the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley published A Vindication of Natural Diet , advocating "abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors", and in 1815, William Lambe ,

26426-650: The well-known Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers comic book artist. Blum also produces an album by Shelton. In 2006 he was invited to play a series of shows in Asmara , Eritrea by the French Ambassador in Eritrea. It is his first of a series of trips that would lead to producing an anthology album of the best Eritrean singers (released in 2010). In June 2007, the publication of his book Culture Cannabis led Bruno Blum to an hour-long clash with Professor Jean Costentin live on national radio France Inter . In 2008 he obtains

26607-547: The whole, do not defend the practice of consuming the dairy products except on the ground of expediency." In August 1944, several members of the Vegetarian Society asked that a section of its newsletter be devoted to non-dairy vegetarianism. When the request was denied, Donald Watson , secretary of the Leicester branch, set up a new quarterly newsletter, The Vegan News , in November 1944, priced tuppence . The word vegan

26788-717: The word vegan was first published independently in 1962 by the Oxford Illustrated Dictionary , defined as "a vegetarian who eats no butter, eggs, cheese, or milk". The first edition of The Vegan News attracted more than 100 letters, including from George Bernard Shaw , who resolved to give up eggs and dairy. The Vegan Society held its first meeting in early November at the Attic Club, 144 High Holborn , London. In attendance were Donald Watson , Elsie B. Shrigley , Fay K. Henderson, Alfred Hy Haffenden, Paul Spencer and Bernard Drake, with Mme Pataleewa ( Barbara Moore ,

26969-595: The world received Michelin stars. At the end of the year, a poll conducted by The Guardian showed that a new high of 36% of the British public were interested in veganism. The city with the most vegan restaurants per resident in 2021 according to data collected from HappyCow was Chiang Mai (Thailand), followed by Ubud (Bali, Indonesia), Phuket (Thailand), Tel Aviv (Israel), and Lisbon (Portugal). Vegan diets are based on grains and other seeds , legumes (particularly beans ), fruits , vegetables , edible mushrooms , and nuts . The main difference between

27150-463: Was "the first great person I ever met", and they became friends. He credited Schwartz with showing him how "with the simplest language imaginable, and very short, you can accomplish the most astonishing heights." One of Reed's fellow students at Syracuse in the early 1960s (who also studied under Schwartz) was the musician Garland Jeffreys ; they remained close friends until the end of Reed's life. Jeffreys recalled Reed's time at Syracuse: "At four in

27331-458: Was Jewish, his "real god was rock 'n' roll". Reed attended Atkinson Elementary School in Freeport and went on to Freeport Junior High School. His sister Merrill, born Margaret Reed, said that as an adolescent, he suffered panic attacks , became socially awkward and "possessed a fragile temperament" but was highly focused on things that he liked, mainly music. Having learned to play the guitar from

27512-404: Was London correspondent from 1977 to 1981 as chronicler, reporter, illustrator and photographer. He would then work for years with a small team comprising Christian Lebrun, Francis Dordor and Patrick Eudeline, travelling (and recording) to the UK, USA and Jamaica as a reporter. His successful In the City column, in which he published accounts of the very influential British music scene of the time,

27693-431: Was a concept album about two speed-freaks in love in the city. The songs variously concern domestic violence ("Caroline Says I", "Caroline Says II"), drug addiction ("How Do You Think It Feels"), adultery and prostitution ("The Kids"), and suicide ("The Bed"). Reed's late 1973 European tour, featuring lead guitarists Steve Hunter and Dick Wagner , mixed his Berlin material with older numbers. Response to Berlin at

27874-406: Was a sellout and did not want to participate in a structured gig. He was replaced on drums by Moe Tucker , the sister of Reed and Morrison's mutual friend Jim Tucker. Initially a fill-in for that one show, she soon became a full-time member with her drumming an integral part of the band's sound, despite Cale's initial objections. Though it had little commercial success, the band is considered one of

28055-678: Was almost entirely Yule's work. After leaving the Velvet Underground, Reed moved to his parents' home on Long Island , and took a job at his father's tax accounting firm as a typist, by his own account earning $ 40 a week ($ 314 in 2023 dollars ). He began writing poetry, which was published later in 2018 by Anthology Editions through the Lou Reed Estate. He signed a recording contract with RCA Records in 1971 and recorded his first solo album at Morgan Studios in Willesden , London with session musicians including Steve Howe and Rick Wakeman from

28236-686: Was an American musician and songwriter. He was the guitarist, singer, and principal songwriter for the rock band The Velvet Underground and had a solo career that spanned five decades. Although not commercially successful during its existence, the Velvet Underground came to be regarded as one of the most influential bands in the history of underground and alternative rock music. Reed's distinctive deadpan voice, poetic and transgressive lyrics, and experimental guitar playing were trademarks throughout his long career. Having played guitar and sung in doo-wop groups in high school, Reed studied poetry at Syracuse University under Delmore Schwartz , and served as

28417-452: Was brought home one day, having had a mental breakdown , after which he remained "depressed, anxious, and socially unresponsive" for a time, and that his parents were having difficulty coping. Visiting a psychologist, Reed's parents were made to feel guilty as inadequate parents, and they consented to giving him electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Reed appeared to blame his father for the treatment to which he had been subjected. He wrote about

28598-451: Was compelled to retrieve the entire JAD stock from the shops. The JAD delivery included two previously unreleased Peter Tosh albums, a Buffalo Bill album as well as Amala & Blum's Welikom 2 Lay-Gh-Us ! album which, although just released, was also retrieved from the shops by mistake (as it had nothing to do with JAD Records) in spite of getting daily airplay on José Artur's Pop Club show on France Inter . Nevertheless, Blum remains

28779-467: Was distinguished by such purity and so avoided killing and killers that he not only abstained from animal foods, but even kept his distance from cooks and hunters". One of the earliest known vegans was the Arab poet al-Ma'arri , famous for his poem "I No Longer Steal From Nature". ( c.  973  – c.  1057 ). Their arguments were based on health, the transmigration of souls , animal welfare , and

28960-587: Was enthusiastically received by critics such as Rolling Stone writer Tom Carson, whose review began, "Lou Reed's The Blue Mask is a great record, and its genius is at once so simple and unusual that the only appropriate reaction is wonder. Who expected anything like this from Reed at this late stage of the game?" In the Village Voice , Robert Christgau called The Blue Mask "his most controlled, plainspoken, deeply felt, and uninhibited album." After Legendary Hearts (1983) and New Sensations (1984), Reed

29141-404: Was followed by the film Earthlings (2005), Campbell's The China Study (2005), Rory Freedman and Kim Barnouin's Skinny Bitch (2005), Jonathan Safran Foer 's Eating Animals (2009), and the film Forks over Knives (2011). In the 1980s, veganism became associated with punk subculture and ideologies , particularly straight edge hardcore punk in the U.S. and anarcho-punk in

29322-507: Was granted a foreword by Paul McCartney for his 2016 book De Viandard à Végane . He also played several shows with his new vegan group Cabaret Végane formed in 2015, featuring young female singer Gojy Gojy, who stars in the Clémentine est végane video, to which artists Mandryka , Pascal Le Gras and Invader (artist) contributed. An English version of the song was also issued. Both were successful on Facebook. In 2017 Bruno Blum ran for MP in

29503-452: Was his 1976 debut for his new record label Arista , and Street Hassle (1978) was released in the midst of the punk rock scene he had helped to inspire. Reed took on a watchful, competitive and sometimes dismissive attitude towards punk. Aware that he had inspired the scene, he regularly attended shows at CBGB to track the artistic and commercial development of numerous punk bands, and a cover illustration and interview of Reed appeared in

29684-558: Was invented by Watson and Dorothy Morgan, a schoolteacher he later married. The word is based on "the first three and last two letters of 'vegetarian ' " because it marked, in Watson's words, "the beginning and end of vegetarian". The Vegan News asked its readers if they could think of anything better than vegan to stand for "non-dairy vegetarian". They suggested allvega , neo-vegetarian , dairyban , vitan , benevore , sanivores , and beaumangeur . According to Joanne Stepaniak ,

29865-560: Was later also shown at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York. From 1992, Reed was romantically linked to avant-garde artist Laurie Anderson , and the two worked together on several recordings. They married on April 12, 2008. In 1997, the BBC created a version of Perfect Day which featured many artists, including Reed. Initially created for advertising purposes, it was later released as

30046-495: Was musically atypical for Reed, it eventually became his signature song. It came about as a result of a commission to compose a soundtrack to a theatrical adaptation of Nelson Algren 's novel of the same name ; the play failed to materialize. "Walk on the Wild Side" was Reed's only entry in the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, at No. 16. Ronson's arrangements brought out new aspects of Reed's songs. " Perfect Day ", for example, features delicate strings and soaring dynamics. It

30227-457: Was necessary to treat Reed's mental and behavioral issues. Upon his recovery from his illness and associated treatment, Reed resumed his education at Syracuse University in 1960, studying journalism, film directing, and creative writing. He was a platoon leader in ROTC ; he said he was later expelled from the program for holding an unloaded gun to his superior's head. Reed played music on campus under numerous band names (one being L.A. and

30408-458: Was nominated for a Grammy Award for best male rock vocal performance for the album. Reed met John Cale for the first time in several years at Warhol's funeral in 1987. They worked together on the album Songs for Drella (April 1990), a song cycle about Warhol. On the album, Reed sings of his love for his late friend, and criticizes both the doctors who were unable to save Warhol's life and Warhol's would-be assassin, Valerie Solanas . In 1990,

30589-399: Was not interested in advertising. A dedicated comic strip reader, as early as twelve he was the founder of several amateur college comic magazines with his classmates. After an encounter with Asterix author René Goscinny , he created a magazine named Klaus in the Paris art school Les Arts Appliqués where he studied comic book art with Georges Pichard, Jacques Lob and Yves Got. In 1974–1975,

30770-403: Was recorded in a wide array of styles and released in 2002 (featuring duets with Annabelle Mouloudji and John Hostetter ), followed by Welikom 2 Lay-Gh-Us ! recorded in Lagos ( Nigeria ) with a 20-piece band from Fela Kuti's group, and released by BMG, which also reissued his Bob Marley 1967–1972 twelve-album series. JAD Records suddenly signed a distribution deal with Universal, and BMG

30951-444: Was rediscovered in the 1990s and allowed Reed to drop "Walk on the Wild Side" from his concerts. Several years later, Bowie and Reed fell out during a late-night meeting which led to Reed hitting Bowie. Bowie had reportedly told Reed that he would have to "clean up his act" if they were to work together again. Reed hired a local New York bar-band, the Tots, to tour in support of Transformer and spent much of 1972 and early 1973 on

31132-419: Was rejected by Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme who found the standard inconsistent with their vision. Wheat gluten originally called miànjīn (麵筋), is a way of preparation of wheat that has been documented in China since the 6th century to the present day. It is widely consumed by Chinese Buddhist's , monastics and lay people as a substitute for meat. The oldest reference to wheat gluten appears in

31313-478: Was released in late 2011. Essentially recorded in Jamaica, the double roots reggae CD Human Race includes The War Album with a bonus track, and features the voices of Haile Selassie I , Marcus Garvey , Gandhi , Nelson Mandela as well as Big Youth , Spectacular, Buffalo Bill, King Stitt , Brady, Annabelle Mouloudji, Joseph Cotton , Lady Manuella, Bruno Blum and several previously unreleased tracks. Illustrated by several photographs and original artwork by Blum,

31494-403: Was reported to have been discovered in an archive at The Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania. Throughout the 1970s, Reed was a heavy user of methamphetamine and alcohol. In the summer of 1975, he was booked to headline Startruckin' 75 in Europe, a touring rock festival organized by Miles Copeland . However, Reed's drug addiction made him unreliable and he never performed on

31675-454: Was reportedly returned to stores by the thousands and was withdrawn after a few weeks. Lou Reed doesn't just write about squalid characters, he allows them to leer and breathe in their own voices, and he colors familiar landscapes through their own eyes. In the process, Reed has created a body of music that comes as close to disclosing the parameters of human loss and recovery as we're likely to find. That qualifies him, in my opinion, as one of

31856-457: Was soon to become Nova Magazine. Blum persuaded Chris Blackwell to let him include a CD featuring Bob Marley 's "Punky Reggae Party" and a rare dub of "Is This Love" entitled "Is This Dub" in the issue. He drew several album covers and published artwork in Backstage , Actuel ( Kronik le Kritik ), Best (Scud le Rok Kritik Sourd), Hara Kiri Hebdo (weekly comic strips on vegetarian culture), L'Environnement Magazine , Panda Magazine , hosted

32037-437: Was sufficiently reestablished as a public figure to become a spokesman for Honda scooters. In the early 1980s, Reed worked with guitarists including Chuck Hammer on Growing Up in Public , and Robert Quine on The Blue Mask and Legendary Hearts . Reed's 1984 album New Sensations marked the first time that Reed had charted within the US Top 100 since 1978's Street Hassle , and the first time that Reed had charted in

32218-435: Was to be the first French journalist to write about the Pretenders , Devo , Linton Kwesi Johnson , Madness , Motörhead and the then-unknown Stray Cats , which he put up in his London squat as they first arrived from New York City. He also drew their original logo (as seen on the original Runaway Boys single cover), and drummer Slim Jim Phantom 's tattoo showing a drum set bearing his name. His Rock and Roll Comics book

32399-417: Was to integrate them into the Exploding Plastic Inevitable . Warhol's associates inspired many of Reed's songs as he fell into a thriving, multifaceted artistic scene. Reed rarely gave an interview without paying homage to Warhol as a mentor. Warhol pushed the band to take on a chanteuse , the German former model and singer Nico . Despite his initial resistance, Reed wrote several songs for Nico to sing, and

32580-416: Was to publish a further twenty books, including some successful ones, among which: Still performing live through the decade, after the 2001 The War Album recorded with the Wailers , where he can be heard playing the guitar and voicing two tracks, he is noted as a producer and lyric writer on his second solo album Nuage d'Éthiopie , also in 2001. Released on his own De Luxe label, this reggae album includes

32761-448: Was written in lively, vivid gonzo style and left its mark on the French youth. He met several reggae artists, including Linton Kwesi Johnson , Steel Pulse , Peter Tosh , Toots and the Maytals , Bob Marley and widely contributed to promoting reggae music among the French youth with his stories in popular Best Magazine. He also interviewed rock artists, including Nico , Lou Reed , John Cale , Wilko Johnson , Johnny Thunders and

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