48-586: Brunner Island Steam Electric Station is a coal-fired, alternatively natural gas-powered electrical generation facility in York County, Pennsylvania . It occupies most of the area of the eponymous island on Susquehanna River . The power plant has three major units, which came online in 1961, 1965, and 1969, with respective generating capacities of 334 MW, 390 MW, and 759 MW (in winter conditions). In addition, three internal combustion generators (2.8 MWe each) were installed in 1967. Talen Energy will stop coal use at
96-500: A 2018 out-of-court settlement with the Sierra Club, which had previously sued the plant and its current owner, Talen Energy, over air and water pollution, Brunner Island will eventually completely phase out coal. By 2023, Brunner Island will stop burning coal from May to September, which is considered peak smog season. By 2028, the facility will have completely switched over to natural gas. York County, Pennsylvania York County
144-500: A 77.3 percent increase in the number of residents of Hispanic or Latino origin, based on a comparison of the 2000 and 2010 U.S. census results. The city's 30.9 percent Hispanic population (as of December 2017) is more than that of other places in the area. The Central Pennsylvania accent and the Susquehanna dialect are the two most commonly heard speech patterns in the county. Many people of Pennsylvania Dutch descent also inhabit
192-557: A formal explanation of this decision, the United States Declaration of Independence which was approved on July 4 and published soon thereafter. The Congress moved to Baltimore in the winter of 1776–77 to avoid capture by British forces who were advancing on Philadelphia. Henry Fite's tavern was the largest building in Baltimore at the time and provided a comfortable location of sufficient size for Congress to meet. Its site at
240-530: A high school diploma and literacy programs. The Lincoln Intermediate Unit is governed by a 13-member Board of Directors, each a member of a local school board from the 25 school districts. Board members are elected by school directors of all 25 school districts for three-year terms that begin the first day of July. There are 29 intermediate units in Pennsylvania. They are funded by school districts, state and federal program specific funding and grants. IUs do not have
288-412: A mixture of crushed limestone and water onto the exhaust gas before it goes out the plant's chimney. Sulfur reacts with the limestone and water in the plant's exhaust, forming synthetic gypsum. This is collected and shipped to a drywall manufacturing company. Brunner Island discharges all of its waste heat (about 1.44 times its electrical output) into its brand new cooling towers as of 2009. As part of
336-814: A new federation that it first named the United Colonies of North America , and in 1776, renamed the United States of America . The Congress began convening in Philadelphia , on May 10, 1775, with representatives from 12 of the 13 colonies, after the Battles of Lexington and Concord . The Second Continental Congress succeeded the First Continental Congress , which had met from September 5 to October 26, 1774, also in Philadelphia. The Second Congress functioned as
384-449: A resolution recommending that any colony with a government that was not inclined toward independence should form one that was. On May 15, they adopted a more radical preamble to this resolution, drafted by John Adams , which advised throwing off oaths of allegiance and suppressing the authority of the Crown in any colonial government that still derived its authority from the Crown. That same day,
432-660: A state of what he called an "open and avowed rebellion ". As a result, the king refused to receive the petition. Georgia had not participated in the First Continental Congress and did not initially send delegates to the Second. But with the Revolutionary War escalating, the residents of St. John's Parish in present-day Liberty County sent Lyman Hall to the gathering in Philadelphia on their behalf. He participated in debates but did not vote, as he did not represent
480-549: A year of debate, and sent it to the states for ratification . Approval by all 13 states was required for the establishment of the constitution. Jefferson's proposal for a Senate to represent the states and a House to represent the people was rejected, but a similar proposal was adopted later in the United States Constitution . One issue of debate was large states wanting a larger say, nullified by small states who feared tyranny. The small states prevailed, and each state
528-663: Is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , United States. As of the 2020 census , the population was 456,438. Its county seat is York . The county was created on August 19, 1749, from part of Lancaster County and named either after the Duke of York , an early patron of the Penn family, or for the city and county of York in England. The county is part of the South Central region of
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#1732855022254576-637: Is at Harrisburg International Airport , Lancaster County Airport , and BWI . Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress was the late 18th-century meeting of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that united in support of the American Revolution and the Revolutionary War , which established American independence from the British Empire . The Congress constituted
624-513: Is generally hilly and rises to the Blue Ridge Mountains in the northwest, where it is bordered by Yellow Breeches Creek . Interior waterways include Codorus and Conewago Creeks , and Lakes Lehman, Kiwanis, Marburg , Pahagaco, Pinchot, Redman, and Williams. Most of York County has a hot-summer humid continental climate ( Dfa ) and the hardiness zones are 6b and 7a. The latest temperature averages show some low-lying eastern areas of
672-797: Is home to Martin's Potato Chips in Thomasville ; Utz Quality Foods, Inc. , Snyder's of Hanover , and Hanover Foods in Hanover ; Gibble's Potato Chips, and Wolfgang Candy in York ; the Emigsville Band in Emigsville ; a major manufacturing branch of Harley-Davidson Motor Company , the York International brand of refrigeration/HVAC equipment, and York Barbell . York was the home of The Bon-Ton from 1898 to 2018, and Dentsply Sirona until 2019. According to
720-670: The Appalachian Mountains . Many of the delegates who attended the Second Congress had also attended the First. They again elected Peyton Randolph as president of the Congress and Charles Thomson as secretary. Notable new arrivals included Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and John Hancock of Massachusetts . Within two weeks, Randolph was summoned back to Virginia to preside over
768-610: The Continental Association to establish a coordinated protest of these acts, boycotting British goods in protest to them. The Second Continental Congress met on May 10, 1775, to plan further responses if the British government did not repeal or modify the acts; however, the American Revolutionary War had started by that time with the Battles of Lexington and Concord , and the Congress was called upon to take charge of
816-612: The House of Burgesses ; Hancock succeeded him as president, and Thomas Jefferson replaced Randolph in the Virginia delegation. The number of participating colonies also grew, as Georgia endorsed the Congress in July 1775 and adopted the continental ban on trade with Britain. The First Continental Congress had sent entreaties to King George III to stop the Intolerable Acts . They also created
864-538: The Olive Branch Petition to King George III affirming the colonies' loyalty to the crown and imploring the king to prevent further conflict. However, by the time British Colonial Secretary Lord Dartmouth received the petition, King George III had already issued a proclamation on August 23, 1775 , in response to the Battle of Bunker Hill , declaring elements of Britain's continental American possessions to be in
912-516: The U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 911 square miles (2,360 km ), of which 904 square miles (2,340 km ) is land and 6.5 square miles (17 km ) (0.7%) is water. The county is bound to its eastern border by the Susquehanna River . Its southern border is the Mason–Dixon line , which separates Pennsylvania and Maryland . Within the U.S. piedmont region , York County
960-478: The Virginia Convention instructed its delegation in Philadelphia to propose a resolution that called for a declaration of independence, the formation of foreign alliances, and a confederation of the states. The resolution of independence was delayed for several weeks, as advocates of independence consolidated support in their home governments. On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee offered a resolution before
1008-582: The de facto federation government at the outset of the Revolutionary War by raising militias, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and writing petitions such as the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms and the Olive Branch Petition . All 13 colonies were represented by the time the Congress adopted the Lee Resolution , which declared independence from Great Britain on July 2, 1776, and
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#17328550222541056-620: The divine right of kings in the New World , but recognized the necessity of proving their credibility in the Old World . Congress formally adopted the resolution of independence , but only after creating three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration, a Model Treaty , and the Articles of Confederation . The Declaration announced the states' entry into the international system; the model treaty
1104-497: The Brunner Island facility is approved for use in construction projects, especially for "use in concrete mixes to reduce alkali silica reactivity of aggregate." In 2021, the facility produced 2.28 megatonnes of CO 2 equivalent (tCO 2 e) greenhouse gas emissions. This is the same climate impact as 491,312 gasoline-powered passenger vehicles driven for one year. With respect to greenhouse gas emissions, out of 89 power stations in
1152-650: The Congress unanimously agreed to the Declaration of Independence two days later. Congress functioned as the provisional government of the United States of America through March 1, 1781, when congress became what is now often called the Confederation Congress . During this period, it successfully managed the war effort, drafted the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , adopted the first U.S. constitution, secured diplomatic recognition and support from foreign nations, and resolved state land claims west of
1200-413: The Congress, declaring the colonies independent. He urged Congress to resolve "to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances" and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states. Lee argued that independence was the only way to ensure a foreign alliance since no European monarchs would deal with America if they remained Britain's colonies. American leaders had rejected
1248-541: The Second Continental Congress voted to create the Continental Army out of the militia units around Boston , and the next day unanimously approved a motion naming George Washington of Virginia as its commanding general. On July 6, 1775, Congress approved a Declaration of Causes outlining the rationale and necessity for taking up arms in the Thirteen Colonies . Two days later, delegates signed
1296-568: The York-Hanover Metropolitan Statistical Area was the fastest-growing metro area in the Northeast region, and was ranked among the fastest-growing in the nation, according to the "2006 Population Estimates for Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas" (U.S. Census Bureau). The estimates listed York-Hanover as the 95th fastest-growing metro area in the nation, increasing 9.1 percent between 2000 and 2006. York city had
1344-603: The York–Hanover MSA as a component of the more extensive Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area (CSA), the 43rd most populous CSA and the 49th most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012. As of the 2017 estimates, the CSA's 1.26 million people ranks 5th in the state of Pennsylvania. Prior to 1952, York County was a Democratic stronghold in presidential elections, voting majority Republican only four times before then. Between
1392-613: The county to have a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa .) As of the 2000 census, there were 381,751 people, 148,219 households, and 105,531 families residing in the county. The population density was 422 people per square mile (163 people/km ). There were 156,720 housing units at an average density of 173 units per square mile (67/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 92.76% White , 3.69% African American , 0.18% Native American , 0.86% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 1.39% from other races , and 1.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.96% of
1440-524: The county's vote, and George H. W. Bush in 1992 is the only Republican not to win a majority. The only real pockets of Democratic support are in the city of York, which has sent Democrats to the state house without interruption since 1985. According to the Secretary of State's office, a majority of voters in York County are registered as Republicans. As of March 4, 2024, there were 310,874 registered voters in
1488-546: The county, who tend to speak with a Pennsylvania Dutch English dialect. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget has designated York County as the York–Hanover, PA metropolitan statistical area (MSA). The United States Census Bureau ranked the York–Hanover, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area as the 9th most populous in the state of Pennsylvania, and 115th most populous MSA in the United States as of July 1, 2012. The Office of Management and Budget has further designated
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1536-477: The county. Chart of Voter Registration Lincoln Intermediate Unit (IU#12) region includes Adams County , Franklin County and York County. The agency offers school districts, home schooled students and private schools many services including: special education services, combined purchasing, and instructional technology services. It runs Summer Academy which offers both art and academic strands designed to meet
1584-614: The entire colony. That changed after July 1775, when a provincial Congress decided to send delegates to the Continental Congress and to adopt a ban on trade with Britain. The Continental Congress had no explicit legal authority from the British to govern, but it assumed all the functions of a national government, including appointing ambassadors, signing treaties, raising armies, appointing generals, obtaining loans from Europe, issuing paper money called " Continentals ", and disbursing funds. Congress had no authority to levy taxes and
1632-622: The following table is based on the 2010 census of York County. † county seat Although York County has no scheduled passenger air service, it has two general-aviation airports: Capital City Airport in Fairview Township in the extreme north and York Airport near Thomasville , just south of US 30 . The county participates in the Susquehanna Area Regional Airport Authority with Adams, Cumberland, Dauphin, and Franklin counties. The closest passenger service
1680-430: The founding of the party in 1828 and 1900 , the county voted Democratic every time, one of only a handful of counties in Pennsylvania to do so. Starting with the 1952 election, it has become a Republican stronghold with Lyndon Johnson being the lone Democrat to win the county since. Since then, Jimmy Carter in 1976 and Barack Obama in 2008 are the only Democratic presidential candidates who have received over 40% of
1728-417: The individual needs of gifted , talented and high achieving students. Additional services include: Curriculum Mapping , Professional Development for school employees, Adult Education , Nonpublic School Services, Business Services, Migrant & ESL (English as a Second Language), Instructional Services, Management Services, and Technology Services. It also provides a GED program to adults who want to earn
1776-407: The local government and business community began referring to York in the 1960s as the first capital of the United States of America. The designation has been debated by historians ever since. Congress considered York and the borough of Wrightsville on the eastern side of York County along the Susquehanna River as the nation's permanent capital before Washington, D.C. was selected. York County
1824-449: The plant in 2028. PPL , the owner of the plant at the time, announced in 2005 that it would begin to install scrubbers at the plant and that installation would be complete by 2009. The scrubbers, PPL says, are intended to annually remove 100,000 tons of sulfur. The facility was cited as one of several facilities in the region by a USA Today study of air quality around area schools as a potential source of significant pollutants. Fly ash from
1872-511: The population. 42.0% were of German , 12.6% American , 7.7% Irish , 6.4% English and 5.1% Italian ancestry. 94.8% spoke English and 2.9% Spanish as their first language. There were 148,219 households, out of which 32.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.30% were married couples living together, 9.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.80% were non-families. 23.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.20% had someone living alone who
1920-565: The power to tax. Under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities: cities , boroughs , townships , and, in only one case, towns . York County has 72 of these. The following cities, boroughs and townships are in York County: Census-designated places are unincorporated communities designated by the U.S. Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data. They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law. The population ranking of
1968-543: The state, Brunner Island ranks as the 13th most polluting. In 2006, Brunner Island ranked 27th on the list of most-polluting major power station in the US in terms of sulphur dioxide gas emission rate: it discharged 20.49 pounds (9.29 kg) of SO 2 for each MWh of electric power produced that year (93,545 tons of SO 2 per year in total). Scrubbers began operation in 2009, removing about 90-percent of sulfur dioxide emissions and reducing mercury emissions. They spray
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2016-787: The state. York County comprises the York- Hanover , Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Harrisburg -York- Lebanon , Pennsylvania combined statistical area . It is in the Susquehanna Valley , a large fertile agricultural region in South Central Pennsylvania. Based on the Articles of Confederation having been adopted in York by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777,
2064-456: The war effort. For the first few months of the Revolutionary War, the patriots carried on their struggle in a largely ad-hoc and uncoordinated manner. Even so, they had numerous successes, seizing numerous British arsenals, driving royal officials out of several colonies, and launching the Siege of Boston in order to prevent the movement by land of British troops stationed there. On June 14, 1775,
2112-571: The western edge of town was beyond easy reach of the British Royal Navy 's ships should they attempt to sail up the harbor and the Patapsco River to shell the town. Congress was again forced to flee Philadelphia at the end of September 1777, as British troops seized and occupied the city ; they moved to York, Pennsylvania , where they continued their work. Congress passed the Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777, after more than
2160-447: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.98. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.60% under the age of 18, 7.50% from 18 to 24, 30.30% from 25 to 44, 24.00% from 45 to 64, and 13.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 96.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.80 males. As of 2006,
2208-488: Was afforded one vote. Another revolved around the issue of western land claims ; states without such claims wanted those with claims to yield them to Congress. As written, western land claims remained in the hands of the individual states. Congress urged the states to give their assent quickly, and most did. The first to ratify was Virginia on December 16, 1777; 12 states had ratified the Articles by February 1779, 14 months into
2256-434: Was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states, and the Articles of Confederation established "a firm league" among the thirteen free and independent states. These three things together constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for conducting vital domestic and foreign affairs. Congress finally approved the resolution of independence on July 2, 1776. They next turned their attention to
2304-607: Was required to request money, supplies, and troops from the states to support the war effort. Individual states frequently ignored these requests. Congress was moving towards declaring independence from the British Empire in 1776, but many delegates lacked the authority from their home governments to take such drastic action. Advocates of independence moved to have reluctant colonial governments revise instructions to their delegations, or even replace those governments which would not authorize independence. On May 10, 1776, Congress passed
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