Misplaced Pages

#35964

62-545: Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria , named after David Bruce (1855–1931). They are small (0.5 to 0.7 by 0.6 to 1.5 μm), non- encapsulated , non- motile , facultatively intracellular coccobacilli . Brucella spp. are the cause of brucellosis , which is a zoonosis transmitted by ingesting contaminated food (such as unpasteurized milk products), direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols. Transmission from human to human, for example, through sexual intercourse, or from mother to child,

124-437: A cirrhotic liver . Computerized tomography (CT) can give accurate anatomical information for a complete diagnosis. Treatment of hepatomegaly varies with the cause, so accurate diagnosis is the first concern. In auto-immune liver disease, prednisone and azathioprine may be used for treatment. In lymphoma the treatment options include single-agent (or multi-agent) chemotherapy and regional radiotherapy, and surgery

186-541: A capsule, endospores , or native plasmids. They are intracellular within the host organism, and show environmental persistence outside the host. The intracellular trafficking includes two or three main steps, starting with endosomal vacuoles, then endoplasmic reticulum-derived compartments and finally vacuoles having several markers of atypical autophagy. They survive extremes in temperature, pH, and humidity, and in frozen and aborted materials. They infect many species, but with some specificity. The Brucella species belongs to

248-808: A favorable outcome, whereas preterm births and cases with congenital brucellosis have an increased risk of neonatal death. Congenital brucellosis can be transmitted transplacentally, whereas neonatal brucellosis can be acquired through contact with body fluids secreted during birth or through postpartum breastfeeding. Congenital brucellosis, on the other hand, is a rare condition; most cases are associated with premature birth, and it affects about 2% of infants exposed to brucellosis in utero. Congenitally infected infants can exhibit low birth weight, failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, respiratory difficulty, and general signs of sepsis (fever, vomiting). Some cases are asymptomatic. Brucella species are small, Gram-negative , facultative coccobacilli , most lacking

310-407: A genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

372-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

434-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

496-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

558-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

620-464: A thorough medical history and physical examination , wherein the latter typically includes an increased liver span . On abdominal ultrasonography , the liver can be measured by the maximum dimension on a sagittal plane view through the midclavicular line , which is normally up to 18 cm in adults. It is also possible to measure the cranio-caudal dimension , which is normally up to 15 cm in adults. This can be measured together with

682-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

SECTION 10

#1732851585036

744-613: A two- to four-week latency period before exhibiting symptoms, which include acute undulating fever (>90% of all cases), headache, arthralgia (>50%), night sweats, fatigue, and anorexia . Later complications may include arthritis or epididymo- orchitis , spondylitis , neurobrucellosis, liver abscess formation, and endocarditis , the latter potentially fatal. Human brucellosis is usually not transmitted from human to human; people become infected by contact with fluids from infected animals (sheep, cattle, or pigs) or derived food products, such as unpasteurized milk and cheese. Brucellosis

806-430: Is Brucella isolated from sputum. Genitourinary infection can include epidydemoorchitis or pyonephrosis (rare). Cutaneous involvement is not specific. Hematological signs include anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Brucella is isolated from a blood culture on Castaneda medium or from bone marrow. Prolonged incubation (up to six weeks) may be required, as they are slow-growing, but on modern automated machines,

868-452: Is Gram-negative. Testing for urease would successfully accomplish the task; it is positive for Brucella and negative for Salmonella . Brucella can also be seen in bone marrow biopsies. Laboratory-acquired brucellosis is common. This most often happens when the disease is not thought of until cultures become positive, by which time the specimens have already been handled by a number of laboratory staff. The idea of preventive treatment

930-450: Is also considered an occupational disease because of a higher incidence in people working with animals (slaughterhouse cases). People may also be infected by inhalation of contaminated dust or aerosols, and as such, the CDC has labeled Brucella species as highly weaponizable. Human and animal brucellosis share the persistence of the bacteria in tissues of the mononuclear phagocyte system, including

992-621: Is called for to ensure proper diagnostic and treatment standards. No clinical trials exist to be relied on as a guide for optimal treatment, but an at least six-week course of rifampicin or gentamicin and doxycycline twice daily is the combination most often used, and appears to be efficacious; the advantage of this regimen is that it is oral medication with no injections; however, a high rate of side effects (nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite) has also been reported. The relatedness in treatment and endemic overlap of tuberculosis remains an issue however, as treatment of one might cause resistance in

1054-457: Is considered a classical sign. Between 20 and 60% of cases have osteoarticular complications: arthritis, spondylitis, or osteomyelitis. Hepatomegaly may occur, as can gastrointestinal complications. Up to 20% of cases can have genitourinary involvement; orchitis and epididymitis are most common. Neurological symptoms include depression and mental fatigue. Cardiovascular involvement can include endocarditis resulting in death. Chronic brucellosis

1116-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

1178-677: Is exceedingly rare, but possible. Minimum infectious exposure is between 10 and 100 organisms. The different species of Brucella are genetically very similar, although each has a slightly different host specificity. Hence, the National Center for Biotechnology Information taxonomy includes most Brucella species under B. melitensis . The many names of brucellosis include (human disease/animal disease): Sir David Bruce isolated B. melitensis from British soldiers who died from Malta fever in Malta . After exposure to Brucella , humans generally have

1240-441: Is hard to define; length, type, and response to treatment are variable. Localized infection can occur. Blood donations of infected persons should not be accepted. The general agreement is that brucellosis in pregnant women is not linked to congenital malformations. The newborn can be either uninfected, which is more common, or infected with congenital or neonatal brucellosis. The majority of uninfected neonates delivered at term have

1302-599: Is involved in most cases, but function tests are normal or mildly abnormal. Granulomas ( B. abortus ), hepatitis ( B. melitensis ), and abscesses ( B. suis ) are seen. The skeletal system is affected in 20–60% of cases, including arthritis (hip, knee, and ankle), spondylitis , osteomyelitis , and sacroiliitis (most common). Lumbar vertebrae can be affected showing the classical radiological sign of vertebral erosion. Neurological symptoms include meningitis, encephalitis, radiculopathy, peripheral neuropathy, intracerebral abscesses, and acute or chronic neck rigidity (<50%), and

SECTION 20

#1732851585036

1364-506: Is pivotal; in endemic area, it should be in the diagnosis of any nonspecific febrile illness. In the laboratory, biochemical tests can be diagnostic. Oxidase and catalase tests are positive for most members of the genus Brucella . Serum agglutination with a titer > 1:160 in the presence of a compatible illness supports the diagnosis of brucellosis. Demonstration of a four-fold or greater increase or decrease in agglutinating antibodies over four to 12 weeks provides even stronger evidence for

1426-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

1488-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

1550-400: Is to stop people who have been exposed to Brucella from becoming ill with the disease. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) shows promise for rapid diagnosis of Brucella species in human blood specimens. Positive PCR at the completion of treatment is not predictive of subsequent relapse. PCR testing for fluid and tissue samples other than blood has also been described. A history of animal contact

1612-431: The ventro-dorsal dimension (or depth ), which is normally up to 13 cm. Also, the caudate lobe is enlarged in many diseases. In the axial plane , the caudate lobe should normally have a cross-section of less than 0.55 of the rest of the liver. Other ultrasound studies have suggested hepatomegaly as being defined as a longitudinal axis > 15.5 cm at the hepatic midline, or > 16.0 cm at

1674-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

1736-799: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

1798-404: The midclavicular line . Blood tests should be done, especially liver-function tests , which give a good impression of the patient's broad metabolic picture. A complete blood test can help distinguish intrinsic liver disease from extrahepatic bile-duct obstruction . An ultrasound of the liver can reliably detect a dilated biliary-duct system, it can also detect the characteristics of

1860-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

1922-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

Brucella - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-516: The spleen , liver , lymph nodes , and bone marrow . Brucella can also target the male reproductive tract. Globally, an estimated 500,000 cases of brucellosis occur each year. Malta fever was a major health problem to British troops in Malta in the 19th and early 20th centuries, resulting in over 6000 cases and 574 deaths. In 1860, J.A. Maraston, assistant surgeon in the British Army in Malta, gave

2046-694: The Febrile Antigen Brucella Agglutination Test (FBAT) is primarily used for diagnostics. Recent investigations on the use of FBAT have however illustrated its high inaccuracy in proper diagnosis, highlighting the difficulty of brucellosis control in low-income settings. In the setting of Brucella arthritis, the synovial-fluid white blood cell count does not generally exceed 15,000 cells/μl. In brucellosis, lymphocytes frequently predominate (in contrast to septic arthritis due to other bacteria, in which polymorphonuclear leukocytes frequently predominate. The prognosis for brucellosis before

2108-572: The Rhizobiales group, in the Alphaproteobacteria class. They are growing by unipolar growth, like Agrobacterium tumefaciens , Sinorhizobium meliloti , and Ochrobactrum anthropi . They usually have two chromosomes and their replication and segregation are temporally organized. The gastrointestinal tract is affected in about 70% of cases, including anorexia, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. The liver

2170-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

2232-574: The cause, it may sometimes present along with jaundice . The patient may experience many symptoms, including weight loss, poor appetite , and lethargy ; jaundice and bruising may also be present. Among the causes of hepatomegaly are the following: The mechanism of hepatomegaly consists of vascular swelling, inflammation ( infectious in origin), and deposition of (1) non-hepatic cells or (2) increased cell contents (such as that due to iron in hemochromatosis or hemosiderosis and fat in fatty liver disease). Suspicion of hepatomegaly indicates

2294-470: The cerebrospinal fluid can show lymphocytic pleocytosis, low sugar, increased protein, positive bacterial culture (<50%), and agglutination (positive in >95%). Cardiovascular involvement is low (endocarditis at 2%), but is the major cause of mortality. Often, valve replacement and antibiotics are needed. Pericarditis and myocarditis are seen, too. Pulmonary infection can be from inhalation or hematogenous sources, and can cause any chest syndrome. Rarely

2356-465: The characteristics of the plague described in Oedipus Rex . Although the disease progression of brucellosis in modern times may make it seem unlikely, it was at least one agent in what may have been a multicomponent plague, along with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi or another pathogen, or possibly the ancestral versions of Brucella were more lethal. The Brucella genome includes two chromosomes;

2418-558: The connection between B. abortus and Micrococcus melitensis , and placed them in the Bacteriaceae. In 1914, Mohler isolated an organism from the liver and spleen of pigs, B. suis ; B. neotome , B. ovis , and B. canis were described in 1957, 1963, and 1966, respectively. Zoonosis affecting domestic animals is caused by contact with milk, urine, and genital organs, which concentrate the causative organisms. Some reservoirs include buffalo and other animals, but mostly cattle. In humans,

2480-414: The cultures often show positive results within 7 days. On Gram stain , they appear as dense clumps of Gram-negative coccobacilli and are exceedingly difficult to see. In recent years, molecular diagnostic techniques based on the genetic component of the pathogen have become more popular. Differentiating Brucella from Salmonella is crucial, as the latter could also be isolated from blood cultures and

2542-451: The diagnosis. ELISA is probably the second-most common serologic method. The sensitivity of the ELISA was 100% when compared with blood culture, but only 44% compared with serologic tests other than ELISA. The specificity was >99%. In a study including 75 patients with brucellosis, five patients with positive ELISA had a negative tube agglutination test. In several Brucella -endemic regions,

Brucella - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-605: The disease is acquired from unpasteurised milk and products or undercooked meat (consumers), laboratory inhalation (lab workers), accidental skin penetration or abrasion (farmers, slaughterhouse workers, and veterinarians), and (rarely) conjunctival contact, blood transfusion, transplacental, and person-to-person. Brucellosis can affect any organ or organ system, and 90% of patients have a cyclical (undulant) fever. Though variable, symptoms can also include these clinical signs: headache, weakness, arthralgia, depression, weight loss, fatigue, and liver dysfunction. Foul-smelling perspiration

2666-538: The first accurate description of the disease he called "Mediterranean gastric remittent fever". In 1897, A.E. Wright, a pathologist in British army, developed the agglutination test, diagnostic of the disease. In 1905, Zammit , a Maltese physician, identified goats as the source of infection. E. Bang, a Danish veterinarian, described the intracellular pathogen causing abortion in cattle in 1897, and named it Bacillus abortus . In 1918, A. Evans, an American microbiologist, made

2728-585: The first chromosome codes mostly for genes related to metabolism, while the second (smaller one) includes several genes related to pathogenicity. The genomes of most Brucella species have been sequenced, and typically encode 3,200 to 3,500 open reading frames (ORFs). Examples include: Genome data for these and other Brucella strains are available in the GOLD and PATRIC databases. Also, a public and editable spreadsheet of B. abortus 2308W genome annotation has been created, to be updated based on new discoveries. Also,

2790-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

2852-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

2914-760: The genome annotation is available in a user friendly table at the web page http://hdl.handle.net/11056/23125 . Bacterial small RNAs (sRNA) are an important class of regulatory molecules. Many Brucella sRNAs have been identified. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). The phylogeny is based on whole-genome analysis. Brucella thiophenivorans Brucella pituitosa Brucella grignonensis Brucella rhizosphaerae Brucella pseudogrignonensis Brucella intermedia Brucella lupini Brucella anthropi Genus The composition of

2976-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

3038-458: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Hepatomegaly Hepatomegaly is enlargement of the liver . It is a non-specific medical sign , having many causes, which can broadly be broken down into infection , hepatic tumours , and metabolic disorder . Often, hepatomegaly presents as an abdominal mass . Depending on

3100-740: The military in case of exposure to weaponized Brucella on the battlefield. Brucella species have been found primarily in mammals: Pathogenic Brucella species can cause abortion in female animals by colonization of placental trophoblasts, and sterility in male animals. Drugs with effects against Brucella include tetracyclines, aminoglycosides (streptomycin, [since 1947], gentamicin, netilmicin), rifampicin, quinolones (ciprofloxacin), and third-generation cephalosporins. Treatment for uncomplicated brucellosis includes: Treatment of complicated brucellosis (endocarditis, meningitis) has no uniform agreement, but usually uses three anti- Brucella drugs for three months. Brucellosis caused by B. abortus best fits

3162-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

SECTION 50

#1732851585036

3224-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

3286-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

3348-466: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

3410-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

3472-404: The second. Local dispensaries dealing first-hand with brucellosis are occasionally also not aware on how to treat properly, highlighting the need for reevaluation on implementation of international treatment regimes. As of August 2013, Allison Rice-Ficht, Ph.D. at Texas A&M University and her team claim to be close to creating a human vaccine. It would primarily be used to immunize members of

3534-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

3596-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

3658-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

3720-583: The use of antibiotics had a mortality of 2%, mainly due to endocarditis, and morbidity was high, especially with B. melitensis . Permanent nerve deafness and spinal cord damage often occurred. Prevention now includes: As regions endemic with Brucella primarily are low-income environments, approaching proper control of brucellosis remains a challenge. A recent case-based investigation in north-eastern Kenya illustrated how community engagement with veterinarians and medical professionals might contribute in preventive strategies, but that additional political engagement

3782-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

SECTION 60

#1732851585036

3844-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

#35964