98-595: Víctor Alberto Trujillo Matamoros (born July 30, 1961) is a Mexican actor and comedian. He is best known for his character Brozo el Payaso Tenebroso ("Brozo the Creepy Clown"); a green-haired, unkempt, obscene and aggressive clown. Trujillo was born in Mexico City. In 1987, after appearing in an Imevisión variety show called En tienda y trastienda , Trujillo created a new program called La caravana , alongside his Tienda y trastienda partner Ausencio Cruz . La caravana
196-490: A production sound mixer records dialogue during filming. During post-production, a supervising sound editor , or ADR supervisor, reviews all of the dialogue in the film and decides which lines must be re-recorded. ADR is recorded during an ADR session, which takes place in a specialized sound studio . Multiple takes are recorded, and the most suitable take becomes the final version, or portions of various takes may be edited together. The ADR process does not always take place in
294-525: A 46-month prison sentence for obscenity. Many U.S. states have had bans on the sale of sex toys , regulating them as obscene devices. Some states have seen their sex toy bans ruled unconstitutional in the courts. That ruling leaves only Mississippi, Alabama, and Virginia with current bans on the sale of obscene devices. Literature (non-fiction) communicating contraceptive information was prohibited by several states. The last such prohibition, in Connecticut,
392-645: A child. In New York v. Ferber , 458 U.S. 747 (1982), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that child pornography need not be legally obscene in order to be outlawed. The Court ruled that in contrast to the types of images considered in Miller , images that depicted underlying harm to children need not appeal to "the prurient interest of the average person", portray sexual conduct in "a patently offensive manner", nor be considered holistically, in order to be proscribed. Another difference between U.S. constitutional law concerning obscenity and that governing child pornography
490-489: A contract with Televisa and move his program to that network, which he said would allow him to take on a wider variety of projects. He later appeared on Televisa's coverage of the 2002 FIFA World Cup and hosted a season of Big Brother México . Trujillo's character Brozo played an important role in the most damaging of the Videoscandals that affected the Mexico City mayor Andrés Manuel López Obrador . On El Mañanero ,
588-487: A current inquiry on Montiel's family and personal fortune. This inquiry was later denied by the government, but the damage was done, and Montiel quit the presidential race a few days later. After El Cristal , along with El Circo de Brozo —a program that marked the return of the Brozo character— were cancelled in 2006, Trujillo (as Brozo) had another nighttime show called El Notifiero . In 2010, however, El Mañanero returned to
686-457: A dissenting opinion, Justice Blackmun countered that Cohen's wearing of the jacket in the courthouse was not speech but conduct amounting to an "absurd and immature antic". Standards superseded by the Miller Test include: FCC rules and federal law govern obscenity in broadcast media. Many historically important works have been described as obscene or prosecuted under obscenity laws, including
784-499: A dubbed version. Hong Kong live-action films have a long tradition of being dubbed into Mandarin, while more famous films offer a Cantonese version. In Georgia , original soundtracks are kept in films and TV series, but with voice-over translation. There are exceptions, such as some children's cartoons. In India , where "foreign films" are synonymous with " Hollywood films ", dubbing is done mostly in Hindi , Tamil and Telugu . Dubbing
882-598: A few minutes, and then work on the segments one-by-one. In addition to the correct meaning in translation, they make tremendous effort to match the lips of the actors to the dialogue. As a result, the dubbing in these films generally is not readily detected. The cast of dubbers is acknowledged at the end of a dubbed film. Several dubbing actors and actresses of the Shanghai Film Dubbing Studio have become well-known celebrities, such as Qiu Yuefeng, Bi Ke, Li Zi, and Liu Guangning. In recent years, however, especially in
980-564: A few months or years later, those movies appear on TV either dubbed in Indonesian or subtitled. Kids shows are mostly dubbed, though even in cartoon series, songs typically are not dubbed, but in big movies such as Disney movies, both speaking and singing voice are cast for the Indonesian dub. Adult films are mostly subtitled but sometimes they can be dubbed as well, and because there are not many Indonesian voice actors, multiple characters might have
1078-564: A fine. Criticism to the legislation have included: It is often used against people who expose their nude bodies in public environments that were not warranted a license to cater to the demographic interested in such practice (the first such place was the Praia do Abricó in Rio de Janeiro, in 1994), even if no sexual action took place, and it may include, for example, a double standard for the chest area of women and men in which only women are penalized. Such
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#17328595283511176-543: A jacket bearing the words "Fuck the Draft" while visiting the Los Angeles Courthouse to testify as a defense witness in a court hearing. Although Cohen removed the jacket before entering the courtroom, he had been observed wearing it in the courthouse corridor by a court officer. When Cohen left the courtroom, the officer arrested him for disturbing the peace. Cohen defended his attire as being an expression of disapproval of
1274-646: A long tradition of dubbing foreign films into Mandarin Chinese , starting in the 1930s. While during the Republic of China era Western motion pictures may have been imported and dubbed into Chinese, since 1950 Soviet movies became the main import, sometimes even surpassing the local production. In Communist China, most European movies were dubbed in Shanghai, whereas Asian and Soviet films were usually dubbed in Changchun . During
1372-460: A more precise guide for the actors, directors , and technicians, and can be used to complement the traditional ADR method. The "band" is actually a clear 35 mm film leader on which the dialogue is hand-written in India ink , together with numerous additional indications for the actor—including laughs, cries, length of syllables, mouth sounds, breaths, and mouth openings and closings. The rythmo band
1470-431: A post-production studio. The process may be recorded on location with mobile equipment. ADR can also be recorded without showing the actor the image they must match, but by having them listen to the performance, since some actors believe that watching themselves act can degrade subsequent performances. The director may be present during ADR; alternatively, they may leave it up to a trusted sound editor, an ADR specialist, and
1568-498: A projector one by one. For each scene, the loop would be played repeatedly while the voice actor performed the lines, trying to synchronize them to the filmed performance. This was known as "looping" or a "looping session". Loading and reloading the film loops while the talent and recording crew stood by was tedious. Later, videotape and then digital technology replaced the film loops, and the process became known as automated dialogue replacement (ADR). In conventional film production,
1666-773: A result of the boycott by the British actors' union Equity , which banned the sale of most British television programs, the puppet series The Adventures of Rupert Bear was dubbed into South African English , as the original voices had been recorded by Equity voice artists. This practice has declined as a result of the reduction of airtime for the language on SABC TV, and the increase of locally produced material in Afrikaans on other channels like KykNet . Similarly, many programs, such as The Jeffersons , were dubbed into Zulu , but this has also declined as local drama production has increased. However, some animated films, such as Maya
1764-486: A thing took place in the 2012 FEMEN protests in São Paulo. Various countries have different standings on the types of materials that they as legal bodies permit their citizens to have access to and disseminate among their local populations. The set of these countries' permissible content vary widely accordingly with some having extreme punishment up to and including execution for members who violate their restrictions, as in
1862-618: A variety of content involving pornography and violence. Section 163 of the Canadian Criminal Code provides the country's legal definition of "obscenity". Officially termed as "Offences Tending to Corrupt Morals", the Canadian prohibited class of articles that are to be legally included as "obscene things" is very broad, including text-only written material, pictures, models (including statues) records or "any other obscene thing". According to Section 163(8), if "a dominant characteristic of
1960-401: A video given to Trujillo by then- ALDF deputy Federico Döring Casar was aired, showing René Bejarano filling a briefcase with dollars given by entrepreneur Carlos Ahumada ; this was followed immediately by a studio interview with an unsuspecting Bejarano, who saw the video for the first time on the spot. Trujillo would later be called on to testify in the criminal case that resulted. After
2058-410: Is a record of child sexual abuse . Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts that are recorded in the production of child pornography, and several professors of psychology state that memories of the abuse are maintained as long as visual records exist, are accessed, and are "exploited perversely". Some countries also bans writings —that depict sexually explicit activities involving
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#17328595283512156-457: Is composed of two articles, Art. 233 "Obscene Act", "to practice an obscene act in a public place, or open or exposed to the public", punished with arrest of 3 months to 1 year or a fine; and Art. 234 "Obscene Written Piece or Object", to do, import, export, purchase or have in one's property, to ends of trade, distribution or public display, any written, drew, painted, stamped or object piece of obscenity, punished with arrest of 6 months to 1 year or
2254-572: Is if it "tends to deprave and corrupt", stated in 1868 by Lord Justice Cockburn , in Regina v. Hicklin , now known as the Hicklin test . Stanley Kauffmann 's novel The Philanderer was published by Penguin Books in 1957 and was unsuccessfully prosecuted for obscenity. The Obscene Publications Act is famously vague, defining obscenity with reference to material that is likely to "deprave and corrupt". The 1959 act
2352-582: Is low), often with the English-language originals released in the metropolitan areas. In all other states, the English originals are released along with the dubbed versions, where often the dubbed version collections are more outstanding than the originals. Spider-Man 3 was also done in the Bhojpuri language , a language popular in eastern India in addition to Hindi, Tamil and Telugu. A Good Day to Die Hard ,
2450-401: Is one that feels like the original character is speaking the target language. Therefore, in the localization process, the position of the dialogue writing or song writing is extremely important. Localization is the practice of adapting a film or television series from one region of the world for another. In contrast to pure translation, localization encompasses adapting the content to suit
2548-568: Is performed in the Levant countries with a strong tradition of dubbing (mainly Syria , Lebanon and Jordan ). Egypt was the first Arab country in charge of dubbing Disney movies in 1975 and used to do it exclusively in Egyptian Arabic rather than Modern Standard Arabic until 2011, and since then many other companies started dubbing their productions in this dialect. Beginning with Encanto , Disney movies are now dubbed in both dialects. In
2646-402: Is projected in the studio and scrolls in perfect synchronization with the picture. Studio time is used more efficiently, since with the aid of scrolling text, picture, and audio cues, actors can read more lines per hour than with ADR alone (only picture and audio). With ADR, actors can average 10–12 lines per hour, while rythmo band can facilitate the reading of 35-50 lines per hour. However,
2744-464: Is rarely done with the other major Indian languages, namely Bengali , Gujarati , Kannada , Malayalam , Marathi , and Odia , due to lack of significant market size. Despite this, some Kannada and Malayalam dubs of children television programs can be seen on the Sun TV channel. The dubbed versions are released into the towns and lower tier settlements of the respective states (where English penetration
2842-561: Is that the Supreme Court ruled in Stanley v. Georgia , 394 U.S. 557 (1969), that possession of obscene material could not be criminalized, while in Osborne v. Ohio , 495 U.S. 103 (1990), the high court ruled that possession of child pornography could be criminalized. The reason was that the motive for criminalizing child pornography possession was "to destroy a market for
2940-623: The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . Federal obscenity law in the U.S. is unusual in that there is no uniform national standard. Former Justice Potter Stewart of the Supreme Court of the United States , in attempting to classify what material constituted exactly "what is obscene", famously wrote, "I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced ... [b]ut I know it when I see it ...." In
3038-575: The Luganda translation and comments, provided by an Ugandan "video jockey" (VJ). VJ's interpreting and narration may be available in a recorded form or live. In Azerbaijan , foreign movies are released in their original language with Azerbaijani subtitles in cinemas. Additionally, some theaters offer Russian and Turkish versions. According to the law, films intended for theatrical release must either be dubbed or subtitled. All television channels are required to broadcast movies and TV shows with dubbed audio. In
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3136-573: The UK , it is also called "post-synchronization" or "post-sync". The insertion of voice actor performances for animation , such as computer generated imagery or animated cartoons , is often referred to as ADR although it generally does not replace existing dialogue. The ADR process may be used to: Other examples include: An alternative method to dubbing, called "rythmo band" (or " lip-sync band"), has historically been used in Canada and France . It provides
3234-486: The 19-year-old writer of a fictional sex story "The Forestwood Kids"; however, the case was dismissed in 1995. In February 2009, citing its Policy On The Classification Of Obscene Material , the CBSA banned two Lucas Entertainment films because they show the "ingestion of someone else's urine... with a sexual purpose". In 2016 Mark Marek, owner of bestgore.com , pleaded guilty to breaching obscenity legislation for posting
3332-464: The 1960s. Dubbing (filmmaking) Dubbing (also known as re-recording and mixing ) is a post-production process used in filmmaking and video production where supplementary recordings (known as doubles ) are lip-synced and "mixed" with original production audio to create the final product. Often this process is performed on films by replacing the original language to offer voiced-over translations. After sound editors edit and prepare all
3430-1005: The 1960s. In the early decades, it would dub 25 to 30 movies each year, the number rising to 60–75 by the early 2010s. Motion pictures are dubbed for China's Mongol- and Uyghur-speaking markets as well. Chinese television dramas are often dubbed in Standard Mandarin by professional voice actors to remove accents, improve poor performances, or change lines to comply with local censorship laws. In Hong Kong , foreign television programs, except for English-language and Mandarin television programs, are dubbed in Cantonese . English-language and Mandarin programs are generally shown in their original with subtitles. Foreign films, such as most live-action and animated films (such as anime and Disney), are usually dubbed in Cantonese. However most cinemas also offer subtitled versions of English-language films. For
3528-623: The 2000s, the dubbing practice has differed depending on the nature and origin of the program. Animations, children's shows and some educational programs on PTS are mostly dubbed. English live-action movies and shows are not dubbed in theaters or on television. Japanese TV dramas are no longer dubbed, while Korean dramas, Hong Kong dramas and dramas from other Asian countries are still often dubbed. Korean variety shows are not dubbed. Japanese and Korean films on Asian movie channels are still dubbed. In theaters, most foreign films are not dubbed, while animated films and some films meant for children offer
3626-448: The 2004 death of Carolina Padilla (both his wife and his program's producer) due to a brain hemorrhage suffered the year before, Trujillo cancelled El Mañanero , stating that he was putting Brozo "in the freezer ". Some time later, he started a new, similar show called El cristal con que se mira , this time as himself. In 2005, Trujillo caused the downfall of PRI presidential precandidate Arturo Montiel , when he announced as confirmed
3724-696: The 2016 remake of The Jungle Book , Dr. Facilier in The Princess and the Frog and Bob Parr/Mr. Incredible in The Incredibles franchise . In 2006, Trujillo released Cuentos Tenebrozos , a collection of "true" short stories. Obscene An obscenity is any utterance or act that strongly offends the prevalent morality of the time. It is derived from the Latin obscēnus , obscaenus , "boding ill; disgusting; indecent", of uncertain etymology. Generally,
3822-728: The Arabic-speaking countries, children's shows (mainly cartoons and kids sitcoms) are dubbed in Arabic, or Arabic subtitles are used. The only exception was telenovelas dubbed in Standard Arabic, or dialects, but also Turkish series, most notably Gümüş , in Syrian Arabic. An example of Arabic voice actors that dub for certain performers is Safi Mohammed for Elijah Wood . In Tunisia , the Tunisia National Television (TNT),
3920-714: The BBFC. If the BBFC refuses a certificate, a video is effectively banned for home viewing, but not necessarily in the cinema . Four films that were originally refused a certificate— The Exorcist , Straw Dogs , The Evil Dead , and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre —were granted a certificate in the late 1990s and have subsequently been screened on mainstream television . According to the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993, "publication may be age-restricted if it contains highly offensive language likely to cause serious harm". In New Zealand, screening of Deep Throat (1972)
4018-508: The Bee , have been dubbed in both Afrikaans and Zulu by local artists. In 2018, eExtra began showing the Turkish drama series Paramparça dubbed in Afrikaans as Gebroke Harte or "Broken Hearts", the first foreign drama to be dubbed in the language for twenty years. Uganda's own film industry is fairly small, and foreign movies are commonly watched. The English soundtrack is often accompanied by
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4116-550: The Cultural Revolution, North Korean, Romanian and Albanian films became popular. Beginning in the late 1970s, in addition to films, popular TV series from the United States, Japan, Brazil, and Mexico were also dubbed. The Shanghai Film Dubbing Studio has been the most well-known studio in the film dubbing industry in China. In order to generate high-quality products, they divide each film into short segments, each one lasting only
4214-510: The U.S., the 1973 ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in Miller v. California established a three-tiered test to determine what was obscene—and thus not protected, versus what was merely erotic and thus protected by the First Amendment . Delivering the opinion of the court, Chief Justice Warren Burger wrote: The basic guidelines for the trier of fact must be: (a) whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that
4312-493: The UK prosecuted a man for writing a fictional sex story ( R v Walker ). In 2009, the crown prosecution service (CPS) dropped the case. During the 1960s and 1970s most Western countries legalised hardcore pornography . By the 1980s the UK was almost the only liberal democracy where the sale of hardcore pornography was still completely illegal, although ownership was not a criminal offence (except child pornography ). Home videotape
4410-487: The United States, many of these voice artists may employ pseudonyms or go uncredited due to Screen Actors Guild regulations or the desire to dissociate themselves from the role. In Algeria , Morocco , and Tunisia, most foreign movies (especially Hollywood productions) are shown dubbed in French. These movies are usually imported directly from French film distributors. The choice of movies dubbed into French can be explained by
4508-532: The advent of movies and cinemas in the country. Since then, foreign movies have always been dubbed for the cinema and TV foreign films and television programs are subtitled in Persian . Using various voice actors and adding local hints and witticisms to the original contents, dubbing played a major role in attracting people to the cinemas and developing an interest in other cultures. The dubbing art in Iran reached its apex during
4606-869: The air, this time on Televisa's news channel FOROtv . It left the air in 2016 as part of a larger reorganization of Televisa's news output and to make way for a new weekly program on Canal 2. Trujillo has lent his voice to a variety of animated and other series, as well as Spanish- language dubs for the Mexican market. Among his more notable roles have been Biff Tannen in Back to the Future , Lion-O in ThunderCats , James Bond in On Her Majesty's Secret Service , Sulley in Monsters, Inc. and its prequel Monsters University , Shere Khan in
4704-400: The authorities tried to prevent the illegal sale of pornography they found that juries , while not particularly liking the material, were reluctant to convict defendants where the material was intended for private use among consenting adults. During the 1990s the advent of the internet made it easier than ever before for British citizens to access hardcore material. Finally, in 2000, following
4802-530: The camera; these adaptations reflected the realities of crime and poverty in the " Mexican ghetto ". The success of the two programs brought advertising revenues to Imevisión, which by the early 1990s was airing steadily more foreign productions. Trujillo later had a nighttime program as another character, La Beba Galván, this time without Cruz. Trujillo continued with TV Azteca , Imevisión's successor, hosting programs including El Diario de la Noche until 2000. That year, he brought his act to Canal 40 , where Brozo
4900-590: The case of Iran where the current laws against pornography now include death sentences for those convicted of producing pornography. In India the Obscenity law is the same as had been framed by the British Government. Charges of obscenity have been levelled against various writers and poets till date; the law has not yet been revised. The famous trials relate to the Hungryalists who were arrested and prosecuted in
4998-960: The country's recent past, as in the case of the dub of Alfred Hitchcock 's Notorious , where the Nazi organization upon which the film's plot centers was changed to a drug smuggling enterprise. The first post- WWII movie dub was Konstantin Zaslonov (1949) dubbed from Russian into the Czech language . In Western Europe after World War II , dubbing was attractive to many film producers as it helped to enable co-production between companies in different countries, in turn allowing them to pool resources and benefit from financial support from multiple governments. The use of dubbing meant that multi-national casts could be assembled and were able to use their preferred language for their performances, with appropriate post-production dubs being carried out before distributing versions of
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#17328595283515096-708: The court most famously determined that "Obscene material in book form is not entitled to any First Amendment protection merely because it has no pictorial content." In 2005, the U.S. Department of Justice formed the Obscenity Prosecution Task Force in a push to prosecute obscenity cases. Red Rose Stories, a site dedicated to text-only fantasy stories, became one of many sites targeted by the FBI for shutdown. The government alleged that Red Rose Stories contained depictions of child rape. The publisher pleaded guilty. Extreme pornographer Max Hardcore served 30 months of
5194-560: The dismissal of a test case brought by the BBFC , hardcore pornography was effectively legalised, subject to certain conditions and licensing restrictions. It is still an offence to sell obscene material by mail order . After 1984, videotape sellers were more likely to be prosecuted under the Video Recordings Act rather than the OPA. The VRA requires that all videos must have a certificate from
5292-509: The dubbed versions. The same situation is encountered in films. Sometimes foreign programs and films receive more than one dub, such as for example, Jumanji , Dragonheart and Van Helsing having two Hindi dubs. Information for the Hindi, Tamil and Telugu voice actors who have done the voices for specific actors and for their roles on foreign films and television programs are published in local Indian data magazines, for those that are involved in
5390-481: The dubbing cast or staff. The DVD releases, however, do have credits for the dubbing staff, if they are released multilingual. As of recently, information for the dubbing staff of foreign productions have been expanding due to high demands of people wanting to know the voice actors behind characters in foreign works. Unlike movie theaters in most Asian countries, those in Indonesia show foreign movies with subtitles. Then
5488-517: The dubbing industry in India. But on a few occasions, there are some foreign productions that do credit the dubbing cast, such as animated films like the Barbie films, and some Disney films. Disney Channel original series released on DVD with their Hindi dubs show a list of the artists in the Hindi dub credits, after the original ending credits. Theatrical releases and VCD releases of foreign films do not credit
5586-560: The exact same voice. When it comes to reality shows, whether the show is dubbed or not differs. For example, the Japanese competition show TV Champion Japan are fully dubbed, while other reality shows are aired with Indonesian subtitles. All Malay language TV shows, including animated ones, are subtitled instead, likely due to the language's mutual intelligibility with Indonesian. In Iran , International foreign films and television programs are dubbed in Persian . Dubbing began in 1946 with
5684-599: The exploitative use of children" rather than to prevent the material from poisoning the minds of its viewers. The three dissenting justices in that case argued, "While the sexual exploitation of children is undoubtedly a serious problem, Ohio may employ other weapons to combat it." This is most notably shown with the "X" rating under which some films are categorized. The most notable films given an "X" rating were Deep Throat (1972) and The Devil in Miss Jones (1973). These films show explicit, non-simulated, penetrative sex that
5782-418: The film. Automated dialogue replacement ( ADR ) is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor (or a replacement actor) after the filming process to improve audio quality or make changes to the initially scripted dialog. In the early days of talkies , a loop of film would be cut and spliced together for each of the scenes that needed to be rerecorded, and then the loops would be loaded onto
5880-481: The final dub product is significantly different from the original. Some fans frown on any extensive localization, while others expect it, and to varying degrees, appreciate it. The new voice track is usually spoken by a voice actor . In many countries, actors who regularly perform this duty remain little-known, with the exception of particular circles (such as anime fandom ) or when their voices have become synonymous with roles or actors whose voices they usually dub. In
5978-457: The first obscenity cases dealt with textual works. The classification of "obscene" and thus illegal for production and distribution has been judged on printed text-only stories starting with Dunlop v. U.S. , 165 U.S. 486 (1897), which upheld a conviction for mailing and delivery of a newspaper called the Chicago Dispatch , containing "obscene, lewd, lascivious, and indecent materials", which
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#17328595283516076-635: The language rule. In South Africa , many television programs were dubbed in Afrikaans , with the original soundtrack (usually in English, but sometimes Dutch or German ) " simulcast " in FM stereo on Radio 2000 . These included US series such as The Six Million Dollar Man (Steve Austin: Die Man van Staal) , Miami Vice (Misdaad in Miami) , Beverly Hills 90210 , and the German detective series Derrick . As
6174-613: The larger cities on the east and south coasts, it has become increasingly common for movie theaters to show subtitled versions with the original soundtracks intact. Motion pictures are also dubbed into the languages of some of China's autonomous regions . Notably, the Translation Department of the Tibetan Autonomous Region Movie Company (西藏自治区电影公司译制科) has been dubbing movies into the Tibetan language since
6272-507: The most part, foreign films and TV programs, both live-action and animated, are generally dubbed in both Mandarin and Cantonese. For example, in The Lord of the Rings film series, Elijah Wood's character Frodo Baggins was dubbed into Mandarin by Jiang Guangtao for China and Taiwan. For the Cantonese localization, there were actually two dubs for Hong Kong and Macau . In the first Cantonese dub, he
6370-433: The most recent installment in the Die Hard franchise, was the first ever Hollywood film to receive a Punjabi language dub as well. Most TV channels mention neither the Indian-language dubbing credits, nor its staff, at the end of the original ending credits, since changing the credits casting for the original actors or voice actors involves a huge budget for modifying, making it somewhat difficult to find information for
6468-440: The necessary tracks—dialogue, automated dialogue replacement (ADR), effects, Foley , and music—the dubbing mixers proceed to balance all of the elements and record the finished soundtrack . While dubbing and ADR are similar processes that focus on enhancing and replacing dialogue audio, ADR is a process in which the original actors re-record and synchronize audio segments. This allows filmmakers to replace unclear dialogue if there
6566-578: The northern English city of Leeds . Parts of the Act were repealed shortly after the Paraskos trial and it has rarely been used since in relation to visual art. Sex crime has generated particular concern. In 1976 the BBFC said that, in that year, it had viewed 58 films depicting "explicit rape", declaring scenes that glorified it as "obscene". As opposed to questions of "indecency", which have been applied to sexual explicitness, films charged with being obscene have been viewed as having "a tendency to deprave and corrupt" and been liable to prosecution. In 2008,
6664-402: The original language, the dubbing process includes the following tasks: Sometimes the translator performs all five tasks. In other cases, the translator just submits a rough translation and a dialogue writer does the rest. However, the language expertise of translator and dialog writing is different; translators must be proficient in the source language, while dialog writers must be proficient in
6762-541: The past, voice-over was commonly used, but in the last decade, channels have improved the quality by adopting full dubbing. DVD releases are typically imported from Russia or Turkey. The absence of detailed laws, limited regulations, monitoring, and industry interest contribute to ongoing debates on how movies and series should be released. However, certain series and movies (The Kingdom of Solomon, Mokhtarnameh, and Prophet Joseph etc.), have been fully dubbed and released, including availability in home media formats. China has
6860-419: The peaks of the dialog, and automatically time-fit the new dubbed performance to the original to create perfect synchronization. Sometimes, an actor other than the original actor is used during ADR. One example is the Star Wars character Darth Vader , portrayed by David Prowse ; in post-production, James Earl Jones dubbed the voice of Vader. In India , the process is simply known as "dubbing", while in
6958-421: The performers. As of 2020, the automated process includes sophisticated techniques, including automatically displaying lines on-screen for the talent, automated cues, shifting the audio track for accurate synchronization, and time-fitting algorithms for stretching or compressing portions of a spoken line. There is software that can sort out spoken words from ambient sounds in the original filmed soundtrack, detect
7056-417: The preparation of a rythmo band is a time-consuming process involving a series of specialists organized in a production line. This has prevented the technique from being more widely adopted, but software emulations of rythmo band technology overcome the disadvantages of the traditional rythmo band process and significantly reduce the time needed to prepare a dubbing session. For dubs into a language other than
7154-457: The public broadcaster of Tunisia, is not allowed to show any content in any language other than Arabic, which forces it to broadcast only dubbed content (this restriction was recently removed for commercials). During the 1970s and 1980s, TNT (known as ERTT at the time) started dubbing famous cartoons in Tunisian and Standard Arabic. However, in the private sector, television channels are not subject to
7252-698: The public in the United States; the ratings are issued through the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA). The intent of the rating system is to provide information about the content of motion pictures so parents can determine whether an individual motion picture is suitable for viewing by their children. Obscenity law in England and Wales is currently governed by the Obscene Publications Act , but obscenity law dates back much further into English common law . The conviction in 1727 of Edmund Curll for
7350-607: The publication is the undue exploitation of sex, or the combination of sex and at least one of crime, horror, cruelty or violence", that publication is deemed to be "obscene" under the current law. The current law states: 163. (1) Every person commits an offence who makes, prints, publishes, distributes, circulates or has in their possession for the purpose of publication, distribution or circulation any obscene written matter, picture, model, phonograph record or any other obscene thing. The Canada Border Services Agency seizes items it labels obscene. In 1993, Canadian police arrested
7448-582: The publication of Venus in the Cloister or the Nun in her Smock under the common-law offence of disturbing the peace appears to be the first conviction for obscenity in the United Kingdom, and set a legal precedent for other convictions. These common-law ideas of obscenity formed the original basis of obscenity law in other common law countries, such as the United States. The classic definition of criminal obscenity
7546-453: The recording setting with the actors or the voice talents, to ensure that the dialogue is being spoken in the way that it was written to be, and to avoid any ambiguity in the way the dialogue is to be read (focusing on emphasis, intonation, pronunciation, articulation, pronouncing foreign words correctly, etc.). The overall goal is to make sure the script creates the illusion of authenticity of the spoken language. A successful localization product
7644-453: The target audience. For example, culture-specific references may be replaced and footage may be removed or added. Dub localization is a contentious issue in cinephilia among aficionados of foreign filmmaking and television programs , particularly anime fans. While some localization is virtually inevitable in translation, the controversy surrounding how much localization is "too much" is often discussed in such communities, especially when
7742-424: The target language. The dialogue writer's role is to make the translation sound natural in the target language, and to make the translation sound like a credible dialogue instead of merely a translated text. Another task of dialogue writers is to check whether a translation matches an on-screen character's mouth movements or not, by reading aloud simultaneously with the character. The dialogue writer often stays in
7840-470: The term can be used to indicate strong moral repugnance and outrage in expressions such as "obscene profits " and "the obscenity of war". As a legal term, it usually refers to descriptions and depictions of people engaged in sexual and excretory activity. In the United States , issues of obscenity raise issues of limitations on the freedom of speech and of the press , which are otherwise protected by
7938-581: The video of the murder of Jun Lin . He received a six-month non-custodial sentence in a plea agreement, and left court after sentencing with his mouth covered in duct tape to protest his prosecution. Ever since 1940, in the Title VI of the Penal Code, naming crimes against sexual dignity (until 2009 crimes against social conventions), the fourth chapter is dedicated to a crime named "public outrage related to modesty" ( Portuguese : ultraje público ao pudor ). It
8036-418: The voice is implemented. The voice work would still be part of the creation process, thus being considered the official voice. Films, videos , and sometimes video games are dubbed into the local language of a foreign market. In foreign distribution, dubbing is common in theatrically released films, television films , television series , cartoons , anime and telenovelas . In many countries, dubbing
8134-564: The war in Vietnam. Nonetheless, he was convicted of "maliciously and willfully disturbing the peace" and sentenced to 30 days in jail. The conviction was eventually upheld by the Supreme Court of California but reversed by the Supreme Court. In a 5–4 decision, Justice Harlan wrote for the Court that Cohen's conviction was based solely on speech and was protected by the First Amendment. 403 U.S. at 26. In
8232-524: The widespread use of the French language. Another important factor is that local theaters and private media companies do not dub in local languages in order to avoid high costs, but also because of the lack of both expertise and demand. Beginning in the 1980s, dubbed series and movies for children in Modern Standard Arabic became a popular choice among most TV channels, cinemas and VHS/DVD stores. However, dubbed films are still imported, and dubbing
8330-406: The work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest, (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. While most recent (2016) obscenity cases in the U.S. have revolved around images and films,
8428-838: The works of Charles Baudelaire , Lenny Bruce , William S. Burroughs , Allen Ginsberg , James Joyce , D. H. Lawrence , Henry Miller , Samuel Beckett , and the Marquis de Sade . Obscenity law has been criticized in the following areas: Obscenity laws remain enforceable under Miller despite these criticisms. Some states have passed laws mandating censorship in schools, universities, and libraries even if they are not receiving government aid that would require censorship in these institutions . These include Arizona, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Twenty more states were considering such legislation in 2001–2002. Child pornography refers to images or films (also known as child abuse images ); as such, visual child pornography
8526-432: Was a booming market and it was relatively simple for individuals to smuggle hardcore material in from Europe or the United States, where it could be purchased legally, either for personal use or to copy it for distribution. This resulted in a considerable black market of poor quality videotapes. Meanwhile, people attempting to buy pornography legally would often be sold heavily censored R18 certificate material. While
8624-453: Was a successful show with skits played by characters created by Trujillo and Cruz, with a comedy style calling back to the era of carpas . It featured characters such as Estetoscopio Medina Cháirez, played by Trujillo, representing a low-class Mexican guy with a funny accent who spoke ironically of the way of life of the poor. La caravana also marked the first on-air appearance of Brozo, where he told heavily modified fairy tales in front of
8722-642: Was abandoned amidst derision from academics and the media . For visual works of art the main obscenity law in England and Wales was, until the 1960s, the Vagrancy Act 1838 which was successfully used in prosecutions against D.H. Lawrence for an exhibition of his paintings at the Warren Gallery, London, in 1929, and in 1966 against the British artist Stass Paraskos for an exhibition of his paintings held that year in
8820-414: Was adopted, at least in part, for political reasons. In authoritarian states such as Fascist Italy and Francoist Spain , dubbing could be used to enforce particular ideological agendas, excising negative references to the nation and its leaders and promoting standardized national languages at the expense of local dialects and minority languages. In post-Nazi Germany , dubbing was used to downplay events in
8918-400: Was host of his own news program called El Mañanero as an anchorman and political commentator. Trujillo criticized freely and poignantly the actors of the Mexican political scene, and soon his program received high ratings and featured high-profile politicians; it also began being simulcast on some Grupo ACIR radio stations. In 2001, after 16 months, Trujillo left Canal 40 in order to sign
9016-445: Was issues with the script, background noise, or the original recording. The term "dubbing" commonly refers to the replacement of actors' voices with those of different performers who recite their dialogue for international audiences, typically in a different language from the original dialogue. When a voice is created from scratch for animations, the term "original voice" is used, since these media are often partially finished before
9114-428: Was later upheld in several cases. One of these was "A Book Named John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure " v. Attorney General of Com. of Massachusetts, " 383 U.S. 413 (1966) " wherein the book " Fanny Hill ", written by John Cleland c. 1760 , was judged to be obscene in a proceeding that put the book itself on trial rather than its publisher. Another was Kaplan v. California , 413 U.S. 115 (1973) whereby
9212-633: Was only cleared in 1986. However, the film has not been screened because the only cinema that has tried to organize a screening was thwarted by the city council that owned the building's lease. Section 9 of the Criminal Law provide provisions against pornography , including creation, distribution and organizing public viewing. In 2016, the Ministry of Culture in China censored 23 companies for hosting obscene content online. The take-down included over 20,000 live feeds from 26 different websites that were hosting
9310-471: Was overturned judicially in 1965. In Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the word "fuck", although almost universally considered obscene when used to describe sexual intercourse, is speech-protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution when used to express a political belief. On 26 April 1968, Paul Robert Cohen, then 19 years old, donned
9408-483: Was passed at the point when most Western countries were about to enter a new phase of sexual freedom . The trial of Penguin Books over their publication of Lady Chatterley's Lover in 1960 failed to secure a conviction and the conviction in the 1971 trial of Oz magazine was overturned on appeal. An attempt to prosecute the University of Central England in 1997 over a copy of a library book by Robert Mapplethorpe
9506-691: Was presented as part of a reasonable plot with respectable production values. Some state authorities issued injunctions against such films to protect "local community standards"; in New York, the print of Deep Throat was seized mid-run, and the film's exhibitors were found guilty of promoting obscenity. According to the documentary This Film Is Not Yet Rated , films that include gay sex (even if implied) or female pleasure have been more harshly censored than their heterosexual, male counterparts. The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) issues ratings for motion pictures exhibited and distributed commercially to
9604-577: Was voiced by Leung Wai Tak, while in the second Cantonese dub, he was voiced by Bosco Tang. Taiwan dubs some foreign films and TV series in Mandarin Chinese. Until the mid-1990s, the major national terrestrial channels both dubbed and subtitled all foreign programs and films and, for some popular programs, the original voices were offered in second audio program . Gradually, however, both terrestrial and cable channels stopped dubbing for prime time U.S. shows and films, while subtitling continued. In
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